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Subclinical calcified atherosclerosis in men and its association with a family history of premature
coronary heart disease in first- and second-degree relatives. Besides, diabetes is more common in
overweight and obese individuals, and several studies suggested that diabetes may be a significant
risk factor for CHD ( 65 ). Therefore, the review specifically focused on the prevalence of CAD and
CBV. The European League Against Rheumatism published their recommendation on estimating
cardiovascular risk in RA; cardiovascular, this has not been validated yet. Several imaging studies
have provided data supporting a (sub)clinical, primary myocardial impairment in the absence of
valvular disease or cardiovascular surgery in patients with MFS. In contrast, there are several reports
on end-stage heart failure necessitating heart transplantation in patients with MFS ( Table 3 ). At
first, they may only occur when you are very active. Noticeably absent were such countries as
Germany, Canada, and Denmark, which all have excellent electronic health data, yet no research
studies have been published from them. Ischemia-reperfusion damage is typically mediated by local
microvascular responses: activated endothelial cells in all microcirculation segments produce more
oxygen radicals and less NO, in the initial period following reperfusion. Endotheliitis is associated
with several consequences, such as increase of vascular permeability, thrombosis, vascular rarefaction
and angiogenesis. The pathophysiological role of neural control is emphasized by the effect of.
International Journal of Molecular Sciences. 2020; 21(21):8118. Items are scored as dichotomously
as acceptable or not acceptable. Association between maternal body mass index and congenital heart
defects in offspring: a systematic review. In a cross-sectional study, carotid intima media thickness
(CIMT) of 1662 offspring participants was analyzed by ultrasound. A collaborative care depression
management program for cardiac inpatients: depression characteristics and in-hospital outcomes. Two
reviewers (PJT and HB) independently assessed included studies using the Cochrane Collaboration's
tool for assessing risk of bias. 25 The tool covers sequence generation, allocation concealment,
selective outcome reporting and other sources of bias. An exploratory test for an excess of
significant findings. The spectrum of definitions ranges from any CV event in a related person
including second- and third-degree relatives at any age to specific cardiac events in first-degree
relatives younger than 50 years. The evidence demonstrates that family history is an independent
contributor to risk appraisal and unequivocally supports its incorporation to improve accuracy in
global CVD risk estimation. Eur J Nutr, 2017. Bloomfield, H.E., et al., Effects on Health Outcomes
of a Mediterranean Diet With No Restriction on Fat Intake: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis.
Assessment of study cardiovascular The temperature inversion essay did not state that they assessed
validity. Out of the 57 articles, thirteen (25%) reported on the relationship between age and CVD
and the results were quite mixed. Find support for a specific problem in the support section of our
website. A more recent analysis from a large-scale case-control study, the INTERHEART study, 13
established parental family history of myocardial infarction (MI) as a robust predictor that was
significantly associated with risk for MI, independent of 9 major CVD risk factors (abnormal lipids,
smoking, high blood pressure, diabetes, abdominal obesity, psychosocial factors, physical activity,
fruit and vegetable consumption, and alcohol consumption). Hence, the most effective approach for
prevention of macrovascular complications appears to be multifactorial risk factor reduction
(glycemic control, smoking cessation, diet, exercise, aggressive blood pressure control, treatment of
dyslipidemia). Serum uric acid shows a J-shaped trend with coronary mortality in non-insulin-
dependent diabetic elderly people. Arch Intern Med, 2009. 169(7): p. 659-69. Roman, B., et al.,
Effectiveness of the Mediterranean diet in the elderly. Discrepancies between some of the previously
mentioned studies led to further debate on myocardial involvement in MFS. Regarding P 2 Y 12
inhibitors, the “The Platelet Inhibition to Target Reperfusion Injury” (PITRI) trial is ongoing.
Impact of chronic kidney disease on the prevalence of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2
diabetes in Spain: PERCEDIME2 study. Third, our approach may have missed possible associations
that have been published, such as large-scale cohort studies that have not yet been assessed through
meta-analyses. Aging determines several changes in both coronary epicardial arteries and
microvasculature. Key results: CHD: No significant association between olive oil consumption and
the risk of CHD (7 studies). Since myocardial involvement was reported in the absence of any
cardiac surgery or significant valvular abnormalities, this phenotypic expression was designated an
“intrinsic” or “inherent” dysfunction of the myocardium and was termed “Marfan cardiomyopathy”.
The median proportion of participants with CHD in the trials was 78.9%, suggesting a high
representative sampling of the chronic disease understudy. If the readers were wondering why we are
going to propose another review and another paradigm, our response would be that currently there is
no well-defined evaluation of IHD pathophysiology satisfying all the pathophysiological
observations. In addition, 11 meta-analyses (17%) were supported by suggestive evidence ( 21, 31,
33, 38, 46, 58, 59 ) for an association and the remaining 43 meta-analyses (68%) were supported by
weak evidence. Considering the high prescription rate of SSRIs in pregnant women with depression
and that SSRIs could cross the placenta, especially since previous research has shown that serotonin
and serotonin transporters have a significant role in heart development ( 66 ), the safety of SSRIs
should be discussed with women especially in the first trimester. Diversity in the design of the CC
and control group may have also led to heterogeneity between the studies. Population: All studies
were from Mediterranean countries, with participants who had no prior CVD diagnosis. Trying to
extrapolate previous results from countries with patients from a different ethnic group to our
subpopulation could be a mistake. It is related to ischemia, occurs in the infarction core zone and
develops during reperfusion. According to a better comprehension of cardiovascular involvement
during HIV infection, a differentiation of patients based on circulating biomarkers may be useful
also from a clinical point of view. CVD-related mortality in T2DM In persons with T2DM, CVD is
responsible for at least half of the mortality, as previously mentioned. Heterogeneity might often be
a manifestation of bias in some studies of a meta-analysis but could also emerge from genuine
differences between studies ( 13, 61 ). The difference was that prevalence rates in males were about
double those for females in every BMI category. At the household level, they cause loss of
productivity and income from disability and death and can further compound the extent of poverty
because of the high cost of health care. Additionally, our studies also confirmed that maternal
exposure to several specific SSRIs (paroxetine and fluoxetine) could lead to the development of
CHD. The most common clinical manifestations include aortic dilatation, mitral valve prolapse, lens
luxation and skeletal abnormalities (disproportionally long limbs, scoliosis and pectus deformities).
Myocardial Function, Heart Failure and Arrhythmia in Marfan Syndrome: A Systematic Literature
Review. Metabolic factors may affect this process in several ways. Intervention participants had the
usual CV risk assessment but also completed a family history questionnaire. The research evidence
strongly supports using a clinical algorithm that recognizes family history of premature CVD as an
independent high-risk factor, in addition to the FRS or incorporated within the FRS. References ?
Barth J, Schumacher M, Herrmann-Lingen C. Acknowledgments The authors thank the collaborative
care trial authors for generously providing additional data required in this review: Professor Bea
Belnap, Professor Karina Davidson, Professor Jeff Huffman and Professor Bruce Rollman. The age-
specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and diabetes: a
pooled analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e65174. Article. This is also the limitation of the methodology
of umbrella reviews. Integrative Cardiac Health Project risk score improves cardiovascular risk
assessment in women with subclinical atherosclerosis. In order to be human-readable, please install
an RSS reader.
Four observational studies are noteworthy for their inclusion of enormous study populations.
Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular disease: a collaborative
meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Health promotion does involve education but that is just
the beginning to what we are trying to achieve. Considering this inference was based only on case-
control studies, it was necessary to note their potential recall bias and influence in the final
conclusion. There were 9 observational studies, 10 cross-sectional studies, 4 case-control cross-
sectional studies, and 1 randomized controlled trial (RCT). Overall, our umbrella review examined
63 risk factors that could influence the development of CHD in infants. Several years ago, it was
proposed that myocardial ischemia might be caused by coronary arteries spasms: vasospasm of one
of the main coronary arteries are able to cause complete occlusion. In the included studies, CHF
patients were either referred to the programme by physicians or were hospitalised patients. Taken
together, the findings generally support previous systematic reviews regarding more specific
depression treatments such as antidepressants or psychotherapy in the population with CHD. 8, 42
The significant reduction in MACE in the short term is in contrast to a prior Cochrane review 8 and
other systematic reviews reporting on medical outcomes. 43, 44 However, the generalisation of our
findings is limited as only three trials reported the primary MACE end point in the short term. We
excluded meta-analyses that investigated the association between genetic markers and CHD risk.
Benzodiazepine use during pregnancy alone or in combination with an antidepressant and congenital
malformations: systematic review and meta-analysis. Similar results have been demonstrated with
other models. Well-established risk factors such as blood pressure, LDL levels, and hemoglobin A1C
need to be considered. The principal investigators of studies were contacted to ascertain unpublished
data and their knowledge of any other CC trials not included in our primary search. AMSTAR 2 can
assist decision makers in the identification of high quality systematic reviews, including those based
on non-randomized studies of healthcare interventions. Collaborative care for patients with
depression and diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Find support for a specific
problem in the support section of our website. A general cardiovascular risk profile: the Framingham
Study. The age-specific quantitative effects of metabolic risk factors on cardiovascular diseases and
diabetes: a pooled analysis. PLoS ONE. 2013;8:e65174. Article. Am J Clin Nutr, 2010. 92(5): p.
1189-96. Tyrovolas, S. and D.B. Panagiotakos, The role of Mediterranean type of diet on the
development of cancer and cardiovascular disease, in the elderly: a systematic review. For this
reason, the real role of coronary microcirculation in IHD pathophysiology is still not totally
recognized and understood. 3.1. The Mechanistic Point of View of Coronary Microvascular
Dysfunction Pathophysiology In a substantial proportion of patients who underwent mechanical
reperfusion by PCI, the opening of the obstructed epicardial vessel does not accomplish myocardial
reperfusion. Due to these molecular mechanisms, aging is associated with microvascular rarefaction,
impaired angiogenesis, reduced gradient of intramyocardial perfusion pressure, increased deposition
of cardiac extracellular matrix and left ventricular hypertrophy. Considering the high prescription rate
of SSRIs in pregnant women with depression and that SSRIs could cross the placenta, especially
since previous research has shown that serotonin and serotonin transporters have a significant role in
heart development ( 66 ), the safety of SSRIs should be discussed with women especially in the first
trimester. Journal of Functional Morphology and Kinesiology (JFMK). Three-quarters of the
included studies reported on patients’ BMI or the percent of patients with obesity. MACE, major
adverse cardiac events; IV, inverse variance; CODIACS, Comparison of Depression Interventions
after Acute Coronary Syndrome; COPES, Coronary Psychosocial Evaluation Studies. Summary of
studies reporting end-stage heart failure necessitating heart transplantation in MFS. Search results
were combined for efficiency and screened together in screening software by two analysts
independently because both searches addressed the same overall systematic review question from
different search date ranges. Inclusion criteria Population, depression comorbid with CHD;
intervention, randomised controlled trial (RCT) of CC; comparison, either usual care, wait-list
control group or no further treatment; and outcome, (primary) major adverse cardiac events (MACE),
(secondary) standardised measure of depression, anxiety, quality of life (QOL) and cost-
effectiveness. Conversely the heat shock protein specifically expressed by endothelial cells during
ischemia reperfusion, named HSPA12B, acts via an endothelial NO synthase (eNOS) mediated
angiogenesis mechanism, attenuating the cardiac remodeling and reducing the no-reflow
phenomenon.
The median sample size was 179 participants per study with a median of 47.6% female participants.
Einarson View author publications You can also search for this author in. Furthermore, we explored
whether the reported associations between different kinds of environmental factors and CHD were
supported by convincing, highly suggestive, suggestive, or weak evidence based on different
assessment criteria ( Table 2 ). Pre-diabetes and the risk for cardiovascular disease. Most of the
publications included in this review of evidence used family history according to participant recall.
Several pathways are involved in the ischemic heart disease pathophysiology (i.e., micro and
macrovascular dysfunction, atherosclerotic plaque rupture, inflammation, endothelium dependent
and independent dysfunction, ion channels and nervous system impairment). Selective reporting was
noted in three studies because of discrepancies in the study end points reported in the protocol in
comparison with the primary trial results. Coronary artery disease (CAD) is defined by the presence
of an obstructive atherosclerotic plaque, which causes a blood flow reduction to the myocardium (
Figure 1 ). The same researchers found that population-based stepwise screening for T2DM and
CVD among all middle-aged adults was not associated with a reduction in mortality or CV events.
Information on these aspects could hold important implications for developing strategies to treat
heart failure and ventricular arrhythmia in MFS. Information sources and search strategy The search
was undertaken between February 15 and March 6, 2017. Lichtman JH, Froelicher ES, Blumenthal
JA, et al. Moreover, ROCK is involved in the pathophysiology of angina pectoris, coronary
vasospasm, hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension. Comparison: control group was defined as
either (enhanced) usual care, wait-list control (WLS) group or no further treatment for comorbid
depression-CHD. Previous Article in Journal CT Findings in Negative Pressure Pulmonary Edema.
In particular, coronary ion channels, represented in the central part of the figure, are the final
effectors of coronary blood flow regulation mechanisms, playing a pivotal role in the coupling
between myocardial metabolism and coronary circulation. Two reviewers (PJT and HB)
independently assessed included studies using the Cochrane Collaboration's tool for assessing risk of
bias. 25 The tool covers sequence generation, allocation concealment, selective outcome reporting
and other sources of bias. I did my research on it and I now know the severity of it. According to the
role of CMD in the Takotsubo cardiomyopathy pathophysiology, endothelial dysfunction may
represent the mediator between myocardial injury and stressors. Metabolic syndrome and risk of
major coronary events among the urban diabetic patients: North Indian Diabetes and cardiovascular
disease study—NIDCVD-2. Catabolism of H 2 O 2 by catalase and the blockade of the ionic
mechanism, by which H 2 O 2 produces dilation, attenuate coronary metabolic dilation. However,
only the COPES trial 39 reported medium-term follow-up data. Asia Pac J Clin Nutr;18 2: Patterns
of alcohol consumption in diverse rural populations in the Cardiovascular region. Comorbid
conditions and glycemic control in elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 1988 to 1994 to
1999 to 2004. In conclusion, collaborative depression care in the CHD population did not lead to a
sustained reduction in MACE. Only the 95% PIs of 14 (8%) meta-analyses excluded the null value (
Supplementary Table 4 ). Diabetes mellitus, fasting blood glucose concentration, and risk of vascular
disease: a collaborative meta-analysis of 102 prospective studies. Given the variation in which
diabetes and its macrovascular complications are treated and managed across countries and income
levels, it is relevant to look at prevalence rates across regions and countries. Moreover, statins reduce
also the inflammation related to atherosclerosis. Journal of Low Power Electronics and Applications
(JLPEA).
The characteristics of the 41 studies are shown in Supplementary Table 2. During PCI, the balloon
expansion and stent application determine the distal massive migration of microemboli and
thrombotic residues. All articles published by MDPI are made immediately available worldwide
under an open access license. No special. Psychological and pharmacological interventions for
depression in patients with coronary artery disease. Elastic fibers play a central role in the structural
integrity of connective tissues (e.g., in the aorta) by providing elasticity and tensile strength. In
particular, atherosclerosis, coronary microvascular dysfunction, inflammation and vasospasm
contribute to the multifaceted and complex pathophysiology of ischemic heart disease. Independent
correlates of urinary albumin excretion within the normoalbuminuric range in patients with type 2
diabetes: the renal insufficiency and cardiovascular events (RIACE) Italian multicentre study. The
reference list of these excluded studies is shown in Supplementary Table 3. Tropical Medicine and
Infectious Disease (TropicalMed). If the readers were wondering why we are going to propose
another review and another paradigm, our response would be that currently there is no well-defined
evaluation of IHD pathophysiology satisfying all the pathophysiological observations. Plaque
inflammation and their necrotic area are more widespread in patients affected by both type 1 and 2
diabetes mellitus. The difference was that prevalence rates in males were about double those for
females in every BMI category. Depression screening, assessment and treatment for patients with
coronary heart disease: a review for psychologists. The increased focus on adequately treating
patients with both CVD and T2DM requires that we have updated prevalence rates of CVD among
patients with T2DM. Family history was significantly associated with coronary artery calcification in
all ethnic groups. Recently, the health problems caused by alcohol consumption have become of
global public health concern. Clin Interv Aging, 2008. 3(1): p. 97-109. Van Horn, L., et al., The
evidence for dietary prevention and treatment of cardiovascular disease. Glucagon like peptide 1-
receptor agonists (GLP-1) and sodium glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors (SGLT2) may improve
cardiovascular outcome, in patients with diabetes mellitus and cardiovascular disease. The prevalence
of diabetes-related complications and multimorbidity in the population with type 2 diabetes mellitus
in the Basque Country. Literature Search Results The identified articles that were appropriate to
include in the evidence review are listed in the Table. No study used formal medical record reviews
of family history except for sibling and offspring studies in which participants were identified by
sibling or parents with a CVD event. 19,22 Errors in recall are understandable and expected but do
limit the reproducibility of results. IV, inverse variance; SD; CODIACS, Comparison of Depression
Interventions after Acute Coronary Syndrome; COPES, Coronary Psychosocial Evaluation Studies;
SUCCEED, Screening Utilization and CC for More Effective and Efficient Treatment of Depression,
MOSAIC, Management of Sadness and Anxiety in Cardiology. The obesity paradox is still there: a
risk analysis of over 15,000 cardiosurgical patients based on body mass index. Due to these
molecular mechanisms, aging is associated with microvascular rarefaction, impaired angiogenesis,
reduced gradient of intramyocardial perfusion pressure, increased deposition of cardiac extracellular
matrix and left ventricular hypertrophy. Int J Hypertens; Diab Med;21 4: Risk factors for chronic
disease among rural Vietnamese adults and the association of these factors with sociodemographic
variables: Prev Chronic Dis;4 2: Combining disease factors and demographic surveillance: Scand J
Public Health;34 2: The non-HLA genes include polymorphisms in the endothelin-1 and methylene
tetrahydrofolate reductase genes. When I 2 exceeds 50 or 75%, heterogeneity is considered large or
very large, respectively ( 13 ). Intensive diabetes treatment and cardiovascular disease in patients
with type 1 diabetes. This is an open-access article distributed under the terms of the Creative
Commons Attribution License (CC BY). Alexandria (VA): USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic
Review; 2020 Jul. In fact, the process of myocardial reperfusion can induce cardiomyocyte death
paradoxically.
Cardiometabolic risk profiles associated with chronic complications in overweight and obese type 2
diabetes patients in South China. PLoS ONE. 2014;9:e101289. Article. IV, inverse variance;
CODIACS, Comparison of Depression Interventions after Acute Coronary Syndrome; COPES,
Coronary Psychosocial Evaluation Studies; SUCCEED, Screening Utilization and CC for More
Effective and Efficient Treatment of Depression, MOSAIC, Management of Sadness and Anxiety in
Cardiology. However, at present, well-established risk factors for CHD to assist disease prevention
are limited. European guidelines on cardiovascular disease prevention in clinical practice. Alexandria
(VA): USDA Nutrition Evidence Systematic Review; 2020 Jul. A Dacron implant could lead to a
slight but significant increase in LV afterload and thereby result in long-term cardiac stress.
Subclinical calcified atherosclerosis in men and its association with a family history of premature
coronary heart disease in first- and second-degree relatives. Moreover, they inactivate NO and many
antioxidants systems, such as superoxide dismutase and catalase. Acute stress-induced
cardiomyopathy, also known as Takotsubo cardiomyopathy, defines a syndrome in which the
presentation may mimic ACS. Ischemic heart disease hides a multifaceted and complex
pathophysiological paradigm. This condition is known as microvascular injury (MVI). Nutr Rev,
2006. 64(2 Pt 2): p. S27-47. Panagiotakos, D.B., et al., Can a Mediterranean diet moderate the
development and clinical progression of coronary heart disease. AMSTAR 2 can assist decision
makers in the identification of high quality systematic reviews, including those based on non-
randomized studies of healthcare interventions. The impact of male factor on recurrent pregnancy
loss. BMI is inversely correlated to the risk of mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes hospitalized
for acute heart failure: findings from the Gulf aCute heArt failuRE (Gulf-CARE) registry. When
CVD risk is underestimated, the clinical impact is significant because miscategorization of risk
misleads providers to set less aggressive treatment goals, which, in turn, causes patients to follow
recommendations that may be suboptimal for their true risk level. We excluded meta-analyses that
investigated the association between genetic markers and CHD risk. Furthermore, a previous study
also suggested that genetic regulation was involved in the process of development of CHD, which
could be influenced in different ways by the mutagens present in tobacco smoke ( 70, 71 ). Coronary
microcirculatory vasodilator function in relation to risk factors among patients without obstructive
coronary disease and low to intermediate Framingham score. Gout, Urate, and Crystal Deposition
Disease (GUCDD). Ischemic preconditioning counteracts the NO synthase uncoupling, reducing
nitrogen species and ROS production. We should also take into account that—certainly in the case of
older studies—some of the patients enrolled may have had some other form of Heritable Thoracic
Aortic Disease, caused by pathogenic variants in genes other than FBN1. Learn more about coronary
artery flow chart with Radcliffe Cardiology. For example, our study suggested that paternal age,
paternal smoking, and even paternal alcohol consumption had impacts on CHD in infants (supported
by suggestive and weak evidence). CC was managed by an allied health team in two trials, 11, 34 by
nurses in two studies 35, 36 and by social workers in two studies. 17, 37 The CC intervention
duration ranged from 3 to 12?months and the median duration was 6?months. Inpatient and
outpatient costs in patients with coronary artery disease and mental disorders: a systematic review.
Influence of family history of cardiovascular disease on clinicians' preventive recommendations and
subsequent adherence of patients without cardiovascular disease. Essential articles on collaborative
care models for the treatment of psychiatric disorders in medical settings: a publication by the
Academy of Psychosomatic Medicine Research and Evidence-Based Practice Committee. Low-risk
FRE was assigned to 98 (98%) of the 102 participants, and moderate risk was assigned to the
remaining 2 participants (2%). Summary of studies reporting end-stage heart failure necessitating
heart transplantation in MFS.
Moreover, ROCK is involved in the pathophysiology of angina pectoris, coronary vasospasm,
hypertension, and pulmonary hypertension. Moreover, cardiac death rate at 12 months may be similar
between patients with CAD and patients without obstructive CAD. However, the link between
Escherichia Coli derived LPS and STEMI is not univocal because the higher levels of LPS in STEMI
patients may represent a consequence of infarction related inflammation, more than the cause of
myocardial infarction. Different studies demonstrate that the heterogeneous heart perfusion is strictly
related to the structural terminal vasculature heterogeneity. Several years ago, it was proposed that
myocardial ischemia might be caused by coronary arteries spasms: vasospasm of one of the main
coronary arteries are able to cause complete occlusion. Patients with T2DM had 10% greater risk of
CAD, 53% of MI, 58% of stroke, and 112% increased risk of heart failure. Medical treatments of
elderly, French patients with type 2 diabetes: results at inclusion in the GERODIAB Cohort.
Hyperglycemia enhances ROS production that promote ox-LDL formation. The summaries across
countries and regions provide an overview of the geographic spread of research but should be
interpreted with caution given the limited number of studies for some of the regions and countries.
Their activity dysregulation may occur during coronary microvascular dysfunction and other
pathological conditions. They reported a steady increase in prevalence rates of MI from 6.86% in
those with a BMI. CAD has many synonyms, including ischemic heart disease, coronary heart
disease (CHD), atherosclerotic heart disease, and atherosclerotic CVD. Therefore, T2DM is a
substantial risk factor for CVD and its consequences. Psychological and pharmacological
interventions for depression in patients with diabetes mellitus—a systematic Cochrane review. The
use, distribution or reproduction in other forums is permitted, provided the original author(s) and the
copyright owner(s) are credited and that the original publication in this journal is cited, in accordance
with accepted academic practice. In addition to the structural role, fibrillin-1 also plays a
communicative role in biosignaling (regulating local bioavailability of TGF-?) and mechanosignaling
(by interacting with mechanosensors and providing feedback to regulate the response to
hemodynamic changes). Best Pract Res Clin Rheumatol;26 2: The literature of osteoarthritis in Asia.
The characteristics of the 41 studies are shown in Supplementary Table 2. For this reason, a human
monoclonal antibody directed versus IL-1. Five of the trials utilising either the PHQ-9 17, 36, 37 or
BDI 11, 34 to determine trial eligibility also used the same measure for depression symptom response
at the conclusion of the trial. Secondary outcomes Depression symptoms and remission All six trials
reported a change in self-reported depression symptoms by 6?months postintervention. However,
40% of these participants had detectable coronary artery calcification. Inclusion criteria Population,
depression comorbid with CHD; intervention, randomised controlled trial (RCT) of CC; comparison,
either usual care, wait-list control group or no further treatment; and outcome, (primary) major
adverse cardiac events (MACE), (secondary) standardised measure of depression, anxiety, quality of
life (QOL) and cost-effectiveness. By incorporating family history in risk assessment, categorization
of CVD risk improves substantially. It is not affiliated with or is an agent of, the Oxford Heart
Centre, the John Radcliffe Hospital or the Oxford University Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust
group. Please let us know what you think of our products and services. As such, we might have
underestimated the influence of each environmental factor on CHD in infants. Forecasting the future
of cardiovascular disease in the United States: a policy statement from the American Heart
Association. Severino P, D'Amato A, Pucci M, Infusino F, Adamo F, Birtolo LI, Netti L, Montefusco
G, Chimenti C, Lavalle C. The spectrum of definitions ranges from any CV event in a related person
including second- and third-degree relatives at any age to specific cardiac events in first-degree
relatives younger than 50 years.