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Sai Srimukh, XII 2010-2011 This paper is a study of the basic steps involved in the process of
cloning an organism, different ways to clone an organism, ethical controversies regarding it and the
benefits and problems associated with it. All cloning experiments of adult mammals have used a
variation of nuclear transfer. Research even proved that out of the total number of claves produced
through cloning, one out of every three has ended up dead and after they were cloned, they were
abnormally very huge (Sateesh 600). The realization that this was not the case came after the
discovery by Ian Wilmut and Keith Cambell of a method with which to synchronize the cell cycles
of the donor cell and the egg cell. The process of making identical copies of living matter like cells
or organisms is termed as cloning. Join our team of reviewers and help other students learn. There
are two types of cloning: natural cloning and artificial cloning. It is not always successful, is
extremely expensive, and we are tampering with God’s creations. Many times in a case like this, the
parents of the sick child will decide to have another child hoping that it will match with the sick
child. The egg cell is then prompted to begin forming an embryo. For example, a leukemia patient
would not require a sibling with a tissue match for a bone-marrow transplant. This method has been
widely used to produce a large number of identical organisms. The first fully cloned animal was a
sheep named Dolly. It is a technique of imitating genetic information (Roxanne, 2010). If a woman
were to carry a gene for one of these disorders, she could conceive a healthy child by having the
nucleus of one of her body cells inserted into an enucleated egg cell from a woman who does not
have anything wrong with her mitochondrial genes. After being enucleated, the egg cells had donor
nuclei inserted into them. Use this topic or order a custom research paper, written exactly how you
need it to be. The Raelians believe that humans are created by aliens and are strong advocates of
cloning. There are numerous debates as to whether human cloning has advantages or disadvantages.
As the majority said, he believes that cloning humans for personal reasons is a misuse of the
scientific findings. I asked Dr. Harry to give me a statement about the future of genetic cloning and
he explained his detailed work with embryo transferring. The cell's DNA is then removed and the
egg is enucleated. Scientists believe that by cloning, any damage caused by illnesses can be repaired.
We should also include background information and carry out a research on that specific topic, lastly
a conclusion should be set out. I wonder what a clone may have felt knowing the fact that at some
point in his life he had to be killed in order to cure the “original” him. By using the method that
scientists predict will soon be available, the recipient would have no problem accepting the newly
transplanted organ. In other words, we are still way below God in intellect or ability and therefore
had no way of determining the reason of our being but we rest in the fact that because of his great
wisdom everything is in control and that includes what happens to us here. Some scientist suggest
starting off by only putting a bit of the brain into the new body. According to the website of
university of Utah, the failure rate of SCNT cloning procedure is between 99.9% - 97%, this means
that out of a total of 1000 attempts to conduct cloning only, 1 to 3 attempts end up being successful
and the remaining ones fail (Utah, 2012). This is projected to increase the human lifespan greatly. An
author of the following writing seeks to discuss the moral problems related to the cloning of humans
and consequences that could follow it. In some situations this could lead to cancer and many other
dangers such as abnormalities in development and premature ageing.
Theoretically these stem cells can be used to create replacement organs. This method of human
cloning can bring up many issues about the ethical value of cloning. A clone is made up of plasmids,
groups of identical structures, that contain genetic material such as mitochondria and chloroplasts. In
vitro fertilization usually requires the retrieval of many cells and can take several times to work if it
does at all. In the field of biotechnology it is referred to as a procedure utilized to create identical
copies of fragments of DNA, organisms and cells. One to eight hours after the removal of the egg
cell, an electric pulse was used to fuse the two cells together and, at the same time, activate the
development of an embryo. Addition of foreign DNA in the form of recombinant DNA vectors that
are generated by molecular cloning is the most common method of genetic engineering. These foods
are called genetically modified (GM) foods. This way of producing life has been successful in
animals, but research for the usage of this method among human beings is still on going. Nussbaum,
Kelly, I argue that the problem is more fundamental. Cloning can be done artificially to produce
genetically identical organisms. Several methods have been developed to clone an organism. The
atomic bomb was instrumental in ending World War II (this was good) but it had also continuously
poses a threat of wiping out the earth. MacKinnon, Barbara. Human cloning: science, ethics, and
public policy. Nowadays genetic engineers can produce Human Growth Hormone in a similar way to
the production of insulin, the gene is introduced into bacteria DNA such as E. Reproductive cloning
is one form of human cloning which is used to produce one or more than one individuals who are
genetically identical to each other. Work Cited Gary, W. “Potential Dangers of Human Cloning”
Health Guidance. 2012. Web. 24 October 2013.. Manninen, B. A. “Clone” Internet Encyclopedia of
Philosophy. By this process, an organism is generated that has the same DNA as another animal. He
considered that methods of human cloning are bad and it is evident from the first experiment of
sheep cloning, which employed more than hundred scientists to work day and night in order to make
an experiment of cloning successful. Most of the cloned entities have failed to survive and have died
in mysterious manners, cloning has shown negative impact on the health of the species that have
been cloned. If each person is cloned many times there would be a lot of people who are alike,
creating confusion. Much more research still needs to be done on replacement cloning. In humans a
clone would be genetic copy of another being. This is 100% legal. You may not submit downloaded
papers as your own, that is cheating. Also you. Since the protein synthesis and metabolism is
controlled by an organism’s genome, clones are identical in all aspects. The techniques of cloning
form an integral part in the effort to prepare advanced medicines for diagnosis, vaccines and for the
treatment of various diseases. Perhaps a reader may question of how sure I will be that they will feel
this way, well, just look around us, isn’t there so many normal humans whose lives and the lives of
others were ruined because of the feelings of rejection and meaninglessness. Thus genes play the
most imperative role in cellular or biological implications (Smith, 2002). 2. Cost effective health
facilities especially cosmetic surgery. Crops engineered to produce industrial chemicals and drugs
GM crops could already be poisoning GM-free crops grown for food in the US. The Thompson
Chain-Reference Bible. ( Grand Raphids, Michigan: Zondervan Bible Publishers, 1983). Keep on
browsing if you are OK with that, or find out how to manage cookies.
The egg cell must have the genetic information eliminated (removed). Cloning organs and tissues
would be a great advantage to society and would lead to many lives being saved. A woman's ovum
also contains DNA and is what is used in therapeutic cloning. Although there are potential benefits
to cloning, such advancements may be overshadowed by drawbacks, according to author Lewis
Thomas. You could also selectively alter your genetics to obtain mad skills as a human being with
fewer vulnerabilities. The stem cells could be used to research and ultimately provide therapeutic
applications, such as replacing damaged tissues. Some hope to create a fertility treatment that allows
parents who are both infertile to have children with at least some of their DNA in their offspring.
Bacteria, plants, and animals have been genetically modified since the early 1970s for academic,
medical, agricultural, and industrial purposes. Last year advanced cell technologies in Worcester,
Massachusetts announced that it had cloned a human embryo. One of the considered options to
repair the cell depletion related to cellular senescence is to grow replacement tissues from stem cells
harvested from a cloned embryo. In nature, such diversity enables plants (and animals) to respond to
changes in the environment, such as diseases, insect epidemics, and changes in the climate or habitat.
The most applied method is “Somatic Cell Nuclear Transfer (SCNT)”. The ethical ramifications of
cloning, especially with regard to humans, seem to defy easy limitation. Another reason why we need
this science is because there is a great reward in understanding how the human body develops. These
cells can result in creation of other cells within the human body except the embryo; this means that
diseases can be treated through pluriptent cells in different organs of the human body with the
replacement of cells that are functioning in an abnormal manner. By introducing the correct gene for
Factor VIII there is a greater chance of haemophiliac's blood clotting and therefore the risk of
bleeding to death is reduced, as the protein to form blood clots will be manufactured in cells. Most
nucleic acid extraction techniques involve steps to break open the cell, and then the use of enzymatic
reactions to destroy all undesired macromolecules. This will also help those who are at a high risk for
having a child with a genetic disease. Long before he was born, God had already revealed that at the
right time, he will be born on earth. Although the succeeding generations were not seen as directly
created by God, God in a way is still involved in their creation for they were made in a manner that
follows the God ordained way of human reproduction. In the field of biotechnology it is referred to
as a procedure utilized to create identical copies of fragments of DNA, organisms and cells. A clone
would not be the same as any other person, but a clone is just a normal person, created with and
having the same genes as the person being cloned. God was different, when he created Adam and
Eve, he was not involved in trial and error because if he was, then we would have to charge him with
murder. Cloning captured the publics attention when Scottish scientists startled the world in July of
1996 when they. It has been suggested that undermining the individuality or uniqueness of each
human being may undermine respect for human life. For thousands of years human reproduction had
been done through this manner. If people were cloned and had the same genes then they would all be
at risk of getting the same disease that they were all not resistant too and being wiped out. Many
successful, famous, and beautiful people on earth had confirmed that they still feel dissatisfied and
empty. One of the main advantages of cloning is that it can be used for therapeutic reasons; this kind
of cloning is referred to as therapeutic cloning and can be used as medicine to treat individuals
(MacKinnon 12). This is no fun. This is a case where the process produces less adequate properties in
a clone.
Poor adaptability of clones may become detrimental for situations of jeopardy. Reproductive cloning
is one form of human cloning which is used to produce one or more than one individuals who are
genetically identical to each other. What is cloning? Are there different types of cloning? Some
scientist suggest starting off by only putting a bit of the brain into the new body. Most imprinting
errors occur when embryonic stem cells are being cultured in laboratories. 6. Through cloning there is
the possibility of compromising individuality, creativity and freedom. Assuming nothing goes wrong,
an exact copy of the donor animal is born. In the Christian belief, the first man and woman, Adam
and Eve, were directly created by God. Cloning captured the publics attention when Scottish
scientists startled the world in July of 1996 when they. This treatment does not however help with
the pancreatic problems. An example of effective gene supplementation is to treat Severe Combined
Immune-deficiency Disease (SCID). Religion also has to be taken into consideration if we want to
clone humans. Scientists get them from the egg banks where the eggs are stored safely in an
extremely cold environment, perhaps about -196 degree Celsius. To carry out gene therapy DNA
must be entered into the nucleus of the cells. When this happens, the embryo is then transplanted into
a surrogate mother. Since the successful cloning of Dolly the sheep in 1997, and with increasing
media attention paid to the likelihood of a successful human reproductive clone coupled with
research suggesting the medical potential of therapeutic cloning in humans, members of the scientific
community and Christian fundamentalist leaders have become increasingly vocal in the debate over
U.S. policy decisions regarding human cloning (Wilmut, 2000). Organism cloning Organism cloning
is the process by which an entire organism can be cloned. Human cloning is a term used to define the
creation of a genetically similar copy of a human being (MacKinnon 9). It provides basis to stem cell
research and hence an understanding for various diseases and genetic anomalies which enable
scientists to seek treatment and factors influencing the diseases. Scientists fear that applying any of
the above cloning techniques to humans will have devastating affects on the clone such as
malformations or diseases. Please note that mailing lists are independent from each other. It has been
found that cells placed in oviducts early in their development are much more likely to survive than
those incubated in the lab. Clones are normally generated to procure therapeutic implications, used to
study the development process, organogenesis, cause of disease, the genetic basis of altered
condition that is responsible for causing disease (Smith, 2002). In this way, an apple was perpetuated
and multiplied from the single branch where the mutation first appeared, to produce thousands of
other apple trees by the process called grafting. Typically, immunological rejections occur when your
body does not recognize the cells of the transplant organs as your own. Sai Srimukh, XII 2010-2011
This paper is a study of the basic steps involved in the process of cloning an organism, different ways
to clone an organism, ethical controversies regarding it and the benefits and problems associated with
it. Page 2. After the religious sect the Raelians claimed they had successfully given birth to the first
cloned human baby, everyone in the US Congress agreed on the need for a ban on the practice. Since
God did not create them, they may feel like an outsider, not a part of God’s plan on humans who
were born in a natural way. What would you think if there was someone just like you and you and
your “twin” were not related in any way. With cloning we can also have children with the
characteristics of parents even if one parent suffers from a serious genetic illness. Cloning, as people
of the scientific world calls it, offers a breakthrough in human genome science and a chance to
change the whole face of the history of human existence. However, the fears of these side effects
may be very greatly alleviated since the patient’s own genetic material is used (Explore Stem Cells).
In the case of organ transplantation, when cell lines are created through cells of another human
being, the changes of the cell lines being rejected are quite high as the patient’s body will easily
recognize proteins from foreign body and attack the cells that have been transplanted. There are
those with religious beliefs who think that taking antibiotics or receiving blood transfusions is wrong,
but this does not stop the rest of the world from receiving the benefits from them. This is equivalent
to massive murder of innocent humans. We should also include background information and carry
out a research on that specific topic, lastly a conclusion should be set out. Some people believe that
cloning a human creates another identity of the existing human and that would result in lot of social
problems. For example, a female DNA donor would be the clone's genetic twin, rather than mother,
complicating the genetic and social relationships between mother and child as well as the
relationships between other family members and the clone. At a cloning forum sponsored by the
American Association for the Advancement of Science, “participants grappled about ethical and
moral issues raised by the unexpected appearance of Scotland’s cloned sheep, Dolly.” At the forum,
the total consensus was directly pointed at making the procedure illegal for human cloning. Normally
therapeutic cloning is termed only as This is not correct. This is one of the issues when organ
transplant is being conducted along with the issue of lack of organs in the organ transplantation
market. RNA is naturally very unstable because enzymes that break down RNA are commonly
present in nature. Growing population is putting pressure on the demands of basic amenities,
infrastructures and social set ups; with human cloning, further contribution to disaster cannot be
eluded. The DNA is then brought out of solution using alcohol. The technique should not be used for
selfish purpose but the best part of the technology must be utilized to relieve sufferings of the people
and to make the world a better place to live for those who suffer with irreparable damages.
Researchers have figured out that out of the total number of attempts made to produce clones, 90%
have ended up in failure and out of a total of 100 nuclear procedures of transfer; one has ended up
being successful (Ornl, 20120. By sharing this link, I acknowledge that I have read and understand.
This will also help those who are at a high risk for having a child with a genetic disease. The
techniques of cloning form an integral part in the effort to prepare advanced medicines for diagnosis,
vaccines and for the treatment of various diseases. The pre-embryo is allowed to develop and
produce many stem cells. Therapeutic cloning encompasses cloning cells for their exploitation in
treating various ailments. According to Savulescu (1999), human cloning is accountable to abuse, a
person's right to individualism and self-sufficiency and being self is violated, moreover genetic
individuality is also lost and human beings are used as a model organism. Replacement Of Defective
Genes The most powerful tool that human cloning is bestowed with is the replacement of the
defective genes. However human cloning is forbidden under any circumstance. In biology, the re-
creation of a whole organism is referred to as “reproductive cloning.” Long before attempts were
made to clone an entire organism, researchers learned how to copy short stretches of DNA—a
process that is referred to as molecular cloning. The cloning of pigs could one day benefit humans
but in order to insure success, the headless human clone would be the guaranteed project. As every
technology comes with enormous pros and cons so do cloning. Triggering the growth and
development of the egg will produce a clone, a genetically- identical duplicate of the original
organism. Some scientists believe that this could lead to the engineering of people completely
resistant to other diseases, like AIDS and cancer, making society happier and healthier. But the
process will be incomplete without the next step. The most applied method is “Somatic Cell Nuclear
Transfer (SCNT)”. This theory could work but in reality there is no way to test it. For people without
legs or arms, prosthetic legs or arms that mimic movements the same as a real human body part.
We are also saying that other cloning methods will have the approval of the community and will be
acceptable. As the bacteria divide, they copy their own DNA (including the plasmids). In vitro
fertilization usually requires the retrieval of many cells and can take several times to work if it does at
all. Is a cloned child simply a twin of its genetic donor, with a certain time lag. With cloning, egg
and sperm would non be necessary for reproduction, because any organic structure cell would work
Eibert. This time, we throw the nucleus away and keep the hollow cell with us. However, the pre-
embryo is not implanted in a woman's womb in order to try to produce a pregnancy. Imagine a
twelve-year-old girl that has been diagnosed with an illness that will be fatal in the next ten years.
By sharing this link, I acknowledge that I have read and understand. The stem cells could be used to
research and ultimately provide therapeutic applications, such as replacing damaged tissues. They are
generally not passed on to offspring produced by sexual means. In an article from The Atlanta
Constitution by Jeff Nesmith, scientists are trying to reach a decision on whether human cloning
should be legal and how best to prevent it. Personally, I agree that human cloning is wrong not only
because of the above reason but because human cloning opposes the underlying truth that the
appearance of any person on earth had the consent of God. Clones are normally generated to procure
therapeutic implications, used to study the development process, organogenesis, cause of disease, the
genetic basis of altered condition that is responsible for causing disease (Smith, 2002). When
analyzed against an ethical lens, it is clear that human cloning oversteps scientific boundaries by
destabilizing social and moral structures in society. It also frequently involves situations in which
only one or a few copies of a DNA molecule are available for further analysis. Cloning has several
advantages associated with it, but most of these advantages are still being research and tested and
after huge amount of expenditure on research and wastage of material, scientists have resorted to the
fact that cloning has failed to achieve its results in an effective manner. Thus, even though GM foods
are available to us people are still in doubt as to whether they should consume them.UK has recently
given the go ahead for farmers to grow GM crops. I have observed in my nineteen years of living
that almost everyone in this society strives to be the same or like the popular culture. Some people
are resistant to certain diseases and others are not. Research is also underway to procure the cure for
Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, diabetes, Arthritis, plastic surgery or cosmetic surgery, limb
amputation, breast implants, replacement of faulty genes, chromosomal anomalies, liver and kidney
transplantation (Smith). Just thinking about th Cloning is a new technology that humans have just
acquired. The classic genetic method compares insects that cannot fly with insects that can fly, and
observes that the non-flying insects have lost wings. Human Growth Hormone causes cells to grow
and multiply by directly increasing the rate at which amino acids enter cells and are built into
proteins. These organs can be used for transplants and with scientists cloning organs from the own
patient's DNA there should be no problem with immune rejection that can result with transplants
from other sources. There has been a lot of controversy over whether these foods should be
consumed or not. Much more research still needs to be done on replacement cloning. He considered
that methods of human cloning are bad and it is evident from the first experiment of sheep cloning,
which employed more than hundred scientists to work day and night in order to make an experiment
of cloning successful. Dolly was genetically modified to produce therapeutic proteins in her milk. It
is also noteworthy to have an insight regarding the amplification in human population.
The term is often used to refer to the artificial process of human cloning. Cloned human beings are
supposed to be real humans ( they are not robots for they possess all the physical aspects of human
beings with emotions and intellect and probably a soul as some scientist claimed ) so murdering them
is wrong. However, the fears of these side effects may be very greatly alleviated since the patient’s
own genetic material is used (Explore Stem Cells). Addition of foreign DNA in the form of
recombinant DNA vectors that are generated by molecular cloning is the most common method of
genetic engineering. This could even happen to the entire human race if everyone on earth had the
same genes. 0. In a way it would be inhumane to clone people because clones will not be considered
as individuals or humans. The discovery has been made and curious scientists are not just going to
leave it alone. Some people argue against cloning because they think that it is a way of playing God.
This cell acted like a normal embryo and started to divide. Cloning occurs when a single cell from
the parent organism begins to divide and develop in such a way that a new organism is produced. It
seems as though he really doesn’t want the job as The Lord’s messenger. While it is there, we know
that we can contact you by email regarding that topic. The Company reserves and intends to exercise
the right to review, audit, intercept, access, disclose, and use all messages created, received, or sent
over its e-mail system for any purpose. The two then proceeded to make other human beings through
sexual reproduction. But, with new technology, scientists are finding ways to create entire separate
organs and other tissues such as nerve or heart muscle cells without the creation of an entire person.
Similar to DNA extraction, RNA extraction involves the use of various buffers and enzymes to
inactivate other macromolecules and preserve only the RNA. The costs involved in conducting any
form of cloning including reproductive cloning is quite high and a lot of money has already been
wasted on research. Society has to be careful, as we don’t really know what cloning can really bring
us. Human cloning embraces a futuristic approach if it is handled with precision, skill, intellect,
wisdom and care. We use cookies to create the best experience for you. Next the egg is placed inside
the uterus and child birth takes place. Then, a cell from the body of same organism is taken; it must a
cell other than the reproductive cells. Researchers have figured out that out of the total number of
attempts made to produce clones, 90% have ended up in failure and out of a total of 100 nuclear
procedures of transfer; one has ended up being successful (Ornl, 20120. Research on the length of
survival of clones has failed because all the clones that have been created have failed to survive for a
longer period of time (Sateesh 600). Some people may think with cloning, it is interesting to see
duplicates or duplicates of a human being. The term gained prominence as it involves
comprehensively injured, abortive, or weakening body, and replacement of the whole or partial organ
or part of the body. This produced multiple copies of the same nucleus. This technique for replicates
the activation provided by sperm is not completely correct, since only a few electrically activated
cells survive long enough to produce an embryo. We all knew that there is more to life, that there is
more to wealth, beauty and fame. We will just add on earth a host of psychologically dysfunctional
people.