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    Basal Ganglia

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    Khalid Alhemyari
    The basal ganglia are clusters of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. These structures are involved in motor control and learning via connections with the cerebral cortex and motor areas. Lesions or degeneration of parts of the basal ganglia can cause movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and hemiballismus.

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    Basal Ganglia

    Uploaded by

    Khalid Alhemyari
    19 views38 pages
    The basal ganglia are clusters of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. These structures are involved in motor control and learning via connections with the cerebral cortex and motor areas. Lesions or degeneration of parts of the basal ganglia can cause movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and hemiballismus.

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    The basal ganglia are clusters of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. These structures are involved in motor control and learning via connections with the cerebral cortex and motor areas. Lesions or degeneration of parts of the basal ganglia can cause movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and hemiballismus.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    19 views38 pages

    Basal Ganglia

    Uploaded by

    Khalid Alhemyari
    The basal ganglia are clusters of gray matter in the cerebral hemispheres that include the caudate nucleus, putamen, globus pallidus, substantia nigra, and subthalamic nucleus. These structures are involved in motor control and learning via connections with the cerebral cortex and motor areas. Lesions or degeneration of parts of the basal ganglia can cause movement disorders like Parkinson's disease, chorea, athetosis, and hemiballismus.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
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    of 38

    BASAL GANGLIA

    These are masses of


    grey matter present in the white matter of cerebral hemisphere.

    These include 5 nuclei:


    1.Caudate nucleus 2.Putaman nucleus 3.Globus pallidus
    4.Substantia nigra 5.Sub thalamic nucleus
     Caudate + putaman = corpus neostriatum.
     Globus palidus makesthe paleostriatum.

     Caudate is separated from putaman by internal capsule.

     Putaman + globus pallidus =lentiform /lenticular nucleus.


     CONNECTIONS OF BASAL GANGLIA:
     (2 important circuits)
     1.PUTAMAN CIRCUIT
     2.CAUDATE CIRCUIT
     RECIEVES FIBERS FROM:
     –Pre motor area–Supplementary motor area & –Somatosensory
    areas

    PUTAMAN CIR
     SENDS FIBERS TO:
    CUIT:  –Globus pallidus to V.A.T.N. & V.L.T.N.
    To Primary motor area, supplementary motorarea & pre motor
    areas.
     RECIEVES FIBERS FROM:
     –Cerebral cortex (including:pre motor &supplementary motor
    area)

    CAUDATE  SENDS FIBERS TO:


    CIRCUIT  –GLOBUS PALLIDUS To V.A.T.N. & V.L.T.N. to premotor &
    supplementary motor areas & to pre-frontal cortex.

     Note: no fiber from thiscircuit go to primary motor area.


    NEURO  CORTICO-STRIATE FIBERS release ACETYLCHOLINE at their nerve endings
    TRANSMITTER (cholinergic fibers).

    S IN BASAL  2) NIGRO-STRIATE FIBERS(fibers which pass from substantia nigra to caudate &
    putaman )secrete DOPAMINE at their nerve endings(dopaminergic fibers).
    GANGLIA
     3) fibers which pass from caudate & putaman To globus pallidus
    & substantia nigra secrete GABA (GammaAmino Butyric Acid) at
    their nerve endings.
     4) fibers which pass from brainstem to basal ganglia secrete
    NOREPINEPHRINE,SEROTONIN & ENKEPHALIN at their nerve
    endings.
     Here 3 neuro transmitters are important:

     ACETYLCHOLINE(excitatory)
     DOPAMINE & GABA( inhibitory)
    FUNCTIONS OF BASAL GANGLIA:

    OF BASAL As ASSISTANT motor system.


    GANGLIA Do not function independently but with the help
    of CEREBRAL CORTEX &CORTICO-SPINAL SYSTEM.
     1) CONTROL OF COMPLEX & SKILLED MOVEMENTS:

     BASAL GANGLIA with the help of CEREBRAL CORTEX


     & CORTICO-SPINAL SYSTEM control complex & skilled
    movements:WRITING, STITCHING, PLAYING BASKET BALL,
     HAMMERING THE NAIL & CUTTING DESIGN WITH SCISSORS.
     In damage to basal ganglia
     disturbed writing
     appears that person is learning to write.
    2) COGNITIVE CONTROL OF MOTOR ACTIVITY:

    Basal ganglia + sensory input & information stored in


    the brain

    COGNITIVE CONTROL of motor activity.


    Cognitive control = ?
    It is pattern & sequence of events to achieve a specific aim or goal, e.g.,
    person walking on a road sudden sight of a wild animal sequence of
    movements to save life(controlled by Basal ganglia).
     CONTROL OF EXTENT & TIMING OFMOVEMENTS:

     Basal ganglia helps to decide, that for HOW LONG the movements
    will occur & HOW RAPID the movement will be (EXTENT OF
    MOVEMENT).

     e.g. while writing:


     RANGE: x OR X SPEED: rapid: or slow:

     Basal ganglia function in close cooperation with posterior parietal


    cortex
     OTHER FUNCTIONS OF BASAL GANGLIA

     Control of muscle tone

     Control of automatic associated movements. movements of arms


    while running
    LESIONS OF  Continuous, slow writhing movements affecting hand, arm, face or
    BASAL may be neck.

    GANGLIA
     It is due to damage to GLOBUS PALLIDUS.
    1) ATHETOSIS
    )
     involuntary, violent movement affecting 1 side of body / 1 limb.
    HEMIBALISMU
    S  Here is damage to SUBTHALAMIC NUCLEUS. ***
    PARKINSON’S
     1ST discovered by JAMES PARKINSON.
    DISEASE  CAUSE: degeneration of DOPAMINE secreting neurons in
    (PARALYSIS SUBSTANTIA NIGRA

    AGITANS) DOPAMINE deficiency in CAUDATE & PUTAMAN (by 50% or even


    less) No release of DOPAMINE from NIGROSTRIATE fibers.
     NORMALLY: ACETYLCHOLINE =DOPAMINE or EXCITATORY
    INFLUENCE =INHIBITORY INFLUENCE(on caudate & putaman).In
    this disease, due to dopamine deficiency
     This balance is disturbed excitation of caudate
    &putaman features of Parkinsonism.
     Rapid dancing movement affecting hand,arm or some other part
    of body.

     Due to damage in CAUDATE & PUTAMAN.

    CHOREA
     2 types of Chorea:
     1) HUNTINGTON’S CHOREA
     2) SYDENHAM / RHEUMATIC CHOREA(complication of rheumatic
    fever).
     of each hemisphere.
     It is often referred to as the emotional nervous system
     Limbic system is connected to the reticular formation of brainstem
    through themedial forebrain bundle***

    Limbic system  Limbic system consists of:

     Limbic cortex

     Associated deep structures


     Consists of a ring of cortical tissue around the hilus of cerebral hemisphere.

     Phylogenetically, limbic cortex is the oldest part of the cerebral cortex.


    It consists of:

     Orbitofrontal cortex

    Limbic cortex  Sub-callosal gyrus

     Cingulate gyrus

     Parahippocampal gyrus

     Uncus
    Consist of:
     Septum area
     Para-olfactory area
    Associated
     Epithalamus
    deep  Anterior thalamic nuclei
    structures  Hypothalamus
     Portion of Basal Ganglia
     Amygdala
     Hippocampus
     “Reward” and “Punishment” Function of the Limbic System
     Reward Centers:
     1.lateral and ventromedial nuclei of the hypothalamus.
     2.Centres are also found in the septum, the amygdala,
    certain areas of the thalamus and basal ganglia.

     Punishment Centers:
    1.central gray area surrounding the aqueduct of Sylvius inthe
    mesencephalon
    2.periventricular zones of the hypothalamusandthalamus.
    3.some locations in the amygdala and hippocampus.
     Importance of Reward or Punishment inLearning and Memory

     Habituation Versus Reinforcement


     Olfaction

     Control of emotions & behavior

     Control of food intake, water intake & bodyweight

     Control of sexual functions


    Functions of
    Limbic System:  Involved in recent memory

     Body temperature regulation

     Regulation of osmolality
     There are several well known diseases that aredisorders of the
    Diseases of the limbic system. A few are:
     1.Psychosis
    Limbic System
     2.Schizophrenia
     3.Depression
     Major part of the diencephalon

     Medial wall makes the lateral wall of the 3rd ventricle


     Lateral surface is separated from lentiform nucleus by internal
    capsule
    THALAMUS
     It is divide into 3 parts by a
     Y-shaped internal medullary lamina: anterior, medial and lateral
    parts.
     Main nuclei in three parts of THALAMUS
     1.Anterior part :anterior thalamic nuclei
     2.Medial part:Dorsomedial nucleus
     3.Lateral part:
     Dorsal group:Lateral dorsal
     Lateral posterior
     pulvinar
     Ventral group:
     Ventral anterior
     Ventral lateral
    Ventral posterior (VPL,VPM)
     VENTRAL POSTROLATERAL (VPL):receives nerve fibers from main
    sensory tracts (DCMLS, ALS) through medial and spinal leminisci. ***
     VENTRAL POSTROMEDDIAL (VPM):Receives fibers from trigeminal and
    gustatory pathway. ***
    1.Main or principal sensory relay station***
    2.Subcortical centre for pain***
    3.Centre for sexual sensations.
    4.Thalamus helps to maintain the level of alertness and
    Functions of consciousness
    thalamus 5.Anterior thalamic nuclei…..parts of
    limibic system***
    6.Also involved in the control of motor activity
    7.Involved in long-term memory process
    8.Involved in sleep mechanism
     Due to degenration of ventral posterior (VPL, VPM)part of the
    thalamus resulting from thrombosis in a branch of posterior cerebral
    artery.

     Anterior and medial nuclei remain intact


    Thalamic
    syndrome  Features fo thalamic syndrome:
     1.Loss of all the somatic sensations from contralateral side ofthe
    body (touch, pain, temperature, proprioception, vibration)2.Ataxia due
    to loss of proprioception 3.Astereognosis(inability to recognize
    the objects by the feel oftheir texture with closed eyes)
    4.Spontaneous burning or aching pain (resistant to analgesicdrugs)
    5.Hyperalgesia(inc. pain sensitivity) 6.Amelognosia (illusion that limb
    is absent).

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