Population

and
Sample
Population Sample

•includes all of •consists one or

the elements more
from a set of observations
data. drawn from the
population.
Parameter

Statistic
Parameter Statistic

•It is a •It is
measurement measurement
that describes that describes
a population. a sample
Identify whether the
following describes
a parameter or a
statistic.
If all the applicants taking
an entrance exam and asked
how they feel, 75% of them
said that they are nervous.

75% is a parameter. It
describes population.
If a bunch of lanzones
taken from the big box
is 90% sweet.

The value 90% is a

statistic. It describes
the sample which is
the bunch of lanzones.
All 600 were asked about
their preferences for venue
for a party, 60% opted to use
the beach front.

All600 is a population,
60% is a parameter.
Thirty students out of the whole
batch had a mean percentage of
90% in a diagnostic test.

Thirty students is a sample,

hence, 90% is a statistic.
Statistical Inference
•It is the process of drawing
conclusions about the
entire population based on
information in a sample.
Sampling
Methods
Sampling Method
•It is the process of selecting observations
(sample) to provide an adequate
description and inferences of the
population.
•It is concerned with the selection of a
subset of population that will be used to
estimate the characteristics of the entire
population.
Sampling Methods
• Probability Sampling – every unit of the
population has an equal chance to be
selected. other criteria
•Non-Probability Sampling – not
every unit of the population has
an equal chance to be selected.
It involves non-random selection
based on convenience or other
criteria
How will you find the number of sample to
be taken from the population?
To determine the number of sample to be taken
from the population, use Slovin’s Formula:
N
n=
1 + Ne 2
where:
n = number of samples needed
N = population size
e = margin of error (0.05 or 5%)
 Suppose the target population for a research are the college
students of a University. For the current school year, there
are 1100 students enrolled as shown in the table below. Find
the number of samples to be taken from each department
using 5% margin of error.
No. of Samples from
DEPARTMENT Number of Students
each department
Education 90
Accountancy 110
Engineering 490
Information
410
Technology
Probability
Sampling
Probability
Sampling
•Simple Random
Sampling
•Systematic
Sampling
•Stratified Random
Sampling
•Cluster Sampling
Simple Random Sampling
• It is the simplest form of random sampling where
each element or member of the population has an
equal chance of being included in the sample.
• Simple random sampling is used to make statistical
inferences about a population. It helps ensure
high internal validity.
• Simple random sampling works best if you have a lot
of time and resources to conduct your study, or if
you are studying a limited population that can easily
be sampled.
Examples:
Simple Random Sampling
• Lottery Method and Table of Random
Numbers
• You want to select a simple random sample of
1000 employees of a social media marketing
company. You assign a number to every
employee in the company database from 1 to
1000, and use a random number generator to
select 100 numbers.
Systematic Sampling
• Interval sampling
• randomly select a starting point and take every k-th piece
of data from a listing ofin the population.
• To find k, use the formula:
N
k=
n
• where:
k = sample interval
N = population size
n = sample size
Suppose the target population for a research are the college
students of a University. For the current school year, there
are 1100 students enrolled as shown in the table below. Find
the number of samples to be taken from each department
using 5% margin of error.
No. of Samples from Systematic Sampling
DEPARTMENT Number of Students
each department (k-th interval)

Education 90 73 2
Accountancy 110 86 2
Engineering 490 220 3
Information
Technology 410 202 3
Examples:
Systematic Sampling
• Members of the population should be listed in
ascending or descending order to give a fairly
representative sample, as it will include participants
from both the bottom and top ends of the population.
• If you are sampling from a list of individuals ordered by
age, systematic sampling will result in a population
drawn from the entire age spectrum. If you instead
used simple random sampling, it is possible that you
would end up with only younger or older individuals.
Example:
Systematic Sampling
•There are 1,250 students in the population.
Find the sample size and interval size.
Stratified Random Sampling
• divide the population into groups called strata and
samples are randomly selected from each stratum based
on specific characteristics (e.g., race, gender, location,
etc.).
• Every member of the population should be in exactly one
stratum.
• Each stratum is then sampled using another probability
sampling method, such as cluster or simple random
sampling, allowing researchers to estimate statistical
measures for each sub-population.
Reference: Scribbr (2020). Sampling Methods | Types and Techniques Explained (scribbr.com)
Cluster Sampling
• Area sampling
• divide the population into clusters and then
randomly select some of the clusters as sample.
• often used to study large populations, particularly
those that are widely geographically dispersed.
Researchers usually use pre-existing units such as
schools or cities as their clusters.
31
32
33
34
Non-Probability
Sampling
Non-Probability
Sampling
•Convenience
sampling
•Consecutive
sampling
•Purposive sampling
•Snowball sampling
•Quota sampling
Convenience Sampling
•This involves choosing respondents convenient
to the researcher. Also known as accidental
or opportunity sampling.
•It is the easiest method of sampling and the
participants are selected based on availability
and willingness to participate in the survey.
The results are prone to significant bias as the
sample may not be a representative of
population.
Example:
Convenience Sampling
• The polls conducted in Facebook or Youtube.
• Startups and NGOs usually conduct convenience
sampling at a mall to distribute leaflets of upcoming
events or promotion of a cause.
• You are researching opinions about student support
services in your university, so after each of your classes,
you ask your fellow students to complete a survey on the
topic.
Consecutive Sampling
•The researcher picks a single person or a
group of a sample, conducts research over a
period, analyzes the results, and then moves
on to another subject or group if needed.
•Consecutive sampling technique gives the
researcher a chance to work with many
topics and fine-tune his/her research by
collecting results that have vital insights.
Purposive Sampling
•Judgement sampling
•The researcher chooses the sample based on
who they think would be appropriate for the
study.
•It involves the researcher using their expertise
to select a sample that is most useful to the
purposes of the research.
Example:
Purposive Sampling
•You want to know more about the opinions
and experiences of disabled students at your
university, so you purposefully select a number
of students with different support needs in
order to gather a varied range of data on
their experiences with student services.
Quota Sampling
•Sample is selected according to quota
system.
•A sample is formed based on specific
attributes, the created sample will have the
same qualities found in the total population. It
is a rapid method of collecting samples.
Example:
Quota Sampling
Imagine a researcher wants to study the favorite colors of
people in a small town. They know that in the town, 40% of
people prefer blue, 30% prefer red, and 30% prefer green.
Using quota sampling, the researcher recruits 40
participants in total. They ensure that 40% (16 participants)
prefer blue, 30% (12 participants) prefer red, and 30% (12
participants) prefer green.
They stop recruiting from each color preference group
once they've met the quota.
Snowball Sampling
• Researchers use this technique when the sample
size is small and not easily available. This sampling
system works like the referral program.
• If the population is hard to access, snowball
sampling can be used to recruit participants via
other participants. The number of people you have
access to “snowballs” as you get in contact with
more people.
Example:
Snowball Sampling
•You are researching experiences of
homelessness in your city. Since there is no list
of all homeless people in the city, probability
sampling isn’t possible. You meet one person
who agrees to participate in the research,
and she puts you in contact with other
homeless people that she knows in the area.
Sampling
Distribution
The Fundamental Counting
Principle
Fundamental Principle of Counting

•The Fundamental Counting

Principle states that if there are x
ways to do one thing and y ways
to do another thing, then there
are x(y) ways to do both.
Example |Carmela is about unlock her
cellphone, but she forgot the passcode.
She only remembers that the 4-digit code
contains the numbers 1, 8, 9, 0 and 2.
a. How many possible passcodes are there
if no repetition is allowed?
b. How many possible passcodes are there
if repetition is allowed
Sampling
Distribution
of the Sample
Means
Sampling Distribution
•It is a probability distribution
that describes the probability
for each mean of the sample
with the same sample size.
POPULATION

12 24
9
POPULATION We take a sample (with replacement)
with a sample size of n = 2.

12 24 Observations Sample
1 12 , 12
2 12 , 24
9 3 12 , 9
4 24 , 24
5 24 , 12
6 24 , 9
7 9, 9
8 9 , 12
9 9 , 24
 POPULATION Now, let’s take the mean of each
sample.

24 Observations Sample xത
12 1 12 , 12 12
2 12 , 24
9 3 12 , 9
4 24 , 24
12 + 12 5 24 , 12
x= 6 24 , 9
2 7 9, 9
x = 12 8 9 , 12
9 9 , 24
 POPULATION Now, let’s take the mean of each
sample.
Observatio
24 Sample xത
12 ns

1 12 , 12 12
2 12 , 24 18
9 3 12 , 9
4 24 , 24
12 + 24 5 24 , 12
x= 6 24 , 9
2 7 9, 9
𝑥 = 18 8 9 , 12
9 9 , 24
 POPULATION Now, let’s take the mean of each
sample.
Observatio
24 Sample xത
12 ns

1 12 , 12 12
2 12 , 24 18
9 3 12 , 9 10.5
4 24 , 24
12 + 9 5 24 , 12
x= 6 24 , 9
2 7 9, 9
x = 10 .5 8 9 , 12
9 9 , 24
POPULATION Now, let’s take the mean of each
sample.
Observatio
24 Sample xത
12 ns

1 12 , 12 12
2 12 , 24 18
9 3 12 , 9 10.5
4 24 , 24 24
5 24 , 12 18
6 24 , 9 16.5
7 9, 9 9
8 9 , 12 10.5
9 9 , 24 16.5
POPULATION Let’s find the probability of each
sample means.

24 Observations Sample xത Pxഥ

12 1 12 , 12 12
1
9

2 12 , 24
1
18
9 3 12 , 9 10.5
9
1
9

4 24 , 24
1
24 9

5 24 , 12 18
1
9

24 , 9 16.5
1
6 9

7 9
1
9, 9 9

8 9 , 12 10.5
1
9

9
1
9 , 24 16.5 9
POPULATION Sampling Distribution of x with
Replacement (n = 2)

12 24
9
POPULATION Sampling Distribution of x with
Replacement (n = 2)

12 24
9
ADD A FOOTER 61
 POPULATION Now, let’s take the population mean of
the data.

12 24
9
=  x 12 + 24 + 9
=
N 3
45
=
3
 = 15
POPULATION Sampling Distribution of x with
Replacement (n = 2)

12 24 xത Pxഥ
Mean of the
12 1/9
Sampling Distribution
18 1/9
9 10.5 1/9  x =
12 + 18 + 24 + ... + 16.5
24 1/9 9
 = 15 18 1/9 =
135
16.5 1/9 9
9 1/9  x = 15
10.5 1/9
16.5 1/9
 Mean of the
Sampling Distribution

μ = μxഥ
The population mean
(μ) is equal to the value
of the mean (μxഥ ) of the
sampling distribution of
the means.
ADD A FOOTER 64
 Mean of the Sampling
Distribution
(with replacement)

How to solve:
σx
ഥ
• μxഥ =
n
• μxഥ = σ xത Pxഥ

ADD A FOOTER 65
 1. If the mean μxഥ of the sampling distribution
of means is 12.21, what is the population
mean µ of the dataset?
12.21
TRY THIS! 2. If the population mean µ of a dataset is
2.33, what is the mean μxഥ of the sampling
distribution of means?
2.33
3. A population consists of the values (2, 4, 7).
List down all the possible samples of size 2
that can be drawn from this population
and compute for the mean μxഥ of the 66

sampling distributions of mean.

 Variance and Standard
Deviation of the Sampling
Distribution

How to solve:
• Find the population mean,
population variance and
population standard deviation.
• Find all the possible samples.
• Compute for the variance and
standard deviation of the 67

sampling distribution of means.

 Variance of the
Probability of the
Sampling Distribution sample mean

2 2
𝜎𝑥 = σ 𝑥 − 𝜇𝑥 𝑃(𝑥)

Sample mean Mean of the sampling

distribution of means
68
 Variance of the
Sampling Distribution

sample mean

 2
=
 (x− ) x
2
Mean of the sampling
distribution of means
x
n No. of observation

 2
Population variance
 = 2
x
n Sample size 69
 Standard Deviation of
the Sampling Distribution

sample mean

 (x −  )
2
Mean of the sampling
x = x distribution of means
n No. of observation

 2
 Population
SD
x = =
Sample
n n size
POPULATION Sampling Distribution of x with
Replacement (n = 2)
Observations Sample x
ത Pxഥ
12 24
1 12 , 12 12
1
9

9 2 12 , 24 18
1
9

1
3 12 , 9 10.5 9

4 24 , 24 24
1
9

5 24 , 12 18 1
9

6 24 , 9 16.5 1
9

7 9, 9 9 1
9

8 9, 12 10.5 1
9

9 9, 24 16.5
1
9
 1. If the population standard deviation σ of a
dataset is 3.4, what is the population
variance σ2 ?
11.56
TRY THIS! 2. If the population variance σ2is 6.13, what is
the population standard deviation σ?
2.48
3. If the dataset has a sample size n = 2 with
population variance σ2 = 3.12, what is the
variance 𝝈𝟐ഥ𝒙 of the sampling distribution of
means?
1.56 72
The scores of Grade 11 students in an achievement test in
mathematics are normally distributed with mean of 80 and
a variance of 12. Suppose that a random sample of size
n = 20 is taken from this group of students.
a) Find the mean and the standard deviation of the
sampling distribution of the means.
b) Find the probability that the mean score of the students
in the sample is
• More than 85
• Less than 76
• Exactly 76
• Between 76 and 85
•Suppose that a random sample of size
n is taken from a normally distributed
population with mean 𝝁 and variance
𝝈 . If 𝑥ҧ is the sample mean, then the
𝟐

sampling distribution of the sample

mean is a normal distribution with
mean 𝑬 𝒙 ഥ = 𝝁 = 𝝁𝒙ഥ and the variance
𝝈𝟐
is 𝝈𝒙ഥ =
𝟐
.
𝒏
The volumes of soda produced by a company are
normally distributed with a mean one 9800 mL with a
standard deviation of 50 mL. Suppose that 30
random samples are taken, find the following:
a) Probability that the mean volume of the sample
is less than 9780 mL
b) Probability that the mean volume of the sample
is more than 9815 mL
c) Probability that the mean volume of the sample
is between 9780 mL and 9815 mL
 2
A sample of 2,000 was sought to estimate the
average achievement in science of fifth
graders in a city’s public schools. The average
fifth grade enrollment in the city’s elementary
schools is 100 students. Thus, 20 schools were
randomly selected and within each of those
schools all fifth graders were tested.
 3
Instructors teaching research methods are
interested in knowing what study
techniques their students are utilizing.
Rather than assessing all students, the
researchers randomly select 10 students
from each of the sections to comprise their
sample.
 4
Researcher wants to (qualitatively) study
the lived experiences of elementary school
teachers regarding the effectiveness of
remote teaching due to the COVID-19
pandemic, or business owner’s whose
business failed as a result of COVID-19.
 5

The researcher selected

th
every 25 name on the
list of 1000 Grade 11
students.
II. Suppose the target population are the high school
students of St. Alphonsus Catholic School. In the previous
school year, there are 2435 students enrolled. Determine
the sample used for each grade level using the Slovin’s
Formula. Complete the table and show complete
solutions.

Grade Level No. of Students No. of Respondents

Grade 7 600
Grade 8 750
Grade 9 630
Grade 10 455
III. Determine
whether the situation
talks about a statistic
or a parameter.
 1

The average annual salary

for 35 of a company’s 1200
accountants is Php 68,000.
 2

In a recent year, the

interest category for 12%
of all new magazines was
sports.
 3

In a recent year, the

average math scores for
all graduates on the ACT
was 20.7.
 4

The average annual

salary of some physical
therapists in a state is Php
76,210.
 5

In the basket full of

sweet mangoes, about
40% is rotten.
IV. Give what is being asked. Show your
solutions and box your final answer.

A population consists of numbers 11, 22 and

30. We take a sample (without replacement)
with a sample size of n = 2. Construct the
sampling distribution. Then, compute the mean,
variance, and standard deviation of the
sampling distribution. Round off your final
answers to 2 decimal places.
Answers

I. 3 points each = 15
1)Simple Random Sampling
2)Cluster Sampling
3)Stratified Random Sampling
4)Purposive Sampling
5)Systematic Random Sampling
Answers

II. 5 points each = 20

•Grade 7 = 240
•Grade 8 = 261
•Grade 9 = 245
•Grade 10 = 213
Answers

III. 3 points each = 15

1) Statistic
2) Parameter
3) Parameter
4) Statistic
5) Parameter
Answers

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