5G NR Introduction

INTRODUCTION TO 5G:
 5G technology is the latest telecommunication network that is designed

after 1G, 2G, 3G and 4G networks.
 Extremely high data speed
 Low latency.
 5G can deliver up to Gigabits-per-second.
Where can be 5G used?
5G can be used in three main connection services(scenario’s), they are
 Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB): focuses on the high speed of

end user data and system capacity (Gbps).
 URLLC- Ultra Reliable Low latency Comm||
 mMTC - massive Machine Type Communication
Advantages of 5G Technology
 5G is designed to connect numerous embedded sensors virtually in low

data, power and mobility.
 5G technology works 10 times faster than 4G and so it is easier to

download files/ videos just in seconds.
 Decreases traffic load.
 Decrease in latency.
Disadvantages of 5G Technology
 5G equipment’s are costly to install and maintain.

5G four main pillars:
 New spectrum ranges (ex: LTE- 40 band 2300-2400MHz)

 FR1 (< 7 GHz); cellular mobile communications
 FR2 (> 24 GHz); focused on short-range, high data rate
capabilities.
 Massive MIMO/Beam forming(2x2 & 4x4)
Hybrid beamforming - Antennas

 Multi-Connectivity- Dual Connectivity With E-UTRAN as M-node(eNB)
and S-node(gNB).
 Network Flexibility- Network Slicing and NFV; create network within
the n/w to server different industries.
- Physical layer level, flexibility comes with slots/subframe in 5G vs
LTE.
- Lte; 10msec=10 subframes(10msec)=2 slots/subframe=7 ofdm
sybls/1solt.
- 5G; 10msec=10 subframes(10msec)=1 slot(mini)=14 ofdm
symbols/1slot; increase no. of slots to 2/3/4, 28 ofdm symbls/slot.
5G Network Architecture Vocabulary:
 LTE Core (EPC) vs 5G Core (NGC)

 LTE Bs (Base station) = eNB vs 5G Bs=gNB( next generation eNB)
 Control plane: MME vs AMF (Access & Mobility Management
Function)
 Data plane: S-GW vs UPF (User Plane Function)
4G Architecture Diagram
When 4G evolved from its 3G predecessor, only small incremental changes
were made to the network architecture. The following 4G network architecture
diagram shows the key components of a 4G core network:
Source: 3GPP
In the 4G network architecture, User Equipment (UE) like smartphones or

cellular devices, connects over the LTE Radio Access Network (E-UTRAN) to
the Evolved Packet Core (EPC) and then further to External Networks, like
the Internet. The Evolved NodeB (eNodeB) separates the user data traffic (user
plane) from the network’s management data traffic (control plane) and feeds
both separately into the EPC.
5G Architecture Diagram
5G was designed from the ground up, and network functions are split up by
service. That is why this architecture is also called 5G core Service-Based
Architecture (SBA). The following 5G network topology diagram shows the
key components of a 5G core network:
Source: Techplayon
Here's how it works:

 User Equipment (UE) like 5G smartphones or 5G cellular devices
connect over the 5G New Radio Access Network to the 5G core and
further to Data Networks (DN), like the Internet.
 The Access and Mobility Management Function (AMF) acts as a
single-entry point for the UE connection.
 Based on the service requested by the UE, the AMF selects the respective
Session Management Function (SMF) for managing the user session.
 The User Plane Function (UPF) transports the IP data traffic (user
plane) between the User Equipment (UE) and the external networks.
 The Authentication Server Function (AUSF) allows the AMF to
authenticate the UE and access services of the 5G core.
 Other functions like the Session Management Function (SMF),
the Policy Control Function (PCF), the Application Function (AF) and
the Unified Data Management (UDM) function provide the policy
control framework, applying policy decisions and accessing subscription
information, to govern the network behavior.
As you can see, the 5G network architecture is more complex behind the scenes,
but this complexity is needed to provide better service that can be tailored to the
broad range of 5G use cases.
Option-3
It could also be called as Non-Standalone mode.
The only difference between Options 3 and 3a is based on whether the user
plane data is sent to NR directly or via the LTE RAN.
Data/Traffic is split between 4G and 5G at eNodeB.
Option -3a
Data/Traffic is collects at EPC (S-GW).
Option-2 is a Standalone (SA)

 UE provides measurement report (channel quality).
 eNB initiates SgNB addition request via X2- interface.
 RRC connRe-config complete between eNB and UE via LTE connection.
 RACH starts to synchronize with gNB.
5G Key Parameters:
SSB(Synchronization Signal Blocks):

 5G NR adopts the concept of ssb for initial synch; a SSB consists of
- PSS (primary synch signal)
- SSS (secondary synch signal)
- PBCH (physical Broadcast channel) with DMRS(De-modulation
reference signal); channel estimation.
- 15/30KHZ
- 14 Ofdm symbols /slot.
- No. of slots differ based on SCS(sub-carrier spacing)
Example: SCS=60kHZ
1 radio frame= 10 msec=10 sub-frames
= 4 slots / 1sub-frames
1 radio frame = 40 slots
= 14 ofmd symbols/ slot
1 sub-frame = 4 slots* 14 ofdm symbols

= 56 ofdm symbols.
PDCCH in 5G NR:
 No PCFICH channel.
 Doesn’t use Cell-specific RS
 Uses DMRS.
 Organised in Control resource sets (CORESET).
 Modulation scheme - QPSK.
 Channel coding ; Polar code
 Carries DCI; UE can monitor multiple coresets.
 CCE=6REG; one REG corresponds to PRB(12 subcarriers)
LTE- Frame structure

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INTRODUCTION TO 5G:

 5G technology is the latest telecommunication network that is designed

Where can be 5G used?

5G can be used in three main connection services(scenario’s), they are

 Enhanced Mobile Broadband(eMBB): focuses on the high speed of

 URLLC- Ultra Reliable Low latency Comm||

 mMTC - massive Machine Type Communication

 5G is designed to connect numerous embedded sensors virtually in low

 5G technology works 10 times faster than 4G and so it is easier to

 Decreases traffic load.

 5G equipment’s are costly to install and maintain.

 New spectrum ranges (ex: LTE- 40 band 2300-2400MHz)

Hybrid beamforming - Antennas

5G Network Architecture Vocabulary:

 LTE Core (EPC) vs 5G Core (NGC)

In the 4G network architecture, User Equipment (UE) like smartphones or

Here's how it works:

Option-2 is a Standalone (SA)

SSB(Synchronization Signal Blocks):

1 sub-frame = 4 slots* 14 ofdm symbols

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