Session: 2023-24 Total Questions: 475

PHYSICS
12.THERMODYNAMICS
Single Correct Answer Type

1. A monoatomic gas is suddenly compressed to (1/8) of its innitial volume adiabatically. The ratio of its
final pressure to the initial pressure is (Given the ratio of the specific heats of the given gas to be 5/3)
a) 32 b) 40/3 c) 24/5 d) 8
2. The p-V diagram of a gas undergoing a cyclic process (ABCDA) is shown in the graph where p is in units of
Nm and V in cm . Identify the incorrect statement.
B
+ 105 1

D
+ 105 2.0 p
A

a) 0.4 J work is done by the gas from A to B

b) 0.2 J of work is done on the gas from C and D
c) No work is done by the gas from B to C
d) Work is done by the gas in going from B to C and on the gas from D to A
3. When two bodies 𝐴 and 𝐵 are in thermal equilibrium
a) The kinetic energies of all the molecules of 𝐴 and 𝐵 will be equal
b) The potential energies of all the molecules of 𝐴 and 𝐵 will be equal
c) The internal energies of the two bodies will be equal
d) The average kinetic energy of the molecules of the two bodies will be equal
4. The first law of thermodynamics is concerned with the conservation of
a) Momentum b) Energy c) Mass d) Temperature
5. Which of the following is a slow process
a) Isothermal b) Adiabatic c) Isobaric d) None of these
6. One mole of an ideal gas expands at a constant temperature of 300 𝐾 from an initial volume of 10 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 to
a final volume of 20 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠. The work done in expanding the gas is (𝑅 = 8.31 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒-𝐾)
a) 750 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 b) 1728 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 c) 1500 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 d) 3456 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠
7. An ideal gas heat engine operates in a Carnot’s cycle between 227℃ and 127℃.It absorbs 6 × 10 J at high
temperature. The amount of heat converted into work is
a) 1.6 × 10 J b) 1.2 × 10 J c) 4.8 × 10 J d) 3.5 × 10 J
8. A mass of dry air at NTP. is compressed to th of its original volume suddenly. If γ = 1.4, the final
pressure would be
a) 20 atm b) 66.28 atm c) 30 atm d) 150 atm
9. If we consider solar system consisting of the earth and sun only as one of the ideal thermodynamic system.
The sun works as source of energy having temperature 6000 𝐾 and the earth as sink having temperature
300𝐾, the efficiency of solar system would be on the basis of exchange of radiations
a) 30% b) 65% c) 75% d) 95%
10. In figure a certain mass of gas traces three paths 1, 2, 3 from state 𝐴 to state 𝐵. If work done by the gas
along three paths are 𝑊 , 𝑊 , 𝑊 respectively, then
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 a) 𝑊 < 𝑊 < 𝑊 b) 𝑊 = 𝑊 = 𝑊 c) 𝑊 > 𝑊 > 𝑊 d) Cannot say
11. For free expansion of the gas which of the following is true
a) 𝑄 = 𝑊 = 0 and ∆𝐸 = 0 b) 𝑄 = 0, 𝑊 > 0 and ∆𝐸 = −𝑊
c) 𝑊 = 0, 𝑄 > 0 and ∆𝐸 = 𝑄 d) 𝑊 > 0, 𝑄 < 0 and∆𝐸 = 0
12. Two isothermally are shown in figure at temperature 𝑇 and 𝑇 . Which of the following relations is
correct?

1
a) 𝑇 > 𝑇 b) 𝑇 < 𝑇 c) 𝑇 = 𝑇 d) 𝑇 = 𝑇
2
13. A thermos flask made of stainless steel contains several tiny leads shots. If the flask is quickly shaken, up
and down several times, the temperature of lead shots
a) Increases by adiabatic process b) Increases by isothermal process
c) Decreases by adiabatic process d) Remains same
14. The temperature of the system decreases in the process of
a) Free expansion b) Adiabatic expansion
c) Isothermal expansion d) Isothermal compression
15. If the degree of freedom of a gas molecule be f, then the ratio of two specific heat 𝐶 /𝐶 is given by
2 2 1 1
a) + 1 b) 1 − c) 1 + d) 1 −
𝑓 𝑓 𝑓 𝑓
16. An ideal refrigerator has a freezer at a temperature of −13℃. The coefficient of performance of the engine
is 5. The temperature of the air (to which heat is rejected) will be
a) 325℃ b) 325°K c) 39℃ d) 320℃
17. Work done in the given 𝑃-𝑉 diagram in the cyclic process is
P (2P, V) (2P, 2V)

(P, V) (P, 2V)

V

a) 𝑃𝑉 b) 2𝑃𝑉 c) 𝑃𝑉/2 d) 3𝑃𝑉

18. In an isochoric process if 𝑇 = 27℃ and 𝑇 = 127℃, then 𝑃 /𝑃 will be equal to
a) 9/59 b) 2/3 c) 3/4 d) None of these
19. A gas mixture consists of 2 moles of oxygen and 4 moles argon at temperature 𝑇. Neglecting all vibrational
modes, the total internal energy of the system is
a) 4 𝑅𝑇 b) 15 𝑅𝑇 c) 9 𝑅𝑇 d) 11 𝑅𝑇
20. In figure two indicator diagrams are shown. If the amounts of work done in the two cases are 𝑊 and 𝑊
respectively, then
 a) 𝑊 = 𝑊 b) 𝑊 > 𝑊 c) 𝑊 < 𝑊 d) Cannot say
21. Air is filled in a motor tube at 27℃ and at a pressure of 8 atmosphere. The tube suddenly bursts, then
temperature of air is [Given 𝛾 of air = 1.5]
a) 27.5° 𝐶 b) 75° 𝐾 c) 150° 𝐾 d) 150° 𝐶
22. For adiabatic process, wrong statement is
a) 𝑑𝑄 = 0 b) 𝑑𝑈 = −𝑑𝑊
c) 𝑄 = constant d) Entropy is not constant
23. Certain amount of an ideal gas is contained in a closed vessel. The vessel is moving with a constant velocity
𝑣. The rise in temperature of the gas when the vessel is suddenly stopped is (𝑀 is molecular mass,
γ = 𝐶 /𝐶 )
𝑀 𝑣 (γ − 1) 𝑀 𝑣 (γ + 1) 𝑀𝑣 𝑀𝑣
a) b) c) d)
2𝑅 2𝑅 2𝑅 2𝑅(γ + 1)
24. In isochoric process
a) ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 b) ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 c) ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑊 d) None of these
25. Compressed air in the tube of a wheel of a cycle at normal temperature suddenly starts coming out from a
puncture. The air inside
a) Starts becoming hotter
b) Remains at the same temperature
c) Starts becoming cooler
d) May become hotter or cooler depending upon the amount of water vapour present
26. Three moles of an ideal gas 𝐶 = 𝑅 at pressure 𝑃 and temperature 𝑇 is isothermally expanded to
twice its initial volume. It is then compressed at constant pressure to its original volume. Finally the gas is
compressed at constant volume to its original pressure 𝑃 . The correct 𝑃-𝑉 and 𝑃-𝑇 diagrams indicating
the process are
a) P b) P c) P d) P
A C A B A
PA PA PA PA

C B A B B
PA/2 PA/2 PA/2 C PA/2 C

VA 2VA V VA 2VA V TA/2 TA T TA/2 TA T

27. A given mass of a gas is compressed isothermally until its pressure is doubled. It is then allowed to expand
adiabatically until its original volume is restrored and is pressure is then found to be 0.75 of its initial
pressure. The ratio of the specific heats of the gas is approximately
a) 1.20 b) 1.41 c) 1.67 d) 1.83
28. A system is given 300 calories of heat and it does 600 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 of work. How much does the internal energy
of the system change in this process (𝐽 = 4.18𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠/𝑐𝑎𝑙)
a) 654 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 b) 156.5 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 c) −300 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 d) −528.2 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
29. If 𝑄, 𝐸 and 𝑊 denote respectively the heat added, change in internal energy and the work done in a closed
cycle process, then
a) 𝐸 = 0 b) 𝑄 = 0 c) 𝑊 = 0 d) 𝑄 = 𝑊 = 0
30. During the adiabatic process of a gas is found to be proportional to the cube of its absolute temperature.
The ratio 𝐶 /𝐶 for the gas is
a) 4/3 b) 2 c) 5/3 d) 3/2
31. In Carnot engine efficiency is 40% at hot reservoir temperature 𝑇. For efficiency 50% what will be
 temperature of hot reservoir?
𝑇 2𝑇 6𝑇
a) b) c) 6𝑇 d)
5 5 5
32. An ideal gas is taken via path 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 as shown in figure. The net work done in the whole cycle is

a) 6𝑃 𝑉 b) Zero c) 3𝑃 𝑉 d) −3𝑃 𝑉
33. 200 cal of heat is given to a heat engine so that it rejects 150 cal of heat, if source temperature is 400 𝐾,
then the sink temperature is
a) 300 𝐾 b) 200 𝐾 c) 100 𝐾 d) 50 𝐾
34. In an adiabatic expansion of a gas initial and final temperatures are 𝑇 and 𝑇 respectively, then the change
in internal energy of the gas is
𝑅 𝑅 d) Zero
a) (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) b) (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) c) 𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝛾−1 𝛾−1
35. An engine has an efficiency of 1/3. the amount of work this engine can perform per kilocalorie of heat
input is
a) 1400 cal b) 700 cal c) 700 J d) 1400 J
36. A thermodynamic system is taken from state 𝐴 to 𝐵 along 𝐴𝐶𝐵 and is brought back to 𝐴 along 𝐵𝐷𝐴 as
shown in the 𝑃𝑉 diagram. The net work done during the complete cycle is given by the area
P
B
P2
C

D
P1 A

A B V

a) 𝑃 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝑃 𝑃 b) 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐵′𝐴′𝐴 c) 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷𝐴 d) 𝐴𝐷𝐵𝐵′𝐴′𝐴

37. Which one of the following statements is true in respect of usual quantities represented by ∆𝑄, ∆𝑈 and ∆𝑊
a) ∆𝑈 and ∆𝑊 are path dependent b) ∆𝑄 and ∆𝑈 are path dependent
c) ∆𝑈 does not dependent on path d) ∆𝑄 does not depend upon path
38. If an ideal gas is compressed isothermally then
a) No work is done against gas b) Heat is released by the gas
c) The internal energy of gas will increase d) Pressure does not change
39. In a mechanical refrigerator, the low temperature coils are at a temperature of −23℃ and the compressed
gas in the condenser has a temperature of 27℃. The theoretical coefficient of performance is
a) 5 b) 8 c) 6 d) 6.5
40. The work done in an adiabatic change in a gas depends only on
a) Change in pressure b) Change in volume
c) Change in temperature d) None of the above
41. An engine is supposed to operate between two reservoirs at temperature 727℃ and 227℃. The maximum
possible efficiency of such an engine is
a) 1/2 b) 1/4 c) 3/4 d) 1
42. The specific heat of a gas in an isothermal process is
a) Infinite b) Zero c) Negative d) Remains constant
43. If a cylinder containing a gas at high pressure explodes, the gas undergoes
a) Reversible adiabatic change and fall of temperature
b) Reversible adiabatic change and rise of temperature
c) Irreversible adiabatic change and fall of temperature

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 d) Irreversible adiabatic change and rise of temperature
44. Two soap bubbles of radii x and y coalesce to constitute a bubble of radius z. Then is equal to
𝑥+𝑦
a) 𝑥 + 𝑦 b) 𝑥 + 𝑦 c) 𝑥 + 𝑦 d)
2
45. For which combination of working temperatures the efficiency of Carnot’s engine is highest
a) 80 𝐾, 60 𝐾 b) 100 𝐾, 80 𝐾 c) 60 𝐾, 40 𝐾 d) 40 𝐾, 20 𝐾
46. In a cyclic process, work done by the system is
a) Zero b) Equal to heat given to the system
c) More than the heat given to system d) Independent of heat given to the system
47. In a reversible isochoric change
a) ∆𝑊 = 0 b) ∆𝑄 = 0 c) ∆𝑇 = 0 d) ∆𝑈 = 0
48. Ideal gas undergoes an adiabatic change in its state from (𝑝 𝑉 𝑇 )to(𝑝 , 𝑉 , 𝑇 ). The work done (W) in the
process is (𝜇=number of molecules, 𝐶 and 𝐶 are molar specific heats of gas)
a) 𝑊 = 𝜇𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) b) 𝑊 = 𝜇𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) c) 𝑊 = 𝜇𝐶 (𝑇 + 𝑇 ) d) 𝑊 = 𝜇𝐶 (𝑇 + 𝑇 )
49. An ideal monoatomic gas at 27℃ is compressed adiabatically to 8/27 times of its present volume. The
increase in temperature of the gas is
a) 375℃ b) 402℃ c) 175℃ d) 475℃
50. The change in internal energy, when a gas is cooled from 927℃ to 27℃
a) 300% b) 400% c) 200% d) 100%
51. A thermodynamic system undergoes cyclic process 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴 as shown in figure. The work done by the
system is
P
C B
3P0

2P0 O

P0
A D
V
V0 2V0

𝑃𝑉 d) Zero
a) 𝑃 𝑉 b) 2𝑃 𝑉 c)
2
52. A refrigerator works between temperature of melting ice and room temperature (17℃). The amount of
energy in kWh that must be supplied to freeze 1 kg of water at 0℃ is
a) 1.4 b) 1.8 c) 0.058 d) 2.5
53. Value of adiabatic bulk modulus of elasticity of helium at NTP is
a) 1.01 × 10 Nm b) 1.01 × 10 Nm c) 1.69 × 10 Nm d) 1.69 × 10 Nm
54. Carnot cycle (reversible) of a gas represented by a Pressure-Volume curve is shown in the diagram
Consider the following statements
I. Area 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = Work done on the gas
II. Area 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 = Net heat absorbed
III. Change in the internal energy in cycle = 0
Which of these are correct
P
A
B

D
C
V

a) I only b) II only c) II and III d) I, II and III

55. In a thermodynamic process, pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is changed in such a manner that the gas
molecules gives out 20 𝐽 of heat and 10 𝐽 of work is done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of the gas
was 40 𝐽, then the final internal energy will be
a) 30 𝐽 b) 20 𝐽 c) 60 𝐽 d) 40 𝐽
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56. An ideal gas is taken from point A to the point B, as shown in the p-V diagram, keeping the temperature
constant. The work done in the process is
p
4.

A
pA

pB B
P

O VA VB

1 1 1
a) (𝑝 − 𝑝 )(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) b) (𝑝 − 𝑝 )(𝑉 + 𝑉 ) c) (𝑝 − 𝑝 )(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) d) (𝑝 + 𝑝 )(𝑉 − 𝑉 )
2 2 2
57. In isothermal expansion, the pressure is determined by
a) Temperature only b) Compressibility only
c) Both temperature and compressibility d) None of these
58. The specific heat of an ideal gas varies with temperature 𝑇 as
a) 𝑇 b) 𝑇 c) 𝑇 d) 𝑇
59. A gas is compressed at a constant pressure of 50𝑁/𝑚 from a volume of 10𝑚 to a volume of 4𝑚 . Energy
of 100 𝐽 then added to the gas by heating. Its internal energy is
a) Increased by 400 𝐽 b) Increased by 200 𝐽 c) Increased by 100 𝐽 d) Decreased by 200 𝐽
60. The 𝑃-𝑉 diagram shows seven curved paths (connected by vertical paths) that can be followed by a gas.
Which two of them should be parts of a closed cycle if the net work done by the gas is to be at its maximum
value
P a
b
c
d
e
f
g
V

a) 𝑎𝑐 b) 𝑐𝑔 c) 𝑎𝑓 d) 𝑐𝑑
61. Even Carnot engine cannot give 100% efficiency because we cannot
a) Prevent radiation b) Find ideal sources
c) Reach absolute zero temperature d) Eliminate friction
62. How many times a diatomic gas should be expanded adiabatically so as to reduce the root mean square
velocity to half
a) 64 b) 32 c) 16 d) 8
63. A Carnot engine operating between temperature 𝑇 and 𝑇 has efficiency . When 𝑇 is lowered by 62 K, its

efficiency increase to . Then 𝑇 and 𝑇 are, respectively

a) 372 K and 320 K b) 330 K and 268 K c) 310 K and 248 K d) 372 K and 310 K
64. In an adiabatic change, the pressure and temperature of a monoatomic gas are related as 𝑝 ∝ 𝑇 where 𝑐
equals
2 5 3 5
a) b) c) d)
5 2 5 3
65. In an isothermal change of an ideal gas, ∆𝑈 = 0. The change in heat energy ∆𝑄 is equal to
a) 0.5 𝑊 b) 𝑊 c) 1.5 𝑊 d) 2 𝑊
66. If 150 J of heat is added to a system and the work done by the system is 110 J, then change in internal

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 energy will be
a) 40 J b) 110 J c) 150 J d) 260 J
67. In adiabatic expansion
a) ∆𝑈 = 0 b) ∆𝑈 = negative c) ∆𝑈 = positive d) ∆𝑊 = zero
68. The pressure and density of a given mass of a diatomic gas 𝛾 = change adiabatically from (𝑝, 𝑑) to

(𝑝’, 𝑑’). If = 32, then is (𝛾 = ratio of speci ic heats)

a) 1/128 b) 1/64 c) 64 d) 128
69. During an adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a gas, the change in internal energy was found −50𝐽. The work
done during the process is
a) Zero b) 100𝐽 c) −50𝐽 d) 50𝐽
70. A Carnot engine absorbs an amount 𝑄 of heat from a reservoir at an absolute temperature 𝑇 and rejects
heat to a sink at a temperature 𝑇 and rejects heat to a sink at a temperature of 𝑇/3. The amount of heat
rejected is
a) 𝑄/4 b) 𝑄/3 c) 𝑄/2 d) 2𝑄/3
71. The latent heat of vaporization of water is 2240 𝐽/𝑔. If the work done in the process of expansion of 1 𝑔 is
168 𝐽, then increase in internal energy is
a) 2408 𝐽 b) 2240 𝐽 c) 2072 𝐽 d) 1904 𝐽
72. The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator work between 10℃ and 20℃ is
a) 28.3 b) 29.3 c) 2 d) Cannot be calculated
73. A reversible heat engine converts th of heat it absorbs from source into work. When temperature of
source is 600 K, temperature at which heat exhausts is
a) 500 K b) 100 K c) 0 K d) 600 K
74. Initial pressure and volume of a gas are 𝑃 and 𝑉 respectively. First it is expanded isothermally to volume
4𝑉 and then compressed adiabatically to volume 𝑉. The final pressure of gas will be (given 𝛾 = 3/2)
a) 1𝑃 b) 2𝑃 c) 4𝑃 d) 8𝑃
75. An adiabatic process occurs at constant
a) Temperature and pressure b) Heat
c) Temperature d) Pressure
76. A thermodynamical system is taken from state 𝐴 to state 𝐵 along 𝐴𝐶𝐵 and is brought back to 𝐴 along 𝐵𝐷𝐴
as shown in figure. Net work done during one complete cycle is given by area.

a) 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷𝐴 b) 𝐴𝐶𝐵 𝑝 𝑝 𝐴 c) 𝐴 𝑉 𝑉 𝐵𝐷𝐴 d) 𝐵𝐷 𝐴𝑝 𝑝 𝐵

77. A refrigerator with coefficient of performance releases 200 J of heat to a hot reservoir. Then the work
done on the working substance is
100 200
a) 𝐽 b) 100𝐽 c) 𝐽 d) 150𝐽
3 3
78. A Carnot’s engine operates with source at 127℃ and sink at 27℃. If the source supplies 40 kJ of heat
energy, the work done by the engine is
a) 30 kJ b) 10 kJ c) 4 kJ d) 1 kJ
79. An ideal gas is taken around the cycle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 as shown in the 𝑃 − 𝑉 diagram
The total work done by the gas during the cycles is
 a) 𝑃𝑉 b) 2𝑃𝑉 c) 4𝑃𝑉 d) 3𝑃𝑉
80. In the following 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram figure two adiabates cut two isothermals at 𝑇 and 𝑇 . The value of 𝑉 /𝑉 is

a) = 𝑉 /𝑉 b) < 𝑉 /𝑉 c) > 𝑉 /𝑉 d) Cannot say

81. An ideal gas heat engine is operating between 227℃ and 127℃. It absorbs 10 J of heat at the higher
temperature. The amount of heat converted into work is
a) 2000 J b) 4000 J c) 8000 J d) 5600 J
82. The work of 146 kJ is performed in order to compress one kilo mole of a gas adiabatically and in this
process the temperature of the gas increases by 7℃. The gas is (𝑅 = 8.3 J mol K )
a) Diatomic b) Triatomic
c) A mixture of monoatomic and diatomic d) Monoatomic
83. Initially two gas samples 1 and 2 are at the same condition. The volume of the two are halved, one
isothermally and the other adiabatically. What is the relation between the final pressure 𝑝 and𝑝 ?
a) 𝑝 = 𝑝 b) 𝑝 > 𝑝
c) 𝑝 > 𝑝 d) Cannot be determined
84. When water is converted into ice, its entropy
a) Increases b) Decreases
c) Remains unchanged d) First decreases and then increases
85. When heat is given to a gas in an isothermal change, the result will be
a) External work done b) Rise in temperature
c) Increase in internal energy d) External work done and also rise in temp.
86. An ideal gas expands in such a manner that its pressure and volume can be related by equation 𝑃𝑉 =
constant. During this process, the gas is
a) Heated b) Cooled
c) Neither heated nor cooled d) First heated and then cooled
87. At N.T.P. one mole of diatomic gas is compressed adiabatically to half of its volume, 𝛾 = 1.41. The work
done on gas will be
a) 1280 𝐽 b) 1610 𝐽 c) 1815 𝐽 d) 2025 𝐽
88. A diatomic ideal gas is compressed adiabatically to of its initial volume. In the initial temperature of the
gas is 𝑇 (in kelvin) and the final temperature is 𝑇 , the value of 𝑎 is
a) 4 b) 6 c) 5 d) 9
89. In the given p-V diagram, I is the initial state and F is the final state
The gas goes from I to F by
(i)IAF (ii)IBF
(iii)ICF
The heat absorbed by gas is
 p
F

A B C

l
V

a) The same in all three processes b) The same in (i) and (ii)
c) Greater in (i) than in (ii) d) Greater in (iii) than in (ii)
90. When you make ice cubes, the entropy of water
a) Does not change b) Increases
c) Decreases d) May either increase or decrease depending on the
process used
91. Carbone monoxide is carried around a closed cycle 𝑎𝑏𝑐 in which 𝑏𝑐 is an isothermal process as shown in
the figure. The gas absorbs 7000 𝐽 of heat as its temperature increases from 300 𝐾 to 1000 𝐾 in going from
𝑎 to 𝑏. The quantity of heat rejected by the gas during the process 𝑐𝑎 is
P
P2 b

a c
P1

V
V1 V2

a) 4200 𝐽 b) 5000 𝐽 c) 9000 𝐽 d) 9800 𝐽

92. Work done by the system in closed path 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴, is

a) Zero (𝑝 − 𝑝 )(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) (𝑝 + 𝑝 )(𝑉 − 𝑉 )

b) (𝑉 − 𝑉 )(𝑝 − 𝑝 ) c) d)
2 2
93. During an isothermal expansion, a confined ideal gas does −150𝐽 of work against its surrounding. This
implies that
a) 150 𝐽 of heat has been added to the gas
b) 150 𝐽 of heat has been removed from the gas
c) 300 𝐽 of heat has been added to the gas
d) No heat is transferred because the process is isothermal
94. Value of two principle specific heats of a gas in cal (mol K) determined bt different students are given.
Which is most reliable?
a) 5, 2 b) 6, 5 c) 7, 5 d) 7, 4
95. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken through the thermodynamic states 𝐴 → 𝐵 → 𝐶 → 𝐷 via the paths shown
in the figure. If 𝑈 , 𝑈 , 𝑈 and 𝑈 represent the internal energy of the gas in states 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷
respectively, then which of the following is not true
 a) 𝑈 = 𝑈 b) 𝑈 < 𝑈 c) 𝑈 = 𝑈 d) 𝑈 > 𝑈
96. During an adiabatic expansion, the increase in volume is associated with which of the following
possibilities 𝑤. r. t. pressure and temperature
Pressure Temperature
a) Increase Increase b) Decrease Decrease c) Increase Decrease d) Decrease Increase
97. Which of the following processes is reversible
a) Transfer of heat by radiation b) Electrical heating of a nichrome wire
c) Transfer of heat by conduction d) Isothermal compression
98. The specific heat of hydrogen gas at constant pressure is 𝐶 = 3.4 × 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔 ℃ and at constant volume
is 𝐶 = 2.4 × 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑘𝑔 ℃. If one kilogram hydrogen gas is heated from 10℃ to 20℃ at constant
pressure, the external work done on the gas to maintain it at constant pressure is
a) 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙 b) 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙 c) 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙 d) 5 × 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙
99. The thermodynamic process in which no work is done on or by the gas is
a) Isothermal process b) Adiabatic process c) Cyclic process d) Isochoric process
100. Find the change in the entropy in the following process 100 𝑔 of ice at 0℃ melts when dropped in a bucket
of water at 50℃ (Assume temperature of water does not change)
a) −4.5 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 b) +4.5 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 c) +5.4 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 d) −5.4 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾
101. An ideal expands isothermally from a volume 𝑉 to𝑉 and then compressed to original volume
𝑉 adiabatically. Initial pressure is 𝑝 and final pressure is 𝑝 . The total work done is 𝑊. Then
a) 𝑝 < 𝑝 , 𝑊 < 0 b) 𝑝 > 𝑝 , 𝑊 < 0 c) 𝑝 > 𝑝 , 𝑊 > 0 d) 𝑝 = 𝑝 , 𝑊 = 0
102. What is the temperature of source in Carnot cycle of 10% efficiency when heat exhausts at 270 K?
a) 400 K b) 500 K c) 300 K d) 600 K
103. A gas expands adiabatically at constant pressure, such that its temperature 𝑇 ∝ . The value of 𝐶 /𝐶 of
√ .
the gas is
a) 1.30 b) 1.50 c) 1.67 d) 2.00
104. The first operation involved in a Carnot cycle is
a) Isothermal expansion b) Adiabatic expansion
c) Isothermal compression d) Adiabatic compression
105. A gas undergoes a process in which its pressure 𝑝 and volume 𝑉 are related as 𝑉𝑝 =constant. The bulk
modulus for the gas in this process is
𝑝
a) 𝑛𝑝 b) 𝑝 / c) d) 𝑝
𝑛
106. Four engines are working between the given temperatures ranges given below. For which temperature
range the efficiency is maximum
a) 100 K, 80 K b) 40 K, 20 K c) 60 K, 40 K d) 120 K, 100 K
107. A certain mass of gas at 273 𝐾 is expanded to 81 times its volume under adiabatic condition. If 𝛾 = 1.25 for
the gas, then its final temperature is
a) −235℃ b) −182℃ c) −91℃ d) 0℃
108. In an adiabatic process where pressure is increased by % if = , then the volume decreases by about
4 2 c) 4% 9
a) % b) % d) %
9 3 4
109. dU+dW=0 is valid for
a) Adiabatic process b) Isothermal process c) Isobaric process d) Isochoric process
110. Following figure shows an adiabatic cylindrical container of volume 𝑉 divided by an adiabatic smooth
 piston (area of cross-section = 𝐴) in two equal parts. An ideal gas (𝐶 /𝐶 = 𝛾) is at pressure 𝑃 and
temperature 𝑇 in left part and gas of pressure 𝑃 and temperature 𝑇 in right part. The piston is slowly
displaced and released at a position where it can stay in equilibrium. The final pressure of the two parts
will be
(Suppose 𝑥 = displacement of the piston)

P1T1 P2T2

𝑃 𝑃
a) 𝑃 b) 𝑃 c) d)
+ 𝐴𝑥 + 𝐴𝑥
111. The ratio of specific heats of a gas is 𝛾.The change in internal energy of one mole of the gas, when the
volume changes from V to 2V at constant pressure p is
𝛾−1 𝑝𝑉 𝑝𝑉
a) b) 𝑝𝑉 c) d)
𝑝𝑉 𝛾−1 𝛾
112. In a 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram for an ideal gas (where 𝑝 is along 𝑦-axis and 𝑉 is along 𝑥-axis), the value of the ratio
"slope of adiabatic curve/slope of the isothermal curve" at any point will be (where symbols have their
usual meanings).
a) 1 b) 2 c) 𝐶 /𝐶 d) 𝐶 /𝐶
113. A Carnot engine is made to work between 200℃ and 0℃ first and then between 0℃ to −200℃. The ratio
of efficiencies of the engine in the two cases is
a) 1:2 b) 1:1 c) 1.73:1 d) 1:1.73
114. If heat given to a system is 6 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙 and work done is 6 𝑘𝐽. Then change in internal energy is
a) 19.1 𝑘𝐽 b) 12.5 𝑘𝐽 c) 25 𝑘𝐽 d) Zero
115. When an ideal gas (𝛾 = 5/3) is heated under constant pressure, then what percentage of given heat
energy will be utilised in doing external work
a) 40% b) 30% c) 60% d) 20%
116. A gaseous mixture contains equal number of hydrogen and nitrogen molecules. Specific heat
measurements on this mixture at temperature below 150 K would indicate the value of γ = 𝐶 /𝐶 for the
mixture as
a) 3/2 b) 4/3 c) 5/3 d) 7/5
117. Two heat engines 𝐴 and 𝐵 have their sources at 1000 K and 1100 K and their sinks are at 500 K and 400 K
respectively. What is true about their efficiencies?
a) 𝜂 = 𝜂 b) 𝜂 > 𝜂 c) 𝜂 < 𝜂 d) Cannot say
118. Pressure-temperature relationship for an ideal gas undergoing adiabatic change is (𝛾 = 𝐶 /𝐶 )
a) 𝑃𝑇 = constant b) 𝑃𝑇 = constant c) 𝑃 𝑇 = constant d) 𝑃 𝑇 = constant
119. If the amount of heat given to a system is 35 𝐽 and the amount of work done on the system is 15 𝐽, then the
change in internal energy of the system is
a) −50𝐽 b) 20𝐽 c) 30𝐽 d) 50𝐽
120. Which of the following can not determine the state of a thermodynamic system
a) Pressure and volume b) Volume and temperature
c) Temperature and pressure d) Any one of pressure, volume or temperature
121. A Carnot engine has same efficiency between (i) 100 K and 500 K, (ii) 𝑇 K and 900 K. The value of 𝑇 is
a) 180 K b) 90 K c) 270 K d) 360 K
122. An ideal heat engine working between temperature 𝑇 and 𝑇 has an efficiency 𝜂, the new efficiency if both
the source and sink temperature are doubled, will be
𝜂
a) b) 𝜂 c) 2𝜂 d) 3𝜂
2
123. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cycle 𝑃𝑄𝑅𝑆𝑃 process. The net work done by the system is
P a g e |11
 P
S R
200Kpa

100Kpa Q
P
V
100 cc 300 cc
a) 20 𝐽 b) −20 𝐽 c) 400 𝐽 d) −374 𝐽
124. In which of the processes, does the internal energy of the system remain constant?
a) Adiabatic b) Isochoric c) Isobaric d) Isothermal
125. A system performs work ∆𝑊 when an amount of heat is ∆𝑄 added to the system, the corresponding
change in the internal energy is ∆𝑈. A unique function of the initial and final states (irrespective of the
mode of change) is
a) ∆𝑄 b) ∆𝑊 c) ∆𝑈 and ∆𝑄 d) ∆𝑈
126. An ideal gas at 27℃ is compressed adiabatically to of its original volume. If 𝛾 = , then the rise in
temperature is
a) 450 𝐾 b) 375 𝐾 c) 225 𝐾 d) 405 𝐾
127. If 70 cal of heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal gas at constant pressure from
30℃ to 35℃, then the amount of heat required to raise the temperature of same gas through same range
at constant volume is
a) 50 cal b) 70 cal c) 60 cal d) 65 cal
128. Graph of isometric process is

a) b) c) d)

129. A cylinder fitted with a piston contains 0.2 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒𝑠 of air at temperature 27℃. The piston is pushed so
slowly that the air within the cylinder remains in thermal equilibrium with the surroundings. Find the
approximate work done by the system if the final volume is twice the initial volume
a) 543 𝐽 b) 345 𝐽 c) 453 𝐽 d) 600 𝐽
130. A perfect gas goes from state 𝐴 to state 𝐵 by absorbing 8 × 10 J of heat and doing 6.5 × 10 J of external
work. It is now transferred between the same two states in another process in which it absorbs 10 J of
heat. In the second process,
a) Work done on gas is 10 J b) Work done on gas is 0.5 × 10 J
c) Work done by gas is 10 J d) Work done by gas 0.5 × 10 J
131. Work done by 0.1 mole of a gas at 27℃ to double its volume at constant pressure is
(𝑅 = 2 𝑐𝑎𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙 °𝐶 )
a) 54 𝑐𝑎𝑙 b) 600 𝑐𝑎𝑙 c) 60 𝑐𝑎𝑙 d) 546 𝑐𝑎𝑙
132. In the 𝑃-𝑉 diagram shown in figure 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is a semicircle. The work done in the process 𝐴𝐵𝐶 is

a) Zero
𝜋
b) 𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑙𝑡
2
𝜋
c) − 𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑙𝑡
2
 d) 4 𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑙𝑡
133. For an ideal gas, in an isothermal process
a) Heat content remains constant b) Heat content and temperature remain constant
c) Temperature remains constant d) None of the above
134. A thermodynamic process in which temperature 𝑇 of the system remains constant though other variable 𝑃
and 𝑉 may change, is called
a) Isochoric process b) Isothermal process c) Isobaric process d) None of these
135. If amount of heat given to a system be 50 J and work done on the system be 15 J, then change in internal
energy of the system is
a) 35 J b) 50 J c) 65 J d) 15 J
136. If heat 𝑄 is added reversibly to a system at temperature 𝑇 and heat 𝑄′ is taken away from it reversibly at
temperature 𝑇′, then which one of the following is correct
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
a) − =0 b) − >0
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
𝑄 𝑄
c) − <0 d) − = change in internal energy of the system
𝑇 𝑇
137. 500 J of heat energy is removed from 4 moles of a monoatomic ideal gas at constant volume. The
temperature drops by
a) 40℃ b) 30℃ c) 10℃ d) 0℃
138. First law of thermodynamics is based on
a) Law of conservation of momentum b) Law of conservation of energy
c) Law of conservation of charge d) None of the above
139. A Carnot engine has an efficiency of 1/6. When temperature of sink is reduced by 62℃, its efficiency is
doubled. Temperature of source and sink are,
a) 99℃, 37℃ b) 124℃, 62℃ c) 37℃, 99℃ d) 62℃, 124℃
140. Two kg of water is converted into steam by boiling at atmospheric pressure. The volume changes from
2 × 10 𝑚 to 3.34𝑚 . The work done by the system is about
a) −340 𝑘𝐽 b) −170 𝑘𝐽 c) 170 𝑘𝐽 d) 340 𝑘𝐽
141. One mole of a gas enclosed in a vessel is heated at constant pressure 1 K. Work done by the gas is
a) 1 J b) J c) 𝑅 J d) None of these
142. Two Carnot engines 𝐴 and 𝐵 are operated in succession. The first one, 𝐴 receives heat from a source at
𝑇 = 800𝐾 and rejects to sink at 𝑇 𝐾. The second engine 𝐵 receives heat rejected by the first engine and
rejects to another sink at 𝑇 = 300𝐾. If the work outputs of two engines are equal, then the value of 𝑇 is
a) 100 𝐾 b) 300 𝐾 c) 550 𝐾 d) 700 𝐾
143. A monoatomic gas of 𝑛-moles is heated from temperature 𝑇 to 𝑇 under two different conditions (i) at
constant volume and (ii) at constant pressure. The change in internal energy of the gas is
a) More for (i) b) More for (ii)
c) Same in both cases d) Independent of number of moles
144. A gas expands 0.25𝑚 at constant pressure 10 𝑁/𝑚 , the work done is
a) 2.5 𝑒𝑟𝑔𝑠 b) 250 𝐽 c) 250 𝑊 d) 250 𝑁
145. For one complete cycle of a thermodynamic process on a gas as shown in the 𝑃-𝑉 diagram. Which of
following is correct
P

O V

a) ∆𝐸 = 0, 𝑄 < 0 b) ∆𝐸 = 0, 𝑄 > 0 c) ∆𝐸 > 0, 𝑄 < 0 d) ∆𝐸 < 0, 𝑄 > 0

146. A mono atomic gas is supplied the heat 𝑄 very slowly keeping the pressure constant. The work done by the

P a g e |13
 gas will be
2 3 2 1
a) 𝑄 b) 𝑄 c) 𝑄 d) 𝑄
3 5 5 5
147. A system is provided with 200 cal of heat and the work done by the system on the surrounding is 40 J.
Then its internal energy
a) Increases by 600 J b) Decreases by 800 J c) Increases by 800 J d) Decreases by 50 J
148. 5 mole of an ideal gas with (γ = 7/5) initially at STP are compressed adiabatically so that its temperature
becomes 400℃. The increase in the internal energy of gas in kJ is
a) 21.55 b) 41.55 c) 65.55 d) 50.55
149. In an isothermal process the volume of an ideal gas is halved. One can say that
a) Internal energy of the system decreases b) Work done by the gas is positive
c) Work done by the gas is negative d) Internal energy of the system increases
150. The volume of an ideal gas is 1 litre and its pressure is equal to 72𝑐𝑚 of mercury column. The volume of
gas is made 900 𝑐𝑚 by compressing it isothermally. The stress of the gas will be
a) 8 𝑐𝑚 (mercury) b) 7 𝑐𝑚 (mercury) c) 6 𝑐𝑚 (mercury) d) 4 𝑐𝑚 (mercury)
151. A scientist says that the efficiency of his heat engine which operates at source temperature 127℃ and sink
temperature 27℃ is 26%, then
a) It is impossible b) It is possible but less probable
c) It is quite probable d) Data is incomplete
152. A gas under constant pressure of 4.5 × 10 Pa when subjected to 800 kJ of heat changes the volume from
0.5m to 2.0m . The change in the internal energy of the gas is
a) 6.75 × 10 J b) 5.25 × 10 J c) 3.25 × 10 J d) 1.25 × 10 J
153. A gas expands with temperature according to the relation 𝑉 = 𝑘𝑇 . Calculate work done when the
/

temperature changes by 60K?

a) 10 𝑅 b) 30 𝑅 c) 40 𝑅 d) 20 𝑅
154. A gas is expanded from volume 𝑉 to 2𝑉 under three different processes, in figure process 1 is isobaric
process, process 2 is isothermal and process 3 is adiabatic. Let ∆𝑈 , ∆𝑈 and ∆𝑈 be the change in internal
energy of the gas in these three processes. Then

a) ∆𝑈 > ∆𝑈 > ∆𝑈 b) ∆𝑈 < ∆𝑈 < ∆𝑈 c) ∆𝑈 < ∆𝑈 > ∆𝑈 d) ∆𝑈 < ∆𝑈 < ∆𝑈

155. Efficiency of Carnot engine is 100% if
a) 𝑇 = 273 𝐾 b) 𝑇 = 0 𝐾 c) 𝑇 = 273 𝐾 d) 𝑇 = 0 𝐾
156. Three samples of the same gas 𝐴, 𝐵 and 𝐶(𝛾 = 3/2) have initially equal volume. Now the volume of each
sample is doubled. The process is adiabatic for 𝐴 isobaric for 𝐵 and isothermal for 𝐶. If the final pressure
are equal for all three samples, the ratio of their initial pressures are
a) 2√2 ∶ 2 ∶ 1 b) 2√2 ∶ 1 ∶ 2 c) √2 ∶ 1 ∶ 2 d) 2 ∶ 1 ∶ √2
157. The internal energy of an ideal gas depends upon
a) Specific volume b) Pressure c) Temperature d) Density
158. For an adiabatic expansion of a perfect gas, the value of is equal to
∆

∆𝑉 ∆𝑉 ∆𝑉 ∆𝑉
a) − 𝛾 b) − c) −𝛾 d) −𝛾
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
159. Unit mass of a liquid volume 𝑉 is completely charged into a gas of volume 𝑉 at a constant external
pressure p and temperature T. If the latent heat of evaporation for the given mass is L, then the increase in
the internal energy of the system is
a) Zero b) 𝑝(𝑉 −𝑉 ) c) 𝐿 − 𝑝(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) d) L
160. A Carnot engine working between 450 K and 600 K has a work output of 300 J/cycle. The amount of heat
energy supplied to the engine from the source in each cycle is
a) 400 J b) 800 J c) 1600 J d) 1200 J
161. A thermodynamical system is changed from state (𝑝 𝑉 )to (𝑝 , 𝑉 ) by two different processes, the quantity
which will remain same will be
a) Δ𝑄 b) Δ𝑊 c) Δ𝑄 + Δ𝑊 d) Δ𝑄 − Δ𝑊
162. One mole of O gas having a volume equal to 22.4 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 at 0℃ and 1 atmospheric pressure in compressed
isothermally so that its volume reduces to 11.2 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠. The work done in this process is
a) 1672.5 𝐽 b) 1728 𝐽 c) −1728 𝐽 d) −1572.5 𝐽
163. When the amount of work done is 333 𝑐𝑎𝑙 and change in internal energy is 167 𝑐𝑎𝑙, then the heat supplied
is
a) 166 𝑐𝑎𝑙 b) 333 𝑐𝑎𝑙 c) 500 𝑐𝑎𝑙 d) 400 𝑐𝑎𝑙
164. An insulated container of gas has two chambers separated by an insulating partition. One of the chambers
has volume 𝑉 and contains ideal gas at pressure 𝑝 and temperature 𝑇 . The other chamber has volume
𝑉 and contains ideal gas at pressure 𝑝 and temperature 𝑇 . If the partition is removed without doing any
work on the gas, the final equilibrium temperature of the gas in the container will be
𝑇 𝑇 (𝑝 𝑉 + 𝑝 𝑉 ) 𝑝 𝑉 𝑇 +𝑝 𝑉 𝑇 𝑝𝑉𝑇 + 𝑝 𝑉𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 (𝑝 𝑉 + 𝑝 𝑉 )
a) b) c) d)
𝑝 𝑉 𝑇 +𝑝 𝑉 𝑇 𝑝 𝑉 +𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉 +𝑝 𝑉 𝑝 𝑉 𝑇 +𝑝 𝑉 𝑇
165. The temperature of reservoir of Carnot’s engine operating with an efficiency of 70% is 1000𝐾. The
temperature of its sink is
a) 300 𝐾 b) 400 𝐾 c) 500 𝐾 d) 700 𝐾
166. In thermodynamic processes which of the following statements is not true
a) In an adiabatic process the system is insulated from the surroundings
b) In an isochoric process pressure remains constant
c) In an isothermal process the temperature remains constant
d) In an adiabatic process 𝑃𝑉 = constant
167. A sample of ideal monoatomic gas is taken round the cycle ABCA as shown in the figure. The work done
during the cycle is

a) 3pV b) Zero c) 9pv d) 6pv

168. A Carnot engine works between 600 K and 300 K. In each cycle of operation, the engine draws 1000 J of
heat energy from the source. The efficiency of the engine is
a) 50% b) 70% c) 20% d) 80%
169. Temperature is a measurement of coldness or hotness of an object. This definition is based on
a) Zeroth law of thermodynamics b) First law of thermodynamics
c) Second law of thermodynamics d) Newton’s law of cooling
170. Figure shown four thermodynamical process to which a gas sample may be subjected. The isobaric and
isothermal curves are

a) IV and III b) II and IV c) I and III d) II and III

171. If a Carnot’s engine functions at source temperature 127℃ and at sink temperature 87℃, what is its
efficiency
a) 10% b) 25% c) 40% d) 50%
172. An ideal gas of mass 𝑚 in a state 𝐴 goes to another state 𝐵 via three different processes as shown in figure.
If 𝑄 , 𝑄 and 𝑄 denote the heat absorbed by the gas along the three paths, then
P A

3
2
1

B
V

a) 𝑄 < 𝑄 < 𝑄 b) 𝑄 < 𝑄 = 𝑄 c) 𝑄 = 𝑄 > 𝑄 d) 𝑄 > 𝑄 > 𝑄

173. Choose the incorrect statement from the following
S1 : The efficiency of a heat engine can be 1, but the coefficient of performance of a refrigerator can never
be infinity
S2 : The first law of thermodynamics is basically the principle of conservation of energy
S3 : The second law of thermodynamics does not allow several phenomena consistent with the first law
S4 : A process, whose sole result is the transfer of heat from a colder object to a hotter object is impossible
a) S1 b) S3 c) S2 d) S4
174. An engineer claims to have made an engine delivering 10 𝑘𝑊 power with fuel consumption of 1 𝑔/𝑠. The
calorific value of the fuel is 2 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑔. Is the claim of the engineer
a) Valid b) Invalid
c) Depends on engine design d) Depends of the load
175. In the following 𝑃-𝑉 diagram two adiabatics cut two isothermals at temperatures 𝑇 and 𝑇 (fig.). The
value of will be
P

a b T1
d c
T2

Va Vd Vb Vc V

𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
a) b) c) d) 𝑉 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
176. A thermally insulated container is divided into two parts by a screen. In one part the pressure and
temperature are 𝑃 and 𝑇 for an ideal gas filled. In the second part it is vacuum. If now a small hole is
created in the screen, then the temperature of the gas will
a) Decrease b) Increase c) Remain same d) None of the above
177. The ratio of specific heat of a gas at constant pressure to that at constant volume is γ. The change in
internal energy of one mole of gas when volume change from 𝑉 to 2𝑉 at constant pressure 𝑝 is
γ𝑉
a) 𝑅/(γ − 1) b) 𝑝𝑉 c) 𝑝𝑉/(γ − 1) d)
γ−1
178. 1 cm of water at its boiling point absorbs 540 cal of heat to become steam with a volume = 1.013 ×
10 Nm and the mechanical equivalent of heat = 4.19 Jcal , the energy spend in this process in
overcoming intermolecular forces is
a) 540 cal b) 40 cal c) 500 cal d) Zero
179. Three designs are proposed for an engine operating between 500 K and 300 K. For 1 kcal of heat input,
design 𝐴 claims to produce 3000 J of work, design 𝐵 claims to produce 2000 J of work and design 𝐶 claims
to produce 1680 J of work. The design which is possible
a) 𝐴 only b) 𝐵 only c) 𝐶 only d) All of these

P a g e |16
180. Heat is supplied to a diatomic gas at constant pressure. The ratio of ∆𝑄: ∆𝑈: ∆𝑊 is
a) 5 : 3 : 2 b) 5 : 2 : 3 c) 7 : 5 : 2 d) 7 : 2 : 5
181. If 𝐴𝐵 is an isothermal, 𝐵𝐶 is an isochoric and 𝐴𝐶 is an adiabatic, which of the graph correctly represents
then in figure

a) b) c) d)

182. Which is incorrect

a) In an isobaric process, ∆𝑃 = 0 b) In an isochoric process, ∆𝑊 = 0
c) In an isothermal process, ∆𝑇 = 0 d) In an isothermal process, ∆𝑄 = 0
183. The coefficient of performance of a Carnot refrigerator working between 30℃ and 0℃ is
a) 10 b) 1 c) 9 d) 0
184. In pressure-volume diagram given below, the isochoric, isothermal, and isobaric parts respectively, are
P A B

D
V
a) 𝐵𝐴, 𝐴𝐷, 𝐷𝐶 b) 𝐷𝐶, 𝐶𝐵, 𝐵𝐴 c) 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶, 𝐶𝐷 d) 𝐶𝐷, 𝐷𝐴, 𝐴𝐵
185. In which process the 𝑃𝑉 indicator diagram is a straight line parallel to volume axis
a) Isothermal b) Isobaric c) Irreversible d) Adiabatic
186.
The specific heat capacity of a metal at low temperature (𝑇) is given as 𝐶 (kJK kg ) = 32 . A 100
g vessel of this metal is to be cooled from 20 K to 4 K by a special refrigerator operating at room
temperature (27℃). The amount of work required to cool the vessel is
a) Equal to 0.002 KJ b) Greater than 0.148 kJ
c) Between 0.148 kJ and 0.028 kJ d) Less than 0.028 kJ
187. An ideal gas has volume 𝑉 at 27℃. It is heated at constant pressure so that its volume becomes 2𝑉 . The
final temperature is
a) 54℃ b) 32.6℃ c) 327℃ d) 150 𝐾
188. When an ideal monoatomic gas is heated at constant pressure, fraction of heat energy supplied which
increases the internal energy of gas is
a) 2/5 b) 3/5 c) 3/7 d) 3/4
189. A diatomic gas initially at 18℃ is compressed adiabatically to one-eighth of its original volume. The
temperature after compression will be
a) 10℃ b) 887℃ c) 668 K d) 144℃
190. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken around the cycle ABCD as shown in the p-V diagram. The work done
during the cycle is given by
p
2 p,V 2p,2V

B C

A D
p, V p. 2V

1
a) 𝑝𝑉 b) 𝑝𝑉 c) 2𝑝𝑉 d) 4𝑝𝑉
2
191. When heat in given to a gas in an isobaric process, then
a) The work is done by the gas b) Internal energy of the gas increases
c) Both (a) and (b) d) None from (a) and (b)
192. Work done per mol in an isothermal change is
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
a) 𝑅𝑇 log b) 𝑅𝑇 log c) 𝑅𝑇 log d) 𝑅𝑇 log
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
193. Two samples 𝐴 and 𝐵 of a gas initially at the same pressure and temperature are compressed from volume
𝑉 to 𝑉/2 (A isothermally and adiabatically). The final pressure of 𝐴 is
a) Greater than the final pressure of 𝐵 b) Equal to the final pressure of 𝐵
c) Less than the final pressure of 𝐵 d) Twice the final pressure of 𝐵
194. An ideal gas at a pressure 1 atm and temperature of 27℃ is compressed adiabatically until its pressure
becomes 8 times the initial pressures. Then the final temperature is γ =
a) 627℃ b) 527℃ c) 427℃ d) 327℃
195. A Carnot cycle has the reversible processes in the following order
a) Isothermal expansion, adiabatic expansion, isothermal compression and adiabatic compression
b) Isothermal compression, adiabatic expansion, isothermal expansion and adiabatic compression
c) Isothermal expansion, adiabatic compression, isothermal compression and adiabatic expansion
d) Adiabatic expansion, isothermal expansion, adiabatic compression and isothermal compression
196. A diatomic ideal gas is used in a car engine as the working substance. If during the adiabatic expansion
part of the cycle, volume of the gas increases from 𝑉 to 32 𝑉. The efficiency of the engine is
a) 0.5 b) 0.75 c) 0.99 d) 0.25
197. In the cyclic process shown in the figure, the work done by the gas in one cycle is
P
7P1

P1
V
V1 4V1
a) 28 𝑃 𝑉 b) 14 𝑃 𝑉 c) 18 𝑃 𝑉 d) 9 𝑃 𝑉
198. The pressure inside a tyre is 4 atm at 27℃. If the tyre burts suddenly, new temperature will be (γ = 7/5)
a) 300 (4) / b) 300(4) / c) 300 (2) / d) 300 (4) /
199. When an ideal gas in a cylinder was compressed isothermally by a piston, the work done on the gas was
found to be 1.5 × 10 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠. During this process about
a) 3.6 × 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙 of heat flowed out from the gas b) 3.6 × 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙 of heat flowed into the gas
c) 1.5 × 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙 of heat flowed into the gas d) 1.5 × 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙 of heat flowed out from the gas
200. The temperature of a hypothetical gas increases to √2 times when compressed adiabatically to half the
volume. Its equation can be written as
a) 𝑃𝑉 / = constant b) 𝑃𝑉 / = constant c) 𝑃𝑉 / = constant d) 𝑃𝑉 / = constant
201. In an isothermal change, an ideal gas obeys
a) Boyle’s law b) Charle’s law c) Gaylussac law d) None of the above
202. In a thermodynamic system working substance is ideal gas, its internal energy is in the form of
a) Kinetic energy only b) Kinetic and potential energy
c) Potential energy d) None of these
203. One mole of an ideal gas requires 207 J heat to raise the temperature by 1K, when heated at constant
pressure. If the same gas is heated at constant volume to raise the temperature by the same range, the heat
required will be (Take 𝑅 = 8.3 Jmol K )
a) 215.3 J b) 198.7 J c) 207 J d) None of these
204. In the diagram (i) to (iv) of variation of volume with changing pressure is shown. A gas is taken along the
path 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷. The change in internal energy of the gas will be

P a g e |18
 V D V
C D C

A A B
B
(i) P (ii) P
D C V D
V C

A
A B B

(iii) P (iv) P

a) Positive in all cases (i) to (iv)

b) Positive in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) but zero in (iv) case
c) Negative in cases (i), (ii) and (iii) but zero in (iv) case
d) Zero in all four cases
205. Efficiency of a Carnot engine is 50% when temperature of outlet is 500 𝐾. In order to increase efficiency
up to 60% keeping temperature of intake the same what is temperature of outlet
a) 200 𝐾 b) 400 𝐾 c) 600 𝐾 d) 800 𝐾
206. The efficiency of Carnot’s heat engine is 0.5, when the temperature of the source is 𝑇 and that of sink is
𝑇 .The efficiency of anther Carnot’s heat engine is also 0.5. The temperature of source and sink of the
second engine are respectively
𝑇
a) 2𝑇 , 2𝑇 b) 2𝑇 , c) 𝑇 + 5, 𝑇 − 5 d) 𝑇 + 10, 𝑇 − 10
2
207. A litre of dry air at STP allowed to expand to a volume of 3 L under adiabatic conditions. If γ = 1.40, the
work done is (3 . = 4.6555)
a) 48 J b) 60.7 J c) 90.5 J d) 100.8 J
208. We consider a thermodynamic system. If ∆𝑈 represents the increase in its internal energy and 𝑊 the work
done by the system, which of the following statements is true?
a) ∆𝑈 = −𝑊 in an adiabatic process b) ∆𝑈 = 𝑊in an isothermal process
c) ∆𝑈 = −𝑊 in an isothermal process d) ∆𝑈 = 𝑊in an adiabatic process
209. By opening the door of a refrigerator inside a closed room, the room temperature
a) Remains constant b) Decreases c) Increases d) None of these
210. In the following figure, four curves A, B, C and D are shown. The curves are

a) Isothermal for A and D while adiabatic for B and C

b) Adiabatic for A and C while isothermal for B and D
c) Isothermal for A and B while adiabatic forC and D
d) Isothermal for A and C while adiabatic for B and D
211. During adiabatic expansion of 10 moles of a gas, the internal energy decreases by 50 J. Work done during
the process is
a) +50 J b) −50 J c) Zero d) Cannot say
212. For which of the following processes is the entropy change zero
a) Isobaric b) Isothermal c) Adiabatic d) None of the above
213. For adiabatic processes 𝛾 =

a) 𝑃 𝑉 = constant b) 𝑇 𝑉 = constant c) 𝑇𝑉 = constant d) 𝑇𝑉 = constant

214. The change in the entropy of a 1 mole of an ideal gas which went through an isothermal process from an
initial state (𝑝 , 𝑉 , 𝑇) to the final state (𝑝 , 𝑉 , 𝑇)is equal to
a) Zero 𝑉 𝑉
b) 𝑅 In 𝑇 c) 𝑅 In d) 𝑅 In
𝑉 𝑉
215. In an adiabatic change, the pressure and temperature of monoatomic gas are related with relation 𝑝 ∝
𝑇 ,where 𝐶 is equal to
5 5 5 3
a) b) c) d)
4 3 2 5
216. The radio of the slopes of 𝑝 − 𝑉 graphs of adiabatic and isothermal is
γ−1
a) b) γ − 1 c) γ/1 d) γ
γ
217. If 300 𝑚𝑙 of a gas at 27℃ is cooled to 7℃ at constant pressure, then its final volume will be
a) 540 𝑚𝑙 b) 350 𝑚𝑙 c) 280 𝑚𝑙 d) 135 𝑚𝑙
218. A Carnot engine whose sink is at 300 K has an efficiency of 40%. By how much should the temperature of
source be increased so as to increase its efficiency by 50% of original efficiency?
a) 280 K b) 275 K c) 325 K d) 250 K
219. An ideal heat engine exhausting heat at 27℃ is to have 25% efficiency. It must take heat at
a) 127℃ b) 227℃ c) 327℃ d) None of these
220. A gas expands under constant pressure 𝑃 from volume 𝑉 to 𝑉 . The work done by the gas is
𝑉𝑉
a) 𝑃(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) b) 𝑃(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) c) 𝑃(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) d) 𝑃
𝑉 −𝑉
221. For an engine operating between 𝑡 ℃ and 𝑡 ℃, the efficiency will be
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡 𝑡 −𝑡
a) b) 1 − c) d)
𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 𝑡 + 273
222. A thermally insulated vessel contains an ideal gas of molecular mass 𝑀 and ratio of specific heats 𝛾. It is
moving with speed 𝑣 and is suddenly brought to rest. Assuming no heat is lost to the surroundings, its
temperature increases by
(𝛾 − 1) (𝛾 − 1) 𝛾𝑀𝑣 (𝛾 − 1)
a) 𝑀𝑣 b) 𝑀𝑣 c) d) 𝑀𝑣
2(𝛾 + 1)𝑅 2𝛾𝑅 2𝑅 2𝑅
223. If 𝛾 denotes the ratio of two specific heats of a gas, the ratio of slopes of adiabatic and isothermal 𝑃𝑉
curves at their point of intersection is
a) 1/𝛾 b) 𝛾 c) 𝛾 − 1 d) 𝛾 + 1
224. In the adiabatic compression, the decrease in volume is associated with
a) Increase in temperature and decrease in pressure
b) Decrease in temperature and increase in pressure
c) Decrease in temperature and decrease in pressure
d) Increase in temperature and increase in pressure
225. When a system is taken from state 𝑖 to state 𝑓 along the path 𝑖𝑎𝑓, it is found that Q=50 cal and W=20 cal.
Along the path 𝑖𝑏𝑓, Q=36 cal. W along the path 𝑖𝑏𝑓 is
a f

i b

a) 6 cal b) 16 cal c) 66 cal d) 14 cal

226. For an isothermal expansion of a perfect gas, the value of ∆ is equal
∆𝑉 ∆𝑉 ∆𝑉 ∆𝑉
a) −𝛾 / b) − c) −𝛾 d) −𝛾
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
227. During an adiabatic process, the pressure 𝑝 of a fixed mass of an ideal gas changes by ∆𝑝 and its volume 𝑉

P a g e |20
 changes ∆𝑉. If γ = 𝐶 /𝐶 , then ∆𝑉/𝑉 is given by
∆𝑝 ∆𝑝 ∆𝑝 ∆𝑝
a) − b) −γ c) − d) −
𝑝 𝑝 γ𝑝 γ 𝑝
228. An ideal gas is taken through the cycle 𝐴 → 𝐵 → 𝐶 → 𝐴 as shown in figure. If the net heat supplied to the
gas in cycle is 5J, work done by the gas in the process 𝐶 → 𝐴

a) −5 J b) −10 J c) −15 J d) −20 J

229. The efficiency of a Carnot engine working between 800 K and 500 K is
a) 0.4 b) 0.625 c) 0.375 d) 0.5
230. When a small amount of heat ∆𝑄 is added to an enclosed gas, then increase in internal energy and external
work done are related as
a) 𝑚𝐶 ∆𝑇 = 𝑄 + 𝑝∆𝑉 b) ∆𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 ∆𝑇 + 𝑝∆𝑉 c) 𝑚𝐶 = ∆𝑄 + 𝑝∆𝑉 d) ∆𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 ∆𝑇 + 𝑝∆𝑉
231. 𝐶 𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐶 denote the molar specific heat capacities of a gas at constant volume and constant pressure,
respectively. Then
a) 𝐶 − 𝐶 is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
b) 𝐶 + 𝐶 is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
c) is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
d) 𝐶 . 𝐶 is larger for a diatomic ideal gas than for a monoatomic ideal gas
232. The adiabatic elasticity of hydrogen gas (𝛾 = 1.4) at NTP is
a) 1 × 10 𝑁/𝑚 b) 1 × 10 𝑁/𝑚 c) 1.4 𝑁/𝑚 d) 1.4 × 10 𝑁/𝑚
233. Which statement is incorrect
a) All reversible cycles have same efficiency
b) Reversible cycle has more efficiency than an irreversible one
c) Carnot cycle is a reversible one
d) Carnot cycle has the maximum efficiency in all cycles
234. If for hydrogen 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑚 and for the nitrogen 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑛, where 𝐶 , 𝐶 refer to specific heats per unit
mass respectively at constant pressure and constant volume, the relation between 𝑚 and 𝑛 is
a) 𝑚 = 14 𝑛 b) 𝑛 = 7 𝑛 c) 𝑚 = 7 𝑛 d) 𝑛 = 14 𝑛
235. If 𝛾 = 2.5 and volume is equal to times to the initial volume then pressure 𝑃 is equal to (initial pressure
= 𝑃)
a) 𝑃 = 𝑃 b) 𝑃′ = 2𝑃 c) 𝑃 = 𝑃 × (2) / d) 𝑃 = 7𝑃
236. What is the value of sink temperature when efficiency of engine is 100%?
a) Zero b) 300 K c) 273 K d) 400 K
237. One mole of an ideal gas expands adiabatically from an initial temperature 𝑇 to a final temperature 𝑇 .The
work done by the gas would be
a) 𝐶 − 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) b) 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) c) 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) d) 𝐶 − 𝐶 (𝑇 + 𝑇 )
238. In the indicator diagram 𝑇 , 𝑇 , 𝑇 , 𝑇 represent temperature of gas at 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶, 𝐷 respectively. Which of the
following is correct relation?
 a) 𝑇 = 𝑇 = 𝑇 = 𝑇 b) 𝑇 ≠ 𝑇 ≠ 𝑇 ≠ 𝑇
c) 𝑇 = 𝑇 and 𝑇 = 𝑇 d) None of these
239. A gas for which γ = 1.5 is suddenly compressed to the th of the initial volume. Then the ratio of the final
to the initial pressure is
a) 1: 6 b) 1: 8 c) 1: 4 d) 8: 1
240. 𝑃-𝑉 diagram of an ideal gas is as shown in figure. Work done by the gas in process 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is
P

C D
2P0

P0
B A
V
V0 2V0 3V0

a) 4𝑃 𝑉 b) 2𝑃 𝑉 c) 3𝑃 𝑉 d) 𝑃 𝑉
241. A refrigerator absorbs 2000 cals of heat from ice trays. If the coefficient of performance is 4, then work
done by the motor is
a) 2100 J b) 4200 J c) 8400 J d) 500 J
242. In the certain process, 400 cal of heat are supplied to a system and at the same time 105 J of mechanical
work was done on the system. The increase in its internal energy is
a) 20 cal b) 303 cal c) 404 cal d) 425 cal
243. The isothermal Bulk modulus of an ideal gas at pressure 𝑃 is
a) 𝑃 b) 𝛾𝑃 c) 𝑃/2 d) 𝑃/𝛾
244. A Carnot's engine works between a source at a temperature of 27℃ and a sink at −123℃. Its efficiency is
a) 0.5 b) 0.25 c) 0.75 d) 0.4
245. A container of volume 1𝑚 is divided into two equal compartments by a partition. One of these
compartments contains an ideal gas at 300 𝐾. The other compartment is vacuum. The whole system is
thermally isolated from its surroundings. The partition is removed and the gas expands to occupy the
whole volume of the container. Its temperature now would be
a) 300 𝐾 b) 239 𝐾 c) 200 𝐾 d) 100 𝐾
246. A container that suits the occurrence of an isothermal process should be made of
a) Copper b) Glass c) Wood d) Cloth
247. A Carnot engine whose source is at 400 K take 200 cal of heat and rejects 150 cal to the sink. What is the
temperature of the sink?
a) 800 K b) 400 K c) 300 K d) Cannot say
248. A sample of an ideal gas is taken through a cycle a shown in figure. It absorbs 50𝐽 of energy during the
process 𝐴𝐵, no heat during 𝐵𝐶, rejects 70𝐽 during 𝐶𝐴. 40𝐽 of work is done on the gas during 𝐵𝐶. Internal
energy of gas at 𝐴 is 1500𝐽, the internal energy at 𝐶 would be
P B

C A
V

a) 1590 𝐽 b) 1620 𝐽 c) 1540 𝐽 d) 1570 𝐽

249. The change in internal energy of a given mass of gas, when its volume changes from 𝑉 to 2𝑉 at constant
pressure 𝑝 is ( = 𝛾, universal gas constant=R)

𝑝𝑉 𝑝𝑉 𝑝𝑉 𝑝𝑉
a) b) (2𝛾 − 1) c) 2(𝛾 − 1) d)
𝛾 (𝛾 − 1)
250. A perfect gas contained in a cylinder is kept in vacuum. If the cylinder suddenly bursts, then the
temperature of the gas
a) Remains constant b) Becomes zero c) Increases d) Decreases
P a g e |22
251. If 𝑅 = universal gas constant, the amount of heat needed to raise the temperature of 2 mole of an ideal
monoatomic gas from 273𝐾 and 373𝐾 when no work is done
a) 100 𝑅 b) 150 𝑅 c) 300 𝑅 d) 500 𝑅
252. Which of the following graphs correctly represents the variation of 𝛽 = −(𝑑𝑉/𝑑𝑃)𝑉 with 𝑃 for an ideal gas
at constant temperature
a)  b)  c) d)
 

P P P P

253. In changing the state of a gas adiabatically from an equilibrium state 𝐴 to another equilibrium state 𝐵, an
amount of work equal to 22.3 𝐽 is done on the system. If the gas is taken from state 𝐴 to 𝐵 via a process in
which the net heat absorbed by the system is 9.35 calories, the net work done by the system in latter case
will be
a) 5.9 𝐽 b) 16.9 𝐽 c) 9.3 𝐽 d) 4.6 𝐽
254. An ideal gas expands isothermally from a volume 𝑉 to 𝑉 and then compressed to original volume 𝑉
adiabatically. Initial pressure is 𝑝 and final pressure is 𝑝 . Total work done is 𝑊. Then
a) 𝑝 > 𝑝 ; 𝑊 > 0 b) 𝑝 < 𝑝 ; 𝑊 < 0 c) 𝑝 > 𝑝 ; 𝑊 < 0 d) 𝑝 = 𝑝 ; 𝑊 = 0
255. 𝑁 moles of an ideal diatomic gas are in a cylinder at temperature 𝑇. Suppose on supplying heat to the gas,
its temperature remains constant but 𝑛 moles get dissociated into atoms. Heat supplied to the gas is
a) Zero 1 3 3
b) 𝑛𝑅𝑇 c) 𝑛𝑅𝑇 d) (𝑁 − 𝑛)𝑅𝑇
2 2 2
256. In a thermodynamic process pressure of a fixed mass of a gas is changed in such a manner that the gas
releases 30 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠 of heat and 10 joules of work was done on the gas. If the initial internal energy of the
gas was 30 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠, then the final internal energy will be
a) 2 𝐽 b) −18 𝐽 c) 10 𝐽 d) 58 𝐽
257. An ideal gas expands along the path AB as shown in the p-V diagram. The work done is
p (Pa)

B
8

4
A

O V(m3)
0.3 0.5

a) 4 × 10 J b) 1.2 × 10 J c) 2.4 × 10 J d) None of the above

258. A refrigerator works between temperature of melting ice and room temperature (17℃). The amount of
energy in kWh that must be supplied to freeze 1 kg of water at0℃ is
a) 1.4 b) 1.8 c) 0.058 d) 2.5
259. The pressure and density of a diatomic gas (γ = 7/5) change from (𝑝, 𝜌) to (𝑝 , 𝜌 ) during an adiabatic
change. If = 32, value of is
a) 32 b) 1/32 c) 128 d) 1/128
260. An ideal gas is subjected to cyclic process involving four thermodynamic states, the amounts of heat (Q)
and work (W) involved in each of these states
𝑄 = 6000 𝐽, 𝑄 = −5500𝐽, 𝑄 = −3000𝐽, 𝑄 = 3500𝐽
𝑊 = 2500 𝐽, 𝑊 = −1000𝐽, 𝑊 = −1200𝐽, 𝑊 = 𝑥𝐽
The ratio of the net work done by the gas to the total heat absorbed by the gas is 𝜂. The values of 𝑥 and 𝜂
respectively are
P a g e |23
 a) 500; 7.5% b) 700; 10.5% c) 1000; 21% d) 1500; 15%
261. If the door of a refrigerator is kept open, then which of the following is true
a) Room is cooled b) Room is heated
c) Room is either cooled or heated d) Room is neither cooled nor heated
262. A Carnot engine whose efficiency is 40%, receives heat at 500 K. If the efficiency is to be 50%, the source
temperature for the same exhaust temperature is
a) 900 K b) 600 K c) 700 K d) 800 K
263. An engine takes in compressed steam at 127℃ and rejects it at 47℃. Efficiency of the engine is
a) 60% b) 35% c) 20% d) 40%
264. Two cylinders A and B fitted with pistons, contains equal number of moles of an ideal monoatomic gas at
400 K. The piston of A is free to move while that of B is held fixed. Same amount of heat energy is given to
the gas in each cylinder. If the rise in temperature of the gas in A is 42 K, the rise in temperature of the gas
in B is (𝛾 = 5/3)
a) 25.2 K b) 35 K c) 42 K d) 70 K
265. In an adiabatic process 90𝐽 of work is done on the gas. The change in internal energy of the gas is
a) −90 𝐽 b) +90 𝐽
c) 0 𝐽 d) Depends on initial temperature
266. If the heat 110 J is added to a gaseous system and it acquires internal energy of 40 J, then the amount of
internal work done is
a) 40 J b) 70 J c) 150 J d) 110 J
267. A measure of the degree of disorder of a system is known as
a) Isobaric b) Isotropy c) Enthalpy d) Entropy
268. A thermodynamic system is taken through the cycle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 as shown in figure. Heat rejected by the gas
during the cycle is

1
a) 2 𝑃𝑉 b) 4 𝑃𝑉 c) 𝑃𝑉 d) 𝑃𝑉
2
269. Pressure 𝑝, volume 𝑉 and temperature 𝑇 of a certain material are related by 𝑝 = 𝛼𝑇 /𝑉, where 𝛼 is
constant. Work done by the material when temperature changes from 𝑇 to 2𝑇 and pressure remains
constant is
3
a) 3𝛼𝑇 b) 5𝛼𝑇 c) 𝛼𝑇 d) 7𝛼𝑇
2
270. An ideal gas is allowed to expand freely against a vacuum in a rigid insulated container. The gas undergoes
a) An increase in its internal energy b) A decrease in its internal energy
c) Neither an increase nor a decrease in its d) A decrease in temperature
temperature or internal energy
271. When gas in a vessel expands its internal energy decreases. The process involved is
a) Isothermal b) Isobaric c) Adiabatic d) Isochoric
272. Which of the following is unique function of initial and final states?
a) dQ b) dW c) dU d) ∆𝑄 and ∆𝑊
273. A cyclic process for 1 mole of an ideal gas is shown in figure in the 𝑉-𝑇, diagram. The work done in 𝐴𝐵, 𝐵𝐶
and 𝐶𝐴 respectively

P a g e |24
 V
C
V2

V1 A
B

O T
T1 T2
𝑉 𝑉
a) 0, 𝑅𝑇 ln , 𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) b) 𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 ), 0, 𝑅𝑇 ln
𝑉 𝑉
𝑉 𝑉
c) 0, 𝑅𝑇 ln , 𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) d) 0, 𝑅𝑇 ln , 𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑉 𝑉
274. Which relation is correct for isometric process
a) ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 b) ∆𝑊 = ∆𝑈 c) ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 d) None of these
275. A cylindrical tube of uniform cross-sectional
sectional area 𝐴 is fitted with two air tight frictionless pistons. The
pistons are connected to each other by a metallic wire. Initially the pressure of the gas is 𝑃 and
temperature is 𝑇 , atmospheric pressure is also 𝑃 . Now the temperature of the gas is increased to 2𝑇 , the
tension in the wire will be

a) 2𝑃 𝐴
b) 𝑃 𝐴
𝑃𝐴
c)
2
d) 4𝑃 𝐴
276. In the figure given two processes 𝐴 and 𝐵 are shown by which a thermo-dynamical
dynamical system goes from
initial to final state 𝐹. If ∆𝑄 and ∆𝑄 are respectively the heats supplied to the systems then
P
A

i f

V
a) ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑄 b) ∆𝑄 ≥ ∆𝑄 c) ∆𝑄 < ∆𝑄 d) ∆𝑄
𝑄 > ∆𝑄
277. An ideal Carnot engine whose efficiency is 40% receives heat at 500 K. If its efficiency were 50%, then in
take temperature for same exhaust temperature would be
a) 700 K b) 900 K c) 800 K d) 600 K
278. Two identical samples of a gas are allowed to expand (i) isothermally (ii) adiabatically. Work done is
a) More in the isothermal process b) More in the adiabatic process
c) Neither of them d) Equal in both processes
279. The slopes of isothermal and adiabatic curves are related as
a) Isothermal curve slope = adiabatic curve slope
b) Isothermal curve slope = 𝛾 × adiabatic curve slope
c) Adiabatic curve slope = 𝛾 × isothermal curve slope
d) Adiabatic curve slope = 1/2 × isothermal curve slope
280. The state of a thermodynamic system is represented by
a) Pressure only b) Volume only
c) Pressure, volume and temperature d) Number of moles
281. In the above question, if γ = 1.5,, the gas may
a) Monoatomic b) Diatomic
c) A mixture of monoatomic and diatomic gases d) A mixture of diatomic and triatomic gases
282. An ideal gas 𝐴 and a real gas 𝐵 have their volumes increased from 𝑉 to 2 𝑉 under isothermal conditions.
The increase in internal energy
a) Of 𝐴 will be more than 𝐵 b) Of 𝐴 will be less than 𝐵
c) Will be same in both cases d) Will be zero in both cases
283. An ideal heat engine works between temperatures 𝑇 = 500K and𝑇 = 375K. If the engine absorbs 600 J of
heat from the source, then the amount of heat released to the sink is
a) 450 J b) 600 J c) 45 J d) 500 J
284. A cyclic process ABCDA is shown below in the given p-V diagram. In the following answers the one that
represents the same process as in p-V diagram
A B

p C

V
a) b) c) d)
A B A B
A B B
A

V C p V
p C
D D C D C
D T T
T
T

285. The temperature-entropy diagram of a reversible engine cycle is given in the figure. Its efficiency is
T

2T 0

T0

S 2S 0 S
0

a) 1/2 b) 1/4 c) 1/3 d) 2/3

286. A vessel containing 5 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠 of a gas at 0.8 𝑚 pressure is connected to an evacuated vessel of volume
3 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠. The resultant pressure inside will be (assuming whole system to be isolated)
a) 4/3 𝑚 b) 0.5 𝑚 c) 2.0 𝑚 d) 3/4 𝑚
287. A Carnot engine whose low-temperature reservoir is at 27℃ has efficiency 37.5%. The high-temperature
reservoir is at
a) 480℃ b) 327℃ c) 307℃ d) 207℃
288. During an isothermal expansion of an ideal gas
a) Its internal energy decreases
b) Its internal energy does not change
c) The work done by the gas is equal to the quantity of heat absorbed by it
d) Both (b) and (c) are correct
289. During the adiabatic expansion of 2 moles of a gas, change in internal energy was found to be equal to 100
J. Work done in the process will be equal to
a) 100 J b) 50 J c) 200 J d) 400 J
290. Heat is not being exchanged in a body. If its internal energy is increased, then
 a) Its temperature will increase b) Its temperature will decrease
c) Its temperature will remain constant d) None of these
291. The temperature of the system decreases in the process of
a) Free expansion b) Adiabatic expansion
c) Isothermal expansion d) Isothermal compression
292. Figure shows two processes 𝑎 and 𝑏 for a given sample of a gas, if ∆𝑄 , ∆𝑄 are the amounts of heat
absorbed by the system in the two cases, and ∆𝑈 , ∆𝑈 are changes in internal energies respectively, then

a) ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑄 , ; ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑈 b) ∆𝑄 > ∆𝑄 ; ∆𝑈 > ∆𝑈
c) ∆𝑄 < ∆𝑄 ; ∆𝑈 < ∆𝑈 d) ∆𝑄 > ∆𝑄 ; ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑈
293. The isothermal bulk modulus of a perfect gas at normal pressure is
a) 1.013 × 10 𝑁/𝑚 b) 1.013 × 10 𝑁/𝑚 c) 1.013 × 10 𝑁/𝑚 d) 1.013 × 10 𝑁/𝑚
294. Which one of the following gases possesses the largest internal energy?
a) 2 moles of helium occupying 1 m at 300 K
b) 56 g of nitrogen at 107 N m at 300 K
c) 8 g of nitrogen at 107 Nm at 300 K
d) 6 × 10 molecules of argon occupying 40 m at 900K
295. For the same rise in temperature of one mole of gas at constant volume, heat required for a non linear
triatomic gas is 𝐾 times that required for monatomic gas. The value of 𝐾 is
a) 1 b) 0.5 c) 2 d) 2.5
296. When heat energy of 1500 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒𝑠, is supplied to a gas at constant pressure 2.1 × 10 𝑁/𝑚 , there was an
increase in its volume equal to 2.5 × 10 𝑁/𝑚 . The increase in internal energy of the gas in joules is
a) 450 b) 525 c) 975 d) 2025
297. When two moles of oxygen is heated from 0℃ − 10℃ at constant volume, its internal energy changes by
420 J. What is the molar specific heat of oxygen at constant volume?
a) 5.75 JK mol b) 10.5 JK mol c) 21 JK mol d) 42 JK mol
298. In the thermodynamical process, pressure of a fixed mass of gas is changed in such a manner that the gas
releases 20 J of heat and 8 J of work is done on the gas. if internal energy of the gas was 30 J, then the final
internal energy will be
a) 42 J b) 18 J c) 12 J d) 60 J
299. During an adiabatic process, the pressure of a gas is found to be proportional to the cube of the absolute
temperature. The ratio = γ for the gas is
a) 2 b) 3/2 c) 5/3 d) 4/3
300. In which thermodynamic process, volume remains same?
a) Isobaric b) Isothermal c) Adiabatic d) Isochoric
301. A gas at pressure 𝑝 is adiabatically compressed so that its density becomes twice that of initial value. Given
that γ = 𝐶 /𝐶 = 7/5, what will be the final pressure of the gas?
7
a) 2 𝑝 b) 𝑝 c) 2.63 𝑝 d) 𝑝
5
302. “Heat Carnot by itself flow from a body at lower temperature to a body at higher temperature” is a
statement or consequence of
a) Second law of thermodynamics b) Conservation of momentum
c) Conservation of mass d) First law of thermodynamics
303. First law of thermodynamics states that
a) System can do work b) System has temperature
c) System has pressure d) Heat is a form of energy
304. Ten moles of an ideal gas at constant temperature 500 K is compressed from 50 L to 5 L. Work done in the
process is (Given, 𝑅 = 8.31 J − mol − K )
a) −1.2 × 10 J b) −2.4 × 10 J c) −4.8 × 10 J d) −9.6 × 10 J
305. The work done, 𝑊 during an isothermal process in which 1 mole of the gas expands from an initial volume
𝑉 to a final volume 𝑉 is given by (𝑅=gas constant, 𝑇=temperature)
𝑇 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
a) 𝑅(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) log b) 𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) log c) 𝑅𝑇 log ( ) d) 2𝑅𝑇 log
𝑇 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
306. The p-V diagram of a system undergoing thermodynamic transformation is shown in figure. The work
done by the system in going from 𝐴 → 𝐵 → 𝐶 is 30 J, and 40 J heat is given to the system. The change in
internal energy between A and C is
p
C

A B
V

a) 10 J b) 70 J c) 84 J d) 134 J
307. The work done by a gas is maximum when it expands
a) Isothermally b) Adiabatically c) Isentropically d) isobarically
308. As shown in figure three 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagrams. In which case, work done is minimum

a) I b) II c) III d) Cannot say

309. At constant temperature, the volume of a gas is to be decreased by 4%. The pressure must be increased by
a) 4% b) 4.16% c) 8% d) 3.86%
310. Which of the following is not a thermodynamical function
a) Enthalpy b) Work done c) Gibb’s energy d) Internal energy
311. A gas is suddenly compressed to ¼ th of its original volume at normal temperature. The increase in its
temperature is (𝛾 = 1.5)
a) 273 K b) 573 K c) 373 K d) 473 K
312. One mole of an ideal gas goes from an initial state 𝐴 to final state 𝐵 via two processes : It first undergoes
isothermal expansion from volume 𝑉 to 3𝑉 and then its volume is reduced from 3𝑉 to 𝑉 at constant
pressure. The correct 𝑃-𝑉 diagram representing the two processes is

a) b) c) d)

313. One mole of an ideal gas having initial volumeV, pressure 2p and temperature T undergoes a cyclic process
ABCDA as shown below.
 The net work done in the complete cycle is
a) Zero 1 c) RT In 2 3
b) 𝑅𝑇 In 2 d) 𝑅𝑇 In 2
2 2
314. A Carnot engine used first ideal monoatomic gas and then an ideal diatomic gas, if the source and sink
temperatures are 411℃ and 69℃, respectively and the engine extract 1000 J of heat from the source in
each cycle, then
a) Area enclosed by the 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram is 10 J
b) Heat energy rejected by engine is 1st case is 600 J while that in 2nd case in 113 J
c) Area enclosed by the 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram is 500 J
d) Efficiencies of the engine in both the cases are in ratio 21:25
315. A system goes from A to Bvia two processes I and II as shown in figure. If ∆𝑈 and ∆𝑈 are the changes in
internal energies in the processes I and II respectively, then
p

II
A B
I

V
Relation between ∆𝑈 and ∆𝑈 cannot be
a) ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑈 b)
determined
c) ∆𝑈 > ∆𝑈 d) ∆𝑈 < ∆𝑈
316. A Carnot reversible engine converts 1/6 of heat input into work. When the temperature of the sink is
reduced by 62 K, the efficiency of Carnot’s cycle becomes 1/3. The temperature of the source and sink will
be
a) 372 K, 310 K b) 181 K, 150 K c) 472 K, 410 K d) None of these
317. A graph of pressure versus volume for an ideal gas for different processes is as shown. In the graph curve
OC represents

a) Isochoric process b) Isothermal process c) Isobaric process d) Adiabatic process

318. For adiabatic expansion of a perfect monoatomic gas, when volume increases by 24%, what is the
percentage decrease in pressure?
a) 24% b) 30% c) 48% d) 71%
319. The process in which no heat enters or leaves the system is termed as
a) Isochoric b) Isobaric c) Isothermal d) Adiabatic
320. Starting with the same initial conditions, an ideal gas expands from volume 𝑉 to 𝑉 in three different ways.
The work done by the gas is 𝑊 if the process is purely isothermal, 𝑊 if purely isobaric and 𝑊 if purely
adiabatic. Then
 a) 𝑊 > 𝑊 > 𝑊 b) 𝑊 > 𝑊 > 𝑊 c) 𝑊 > 𝑊 > 𝑊 d) 𝑊 > 𝑊 > 𝑊
321. In changing the state of thermodynamics from 𝐴 to 𝐵 state, the heat required is 𝑄 and the work done by
the system is W. The change in its internal energy is
𝑄−𝑊
a) 𝑄 + 𝑊 b) 𝑄 − 𝑊 c) 𝑄 d)
2
322. For a gas, the difference between the two principle specific heats is 4150 Jkg K . What is the specific
heat of the gas at constant volume if the ratio of specific heat is 1.4?
a) 5186 Jkg K b) 10375 Jkg K c) 1660 Jkg K d) 8475 Jkg K
323. Six moles of an ideal gas performs a cycle shown in figure. If the temperature are 𝑇 = 600 𝐾, 𝑇 =
800 𝐾, 𝑇 = 2200 𝐾 and 𝑇 = 1200 𝐾, the work done per cycle is
P B C

A
D

a) 20 𝑘𝐽 b) 30 𝑘𝐽 c) 40 𝑘𝐽 d) 60 𝑘𝐽
324. The volume of air increases by 5%, in its adiabatic expansion. The percentage decrease in its pressure will
be
a) 5% b) 6% c) 7% d) 8%
325. Which of the following parameters does not characterise the thermodynamic state of matter?
a) Temperature b) Pressure c) Work d) Volume
326. Volume versus temperature graph of two moles of helium gas is as shown in figure. The ratio of heat
absorbed and the work done by the gas in process 1-2 is
V

a) 3 5 5 7
b) c) d)
2 3 2
327. A gas at pressure 6 × 10 Nm and volume 1m and its pressure falls to 410 Nm , When its volume is
3m . Given that the indicator diagram is a straight line, work done by the system is
a) 6 × 10 J b) 3 × 10 J c) 4 × 10 J d) 10 × 10 J
328. One mole of a monoatomic gas is heated at a constant pressure of 1 atm from 0 K to 100 K. If the gas
constant 𝑅 = 8.32 Jmol K , the change in internal energy of the gas is approximately
a) 2.3 J b) 46 J c) 8.67 × 10 J d) 1.25 × 10 J
329. Which of the following is true in the case of an adiabatic process, where 𝛾 = 𝐶 /𝐶 ?
a) 𝑝 𝑇 = constant b) 𝑝 𝑇 = constant c) 𝑝𝑇 = constant d) 𝑝 𝑇 = constant
330. For a monoatomic gas, work done at constant pressure is 𝑊. The heat supplied at constant volume for the
same rise in temperature of the gas is
a) 𝑊/2 b) 3𝑊/2 c) 5𝑊/2 d) 𝑊
331. A container having 1 mole of a gas at a temperature 27℃ has a movable piston which maintains at
constant pressure in container of 1 atm. The gas is compressed until temperature becomes 127℃. The
work done is
(𝐶 for gas is 7.03cal/mol − K)
a) 703 J b) 814 J c) 121 J d) 2035 J
332. Which property of the system does not change in an adiabatic process?
a) Volume b) Temperature c) Density d) Total amount of heat
333. The efficiency of Carnot engine when source temperature is 𝑇 and sink temperature is 𝑇 will be
P a g e |30
 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇
a) b) c) d)
𝑇 𝑇 𝑇 𝑇
334. Calculate change in internal energy of a system which has absorbed 2 kcal of heat and done 500 J of work
a) 7900 J b) 8900 J c) 6400 J d) 5400 J
335. The efficiency of a Carnot engine working between 800 K and 500 K is
a) 0.4 b) 0.625 c) 0.375 d) 0.5
336. The specific heats of an ideal gas at constant pressure and constant volume are 525 J (kg°C) and
315 J (kg° C) respectively. Its density at NTP is
a) 0.64 kgm b) 1.20 kgm c) 1.75 kgm d) 2.62 kgm
337. Two rigid boxes containing different ideal gases are placed on a table. Box A contains one mole of nitrogen
at temperature 𝑇 , while box 𝐵 contains one mole of helium at temperature(7/3)𝑇 . The boxes are then
put into thermal contact with each other, and heat flows between them until the gases reach a common
final temperature (Ignore the heat capacity of boxes). Then , the final temperature of the gases, 𝑇 , in terms
of 𝑇 is
3 7 3 5
a) 𝑇 = 𝑇 b) 𝑇 = 3 𝑇 c) 𝑇 = 2 𝑇 d) 𝑇 = 2 𝑇
7
338. A gas is being compressed adiabatically. The specific heat of the gas during compression is
a) Zero b) Infinite c) Finite but non-zero d) Undefined
339. An ideal monoatomic gas is taken around the cycle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 as shown in 𝑝 versus 𝑉 diagram. Work done
during the cycle is

a) 𝑝𝑉 b) 0.5 𝑝𝑉 c) 2 𝑝𝑉 d) 3 𝑝𝑉
340. First law of thermodynamics is given by
a) 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑃𝑑𝑉 b) 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 × 𝑃𝑑𝑉 c) 𝑑𝑄 = (𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑉)𝑃 d) 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑃𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑉
341. In a Carnot engine, when 𝑇 = 0℃ and𝑇 = 200℃, its efficiency is η and when𝑇 = 0℃ and𝑇 =
−200℃, its efficiency is η , then what in 𝜂 /𝜂 ?
a) 0.577 b) 0.733 c) 0.638 d) Cannot be calculated
342. In adiabatic expansion of a gas
a) Its pressure increases b) Its temperature falls
c) Its density increases d) Its thermal energy increases
343. 1 mm of gas is compressed at 1 atm pressure and temperature 27℃ to 627℃. What is the pressure under
adiabatic condition? (γfor the gas = 1.5)
a) 27 × 10 Nm b) 12 × 10 Nm c) 15 × 10 Nm d) 23 × 10 Nm
344. A Carnot engine with sink’s temperature at 17℃ has 50% efficiency. By how much should its source
temperature be changed to increase its efficiency to 60%?
a) 225K b) 128℃ c) 580K d) 145 K
345. When a gas expands adiabatically
a) No energy is required for expansion
b) Energy is required and it comes from the wall of the container of the gas
c) Internal energy of the gas is used in doing work
d) Law of conservation of energy does not hold
346. A gas is suddenly expanded such that its final volume becomes 3 times its initial volume. If the specific
heat at constant volume of the gas is 2𝑅, then the ratio of initial to final pressure is nearly equal to
a) 5 b) 6.5 c) 7 d) 3.5
347. A Carnot engine takes 3 × 10 cal of heat from a reservoir at 627℃ and gives it to a sink at 27℃. The work
done by the engine is
a) 4.2 × 10 J b) 8.4 × 10 J c) 16.8 × 10 J d) Zero
348. A system changes from the state (𝑃 , 𝑉 ) to (𝑃 𝑉 ) as shown in the figure. What is the work done by the
system
2
P(N/m )

5  10 5 (P2, V2)

1  105
(P1, V1)

1 2 3 4 5 V(m3)

a) 7.5 × 10 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 b) 7.5 × 10 𝑒𝑟𝑔 c) 12 × 10 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 d) 6 × 10 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒

349. A gas undergoes a change of state during which 100 𝐽 of heat is supplied to it and it does 20 𝐽 of work. The
system is brought back to its original state through a process during which 20 𝐽 of heat is released by the
gas. The work done by the gas in the second process is
a) 60 𝐽 b) 40 𝐽 c) 80 𝐽 d) 20 𝐽
350. A gas 𝛾 = , expands isobarically. The percentage of heat supplied that increases thermal energy and
that is involved in doing work for expansion is
a) l40: 60 b) 60: 40 c) 50: 50 d) 25: 30
351. 800 cc volume of a gas having 𝛾 = is suddenly compressed adiabatically to 100 cc. If the initial pressure
is 𝑝, then the final pressure will be
𝑝 24
a) b) 𝑝 c) 8𝑝 d) 32𝑃
32 5
352. In an adiabatic process, the state of a gas is changed from 𝑝 , 𝑉 , 𝑇 to𝑝 , 𝑉 , 𝑇 . Which of the following
relation is correct?
a) 𝑇 𝑉 =𝑇𝑉 b) 𝑝 𝑉 =𝑝 𝑉 c) 𝑇 𝑝 = 𝑇 𝑉 d) 𝑇 𝑉 = 𝑇 𝑉
353. In a refrigerator, the low temperature coil of evaporator is at −23℃ and the compressed gas in the
condenser has a temperature of 77℃. How, much electrical energy is spent in freezing 1 kg of water
already at 0℃?
a) 134400 J b) 1344 J c) 80000 J d) 3200 J
354. Figure shows four 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagrams. Which of these curves represent isothermal and adiabatic process?

a) 𝐷 and 𝐶 b) 𝐴 and 𝐶 c) 𝐴 and 𝐵 d) 𝐵 and 𝐷

355. 𝑝 − 𝑉 plots for two gases during adiabatic processes are shown in figure. Plots 1 and 2 should correspond
respectively to

a) He and O b) O and He c) He and Ar d) O and N

356. Which of the accompanying p-V diagrams best represents an isothermal process?
 a) A b) B c) C d) D
357. The 𝑃-𝑉 graph of an ideal gas cycle is shown here as below. The adiabatic process is described by
P A
B

D
C
V

a) 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐵𝐶 b) 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 c) 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐷𝐴 d) 𝐵𝐶 and 𝐶𝐷

358. In the indicator diagram, net amount of work done will be

a) Positive b) Zero c) Infinity d) Negative

359. If a gas is heated at constant pressure, its isothermal compressibility
a) Remains constant
b) Increases linearly with temperature
c) Decreases linearly with temperature
d) Decreases inversely with temperature
360. A monoatomic ideal gas, initially at temperature 𝑇 is enclosed in a cylinder fitted with a frictionless
piston. The gas is allowed to expand adiabatically to a temperature 𝑇 by releasing the piston suddenly. If
𝐿 , 𝐿 are the lengths of the gas column before and after expansion respectively, then 𝑇 /𝑇 is given by
/ /
a) 𝐿 ⁄𝐿 b) 𝐿 ⁄𝐿 c) 𝐿 ⁄𝐿 d) 𝐿 ⁄𝐿
361. If a system undergoes contraction of volume then the work done by the system will be
a) Zero b) Negligible c) Negative d) Positive
362. The gas law = constant is true for
a) Isothermal changes only b) Adiabatic changes only
c) Both isothermal and adiabatic changes d) Neither isothermal nor adiabatic changes
363. The work done in which of the following process is zero?
a) Isothermal process b) Adiabatic process c) Isochoric process d) None of these
364. A Carnot engine has the same efficiency between 800 K to 500 K and 𝑥K to 600 K. The value of 𝑥 is
a) 100 K b) 960 K c) 846 K d) 754 K
365. Out of the following which quantity does not depend on path
a) Temperature b) Energy c) Work d) None of these
366. If ∆𝑄 and ∆𝑊 represent the heat supplied to the system and the work done on the system respectively,
then the first law of thermodynamics can be written as
Where ∆𝑈 is the internal energy
a) ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 b) ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 − ∆𝑊 c) ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 − ∆𝑈 d) ∆𝑄 = −∆𝑊 − ∆𝑈
367. If the temperature of 1 mole of ideal gas is changed from 0℃ to 100℃ at constant pressure, then work
done in the process is (𝑅 = 8.3 𝐽/Mole-Kelvin)
a) 8.3 × 10 𝐽 b) 8.3 × 10 𝐽 c) 8.3 × 10 𝐽 d) 8.3 × 10 𝐽
368. An ideal gas is expanded adiabatically at an initial temperature of 300 𝐾 so that its volume is doubled. The
 final temperature of the hydrogen gas is (𝛾 = 1.40)
a) 227.36 𝐾 b) 500.30 𝐾 c) 454.76 𝐾 d) −47℃
369. One mole of an ideal monoatomic gas is heated at a constant pressure of 1 atm from 0℃ to 100℃. Work
done by the gas is
a) 8.31 × 10 J b) 8.31 × 10 J c) 8.31 × 10 J d) 8.31 × 10 J
370. An ideal gas is compressed isothermally until its pressure is doubled and then allowed to expand
adiabatically to regain its original volume
(𝛾 = 1.4 and2 . = 0.38). The ratio of the final to initial pressure is
a) 0.76:1 b) 1:1 c) 0.66:1 d) 0.86:1
371. An ideal gas is taken from state 𝐴 to state 𝐵 following three different paths as shown in 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram,
figure Which one of the following is true?
y
A C
p

D B
O x
V
a) Work done is maximum along 𝐴𝐵 b) Work done is minimum along 𝐴𝐵
c) Work done along 𝐴𝐶𝐵 = work done along 𝐴𝐷𝐵 d) Work done along 𝐴𝐷𝐵 is minimum
372. 540 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 of heat convert 1 cubic centimeter of water of 100℃ into 1671 cubic centimeter of steam of
100℃ at a pressure of one atmosphere. Then the work done against the atmospheric pressure is nearly
a) 540 𝑐𝑎𝑙 b) 40 𝑐𝑎𝑙 c) Zero 𝑐𝑎𝑙 d) 500 𝑐𝑎𝑙
373. Which of the following is not thermodynamic coordinate?
a) Gas constant ( R ) b) Pressure (p ) c) Volume ( V ) d) Temperature ( T )
374. Compressed by doing work on it A gas is compressed adiabatically till its temperature is doubled. The
ratio of its final volume to initial volume will be
a) 1/2 b) More than 1/2 c) Less than 1/2 d) Between 1 and 2
375. Two moles of ideal helium gas are in a rubber balloon at 30℃. The balloon is fully expandable and can be
assumed to require no energy in its expansion. The temperature of the gas in the balloon is slowly changed
to 35℃. The amount of heat required in raising the temperature is nearly (take 𝑅 = 8.31 𝐽/𝑚𝑜𝑙. 𝐾)
a) 62𝐽 b) 104𝐽 c) 124𝐽 d) 208𝐽
376. A Carnot engine has efficiency 1/5. Efficiency becomes 1/3 when temperature of sink is decreased by 50K.
What is the temperature of sink?
a) 325 K b) 375 K c) 300 K d) 350 K
377. The sink temperature of a heat engine 77℃. The efficiency is 30%. The source temperature is
a) 500℃ b) 227℃ c) 317℃ d) 427℃
378. A cyclic process is shown in figure. Work done during isobaric expansion is

a) 1600 J b) 100 J c) 400 J d) 600 J

379. The p-V diagram of 2 g of helium gas for a certain process 𝐴 → 𝐵 is shown in the figure. What is the heat
given to the gas during the process 𝐴 → 𝐵?
 p

2p B
0

p0 A

V0 2V V
0

a) 4𝑝 𝑉 b) 6𝑝 𝑉 c) 4.5𝑝 𝑉 d) 2𝑝 𝑉
380. The volume of an ideal diatomic gas is doubled isothermally, the internal energy
a) Is doubled b) Is halved
c) Is increased four times d) Remains unchanged
381. A cylinder of mass 1𝑘𝑔 is given heat of 20000 𝐽 at atmospheric pressure. If initially temperature of
cylinder is 20℃, then work done by the cylinder will be (Given that Specific heat of cylinder = 400 𝐽 𝑘𝑔 ,
Coefficient of volume expansion = 9 × 10 ℃ , Atmospheric pressure = 10 𝑁/𝑚 and density of
cylinder 9000 𝑘𝑔/𝑚 )
a) 0.02 𝐽 b) 0.05 𝐽 c) 0.08 𝐽 d) 0.1 𝐽
382. A system is taken through a cyclic process represented by a circle as shown. The heat absorbed by the
system is
V(in cc)
40

30

20

0
0 50 100 150 200 P(in kPa)
𝜋
a) 𝜋 × 10 𝐽 𝐽 b) c) 4𝜋 × 10 𝐽 d) 𝜋 𝐽
2
383. An insulator container contains 4 moles of an ideal diatomic gas at temperature 𝑇. Heat 𝑄 is supplied to
this gas, due to which 2 moles of the gas are dissociated into atoms but temperature of the gas remains
constant. Then
a) 𝑄 = 2𝑅𝑇 b) 𝑄 = 𝑅𝑇 c) 𝑄 = 3𝑅𝑇 d) 𝑄 = 4𝑅𝑇
384. What is the nature of change in internal energy in the following three thermodynamical processes shown
in figure?

a) ∆𝑈 is positive in all the three cases

b) ∆𝑈 is negative in all the three cases
c) ∆𝑈 is positive for (i), negative for (ii), zero for (iii)
d) ∆𝑈 = 0, in all the cases
385. When 1 𝑘𝑔 of ice at 0℃ melts to water at 0℃, the resulting change in its entropy, taking latent heat of ice
to be 80 𝑐𝑎𝑙/℃ is
 a) 293 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 b) 273 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 c) 8 × 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 d) 80 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾
386. An ideal gas is made to go through a cyclic thermodynamical process in four steps. The amount of heat
involved are 𝑄 = 600 𝐽, 𝑄 = −400 𝐽, 𝑄 = −300 𝐽 and 𝑄 = 200 𝐽 respectively. The corresponding work
involved are 𝑊 = 300 𝐽, 𝑊 = −200 𝐽, 𝑊 = −150 𝐽 and 𝑊 . What is the value of 𝑊
a) −50𝐽 b) 100𝐽 c) 150𝐽 d) 50𝐽
387. 100 g of water is heated from30℃ to 50℃.Ignoring the slight expansion of the water, the change in its
internal energy is
(Specific heat of water is 4184 J/kg/K)
a) 8.4 kJ b) 84 kJ c) 2.1 kJ d) 4.2 kJ
388. In a Carnot engine, the temperature of reservoir is 972℃ and that of sink is 27℃. If the work done by the
engine when it transfers heat from reservoir to sink is 12.6 × 10 J, the quantity of heat absorbed y the
engine from the reservoir is
a) 16.8 × 10 J b) 4 × 10 J c) 7.6 × 10 J d) 4.25 × 10 J
389. A cyclic process 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 is shown in the 𝑉-𝑇 diagram. Process on the 𝑃-𝑉 diagram is
V

C B

A T
a) P b) P c) P d) P
C
B A
A B

A
B A C C B
C
V V V V
390. An ideal gas is heated at constant pressure and absorbs amount of heat 𝑄. If the adiabatic exponent is γ,
then the fraction of heat absorbed in raising the internal energy and performing the work, in
1 1 2 2
a) 1 − b) 1 + c) 1 − d) 1 +
γ γ γ γ
391. Calculate change in internal energy when 5 mole of hydrogen is heated to 20℃ from 10℃, specific heat of
hydrogen at constant pressure is 8 cal (mol°C)
a) 200 cal b) 350 cal c) 300 cal d) 475 cal
392. The efficiency of Carnot’s engine operating between reservoirs, maintained at temperatures 27℃ and
−123℃, is
a) 50% b) 24% c) 0.75% d) 0.4%
393. One mole of an ideal gas at an initial temperature of T kelvin does 6Rjoules of work adiabatically. If the
ratio of specific heats of this gas at constant pressure and at constant volume is 5/3, the final temperature
of gas will be
a) (T+2.4) K b) (T-2.4) K c) (T+4) K d) (T-4) K
394. The internal energy of the gas increases in
a) Adiabatic expansion b) Adiabatic compression
c) Isothermal expansion d) Isothermal compression
395. The adiabatic Bulk modulus of a perfect gas at pressure is given by
a) 𝑃 b) 2𝑃 c) 𝑃/2 d) 𝛾𝑃
396. A sample of gas expands from volume 𝑉 to 𝑉 . The amount of work done by the gas is maximum when the
expansion is
a) Isothermal b) Adiabatic c) Isochoric d) Same in all the cases
397. Figure shows a thermodynamical process on one moles a gas. How does the work done in the process
change with time?

P a g e |36
 a) Decrease continuously b) Increases continuously
c) Remains constant d) First increase and then decreases
398. 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram of an ideal gas is as shown in figue. Work done by the gas in the process 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷 is
C D
2p0
p
p0 A
B

V0 2V0 3V0
V

a) 4 𝑝 𝑉 b) 2 𝑝 𝑉 c) 3 𝑝 𝑉 d) 𝑝 𝑉
399. A Carnot engine, having an efficiency of η = 1/10 as heat engine, is used as a refrigerator. If the work done
on the system is 10 J, the amount of energy absorbed from the reservoir at lower temperature is
a) 99 J b) 90 J c) 1 J d) 100 J
400. Which of the following p-V diagrams best represents an isothermal process?

a) b) c) d)

401. When 1 𝑔 of water at 0℃ and 1 × 10 𝑁/𝑚 pressure is converted into ice of volume 1.091 𝑐𝑚 , the
external work done will be
a) 0.0091 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 b) 0.0182 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 c) −0.0091 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 d) −0.0182 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒
402. The theory of refrigerator is based on
a) Joule –Thomson effect b) Newton’s particle theory
c) Joule’s effect d) None of the above
403. Temperature of an ideal gas is 300 K. The change in temperature of the gas when its volume changes from
𝑉 to 2𝑉 in the process 𝑝 = 𝛼𝑉 (here 𝛼 is a positive constant) is
a) 900 K b) 1200 K c) 600 K d) 300 K
404. Which of the following statement is correct for any thermodynamic system?
a) The internal energy changes in all processes
b) Internal energy and entropy are state functions
c) The change in entropy can never be zero
d) The work done in an adiabatic process is always zero
405. Ten moles of an ideal gas at constant temperature 600 K is compressed from 100 L to 10 L. The work done
in the process is
a) 4.11 × 10 J b) −4.11 × 10 J c) 11.4 × 10 J d) −11.4 × 10 J
406. Which is the correct statement
a) For an isothermal change 𝑃𝑉 = Constant
b) In an isothermal process the change in internal energy must be equal to the work done
c) For an adiabatic change = , where 𝛾 is the ratio of specific heats
d) In an adiabatic process work done must be equal to the heat entering the system
407. In an isothermal reversible expansion, if the volume of 96 𝑔 of oxygen at 27℃ is increased from 70 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠
to 140 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠, then the work done by the gas will be
a) 300 𝑅 log 2 b) 81 𝑅 log 2 c) 900 𝑅 log 2 d) 2.3 × 900 𝑅 log 2
408. How much work to be done in decreasing the volume of an ideal gas by an amount of 2.4 × 10 𝑚 at
 normal temperature and constant normal pressure of 1 × 10 𝑁/𝑚
a) 28 𝐽 b) 27 𝐽 c) 25 𝐽 d) 24 𝐽
409. The pressure and density of a diatomic gas (𝛾 = ) change adiabatically from (𝑝 , 𝜌 )to(𝑝 , 𝜌 ). If
= 32, then should be
a) 16 b) 32 c) 64 d) 128
410. Blowing air with open mouth is an example of
a) Isobaric process b) Isochoric process c) Isothermal process d) Adiabatic process
411. A Carnot engine takes heat from a reservoir at 627℃ and rejects heat to a sink at 27℃. Its efficiency will be
a) 3/5 b) 1/3 c) 2/3 d) 200/209
412. Air in a cylinder is suddenly compressed by a piston, which is then maintained at the same position. With
the passage of
a) The pressure decreases
b) The pressure increases
c) The pressure remains the same
d) The pressure may increase or decrease depending upon the nature of the gas
413. A given system undergoes a change in which the work done by the system equals the decrease in its
internal energy. The system must have undergone an
a) Isothermal change b) Adiabatic change c) Isobaric change d) Isochoric change
414. If 𝐶 = 4.96𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐾, then increase in internal energy when temperature of 2 moles of this gas is
increased from 340 𝐾 to 342 𝐾
a) 27.80 𝑐𝑎𝑙 b) 19.84 𝑐𝑎𝑙 c) 13.90 𝑐𝑎𝑙 d) 9.92 𝑐𝑎𝑙
415. Adiabatic modulus of elasticity of a gas is 2.1 × 10 Nm . What will be its isothermal modulus of
elasticity? = 1.4
a) 1.2 × 10 Nm b) 4 × 10 Nm c) 1.5 × 10 Nm d) 1.8 × 10 Nm
416. Two moles of an ideal monoatomic gas at 27℃ occiupies a volume of 𝑉. If the gas is expanded adiabatially
to the volume 2𝑉, then the work done by the gas will be (𝛾 = , 𝑅 = 8.31 J/mol − K)
a) -2767.23 J b) 2767.23 J c) 2500 J d) -2500 J
417. 5.6 L of helium gas at STP is adiabatically compressed to 0.7 L. Taking the initial temperature to be 𝑇 , the
work done in the process is
9 3 15 9
a) 𝑅𝑇 b) 𝑅𝑇 c) 𝑅𝑇 d) 𝑅𝑇
8 2 8 2
418. 1 cm of water at its boiling point absorbs 540 cal of heat of become steam with a volume of 1671cm . If
the atmospheric pressure=1.013 × 10 Nm and the mechanical equivalent of heat =419 J cal , the
energy spent in this process in overcoming intermolecular forces is
a) 540 cal b) 40 cal c) 500 cal d) zero
419. By what percentage should the pressure of the given mass of gas be increased so to decrease its volume by
10% at a constant temperature?
a) 5% b) 7.2% c) 12.5% d) 11.1%
420. Which of the following is correct in terms of increasing work done for the same initial and final state
a) Adiabatic < Isothermal <Isobaric b) Isobaric < Adiabatic <Isothermal
c) Adiabatic < Isobaric < Isothermal d) None of these
421. The phenomenon of sound propagation in air is
a) Isothermal process b) Isobaric process c) Adiabatic process d) None of these
422. Helium at 27℃ has a volume of 8 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒𝑠. It is suddenly compressed to a volume of 1 𝑙𝑖𝑡𝑟𝑒. The temperature
of the gas will be [𝛾 = 5/3]
a) 108℃ b) 9327℃ c) 1200℃ d) 927℃
423. A thermally insulated rigid container contains an ideal gas heated by a filament of resistance 100 Ω
through a current of 1𝐴 for 5 min then change in internal energy is

P a g e |38
 a) 0 𝑘𝐽 b) 10 𝑘𝐽 c) 20 𝑘𝐽 d) 30 𝑘𝐽
424. A heat engine is a device
a) Which converts mechanical energy into heat energy
b) Which converts heat energy into mechanical energy
c) Absorbs heat from a sink at a lower temperature and rejects to the source at high temperature
d) None of the above
425. In isothermic process, which statement is wrong
a) Temperature is constant b) Internal energy is constant
c) No exchange of energy d) (a) and (b) are correct
426. The internal energy of an ideal gas increases during an isothermal process when the gas is
a) Expanded by adding more molecules to it b) Expanded by adding more heat to it
c) Expanded against zero pressure d) None of these
427. During an adiabatic process, the cube of the pressure is found to be inversely proportional to the fourth
power of the volume. Then the ratio of specific heats is
a) 1 b) 1.33 c) 1.67 d) 1.4
428. At 27℃ a gas suddenly compressed such that its pressure becomes th of original pressure. The
temperature of the gas will be (𝛾 = 5/3)
a) −142℃ b) 300K c) 327° d) 420 K
429. Four curves 𝐴, 𝐵, 𝐶 and 𝐷 are drawn in the adjoining figure for a given amount of gas. The curves which
represent adiabatic and isothermal changes are
P
B C

A D

V
a) 𝐶 and 𝐷 respectively b) 𝐷 and 𝐶 respectively c) 𝐴 and 𝐵 respectively d) 𝐵 and 𝐴 respectively
430. Work done in the given cyclic process is
p

2p
1

p
1
V
V1 3V 1

a) 𝑝 𝑉 b) 3𝑝 𝑉 c) 2𝑝 𝑉 d) zero
431. Which of the following statements is true?
a) Internal energy of a gas depends only on the state of the gas
b) In an isothermal process change in internal energy is maximum
c) Area under pressure, volume graph equals heat supplied in any process
d) Work done is state dependent but not path dependent
432. An ideal gas heat engine operates in Carnot cycle between 227℃ and 127℃ .It absorbs 6 × 10 cal of heat
at higher temperature. Amount of heat converted into work is
a) 1.2 × 10 cal b) 2.4 × 10 cal c) 6 × 10 cal d) 4.8 × 10 cal
433. A thermodynamical system goes from state (i) (𝑝, 𝑉) to (2 𝑝, 𝑉) and (ii) (𝑝, 𝑉) to (𝑝, 2𝑉). Work done in the
two cases is
a) Zero, zero b) Zero, 𝑝𝑉 c) 𝑝𝑉, zero d) 𝑝𝑉, 𝑝𝑉
434. If a quantity of heat 1163.4 joule is supplied to one mole of nitrogen gas, at room temperature at constant
pressure, then the rise in temperature is
(Given 𝑅 = 8.31𝐽 𝑚𝑜𝑙𝑒 𝐾 )

P a g e |39
 a) 54𝐾 b) 28𝐾 c) 65𝐾 d) 40𝐾
435. Helium gas goes through a cycle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴 (consisting of two isochoric and isobaric lines) as shown in figure.
Efficiency of this cycle is nearly
(Assume the gas to be close to ideal gas)

a) 15.4% b) 9.1% c) 10.5% d) 12.5%

436. 310 J of heat is required to raise the temperature of 2 moles of an ideal gas at constant pressure from
25℃ to 35℃. The amount of heat required to raise the temperature of the gas through the same range at
constant volume is
a) 384 J b) 144 J c) 276 J d) 452 J
437. For nitrogen 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑥 and for argon, 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑦. The relation between 𝑥 and 𝑦 is given by
1
a) 𝑥 = 𝑦 b) 𝑥 = 7𝑦 c) 𝑦 = 7𝑥 d) 𝑥 = 𝑦
2
438. The perfect gas goes from a state A to another state B by absorbing 8 × 10 J of heat and doing 6.5 × 10 J
of external work. It is now transferred between the same two states in another process in which it absorbs
10 J of heat in the second process. Then
a) Work done on the gas is 0.5 × 10 J b) Work done on the gas is 0.5 × 10 J

c) Work done on the gas is 10 J d) Work done on the gas is 10 J

439. A Carnot engine whose low temperature reservoir is at 7℃ has an efficiency of 50%. It is desired to
increase the efficiency to 70%. By how many degrees should the temperature of the high temperature
reservoir be increased?
a) 840 K b) 280 K c) 560 K d) 380 K
440. The temperature of an ideal gas is kept constant as it expands. The gas does external work. During this
process, the internal energy of the gas
a) Decreases b) Increases
c) Remains constant d) Depends on the molecular motion

P a g e |40
Session: 2023-24 Total Questions: 475

PHYSICS
12.THERMODYNAMICS

: ANSWER KEY :
1) a 2) d 3) c 4) b 165) a 166) b 167) a 168) a
5) a 6) b 7) b 8) b 169) a 170) a 171) a 172) a
9) d 10) c 11) a 12) a 173) a 174) b 175) a 176) c
13) a 14) b 15) a 16) c 177) c 178) c 179) c 180) c
17) a 18) c 19) d 20) b 181) b 182) d 183) c 184) d
21) c 22) d 23) a 24) a 185) b 186) c 187) c 188) b
25) c 26) a 27) b 28) a 189) c 190) b 191) c 192) c
29) a 30) d 31) d 32) d 193) c 194) d 195) a 196) b
33) a 34) a 35) a 36) c 197) d 198) d 199) a 200) a
37) c 38) b 39) a 40) c 201) a 202) a 203) b 204) d
41) a 42) a 43) c 44) a 205) b 206) a 207) c 208) a
45) d 46) b 47) a 48) a 209) c 210) d 211) a 212) c
49) a 50) a 51) d 52) c 213) c 214) d 215) c 216) d
53) c 54) c 55) a 56) d 217) c 218) d 219) a 220) a
57) b 58) d 59) a 60) c 221) d 222) d 223) b 224) d
61) c 62) b 63) d 64) a 225) a 226) b 227) c 228) a
65) b 66) a 67) b 68) d 229) c 230) b 231) b 232) d
69) d 70) b 71) c 72) a 233) a 234) a 235) c 236) a
73) a 74) b 75) b 76) a 237) c 238) c 239) d 240) c
77) d 78) b 79) d 80) a 241) a 242) d 243) a 244) a
81) a 82) a 83) c 84) b 245) a 246) a 247) c 248) a
85) a 86) b 87) c 88) a 249) d 250) a 251) c 252) a
89) d 90) c 91) d 92) c 253) b 254) c 255) b 256) c
93) b 94) c 95) b 96) b 257) b 258) c 259) c 260) b
97) d 98) b 99) d 100) b 261) b 262) b 263) c 264) a
101) b 102) c 103) b 104) a 265) b 266) b 267) d 268) a
105) c 106) b 107) b 108) a 269) a 270) c 271) c 272) c
109) d 110) c 111) c 112) c 273) c 274) a 275) b 276) d
113) d 114) a 115) a 116) a 277) d 278) a 279) c 280) c
117) c 118) d 119) d 120) d 281) c 282) d 283) a 284) a
121) a 122) b 123) b 124) d 285) c 286) b 287) d 288) d
125) d 126) b 127) a 128) c 289) a 290) a 291) b 292) d
129) b 130) b 131) c 132) b 293) a 294) d 295) c 296) c
133) c 134) b 135) c 136) a 297) c 298) b 299) b 300) b
137) c 138) b 139) a 140) d 301) c 302) a 303) d 304) d
141) c 142) c 143) c 144) b 305) c 306) a 307) d 308) c
145) a 146) c 147) c 148) b 309) b 310) b 311) a 312) d
149) c 150) a 151) a 152) d 313) c 314) c 315) a 316) a
153) c 154) a 155) b 156) b 317) d 318) b 319) d 320) a
157) c 158) c 159) c 160) d 321) b 322) b 323) c 324) c
161) d 162) d 163) c 164) a 325) c 326) b 327) a 328) d

P a g e |41
329) a 330) b 331) b 332) d 389) c 390) a 391) c 392) a
333) a 334) a 335) c 336) c 393) d 394) b 395) d 396) a
337) c 338) a 339) a 340) a 397) b 398) c 399) b 400) c
341) a 342) b 343) a 344) d 401) a 402) d 403) b 404) b
345) c 346) a 347) b 348) c 405) d 406) a 407) d 408) d
349) a 350) b 351) d 352) a 409) d 410) a 411) c 412) a
353) a 354) a 355) b 356) b 413) b 414) b 415) c 416) b
357) c 358) a 359) a 360) d 417) a 418) c 419) d 420) a
361) c 362) c 363) c 364) b 421) b 422) d 423) d 424) b
365) a 366) b 367) c 368) a 425) c 426) a 427) b 428) a
369) d 370) a 371) d 372) b 429) c 430) c 431) a 432) a
373) a 374) c 375) d 376) c 433) b 434) d 435) a 436) b
377) b 378) c 379) b 380) d 437) a 438) a 439) d 440) c
381) b 382) b 383) b 384) d
385) a 386) c 387) a 388) a

P a g e |42
Session: 2023-24 Total Questions: 475

PHYSICS
12.THERMODYNAMICS

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

1 (a) (127 + 273)
∴ 𝑊 = 6 × 10 1−
In an adiabatic process, (227 + 273)

𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 400
or 𝑊 = 6 × 10 1−
500
𝑝 𝑉
⇒ = 100
𝑝 𝑉 = 6 × 10 ×
500
/
𝑝 1
⇒ = = 1.2 × 10 J
𝑝 8
8 (b)
𝑝 1 /
1 From 𝑝 𝑉 = 𝑝 𝑉
⇒ = = 𝑉 𝑉 .
𝑝 2 32 𝑝 =𝑝 =1
𝑉 1/20𝑉
𝑝
∴ = 32 = 66.28 atm
𝑝 9 (d)
2 (d) 𝑇 = 6000 𝐾, 𝑇 = 300 𝐾
The area under p-V diagram =work done 𝑇 300
𝜂 =1− =1− = 0.95 ⇒ 95%
𝑇 6000
or 𝑊 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐷𝐶
10 (c)
=(2 × 10 − 1 × 10 )Nm × (4 − 2) × As work done by the gas = area under the 𝑝 − 𝑉
10 m curve, therefore 𝑊 > 𝑊 > 𝑊
12 (a)
= 1 × 10 × 2 × 10 J = 0.2 J As isothermal at 𝑇 is farther from the origin than
6 (b) the isothermal at 𝑇 , therefore, 𝑇 > 𝑇
𝑉 14 (b)
𝑊 = 𝜇𝑅𝑇 log
𝑉 In adiabatic expansion of a gas system, gas
20 expands, so temperature of the system decreases.
= 1 × 8.31 × 300 log = 1728𝐽
10 15 (a)
7 (b) 𝐶 2 2
Using the relation η= =1+ =1+
𝐶 𝑛 𝑓
𝑊 𝑄 −𝑄 16 (c)
= Given that, the temperature of freezer,
𝑄 𝑄
𝑇 = −13℃
𝑊 𝑄
or =1− ⟹ 𝑇 = −13 + 273 = 260 𝐾
𝑄 𝑄

𝑊 𝑇 𝑄 𝑇 Coefficient of performance, β=5

or =1− ∵ =
𝑄 𝑇 𝑄 𝑇
The coefficient of performance is defined as,
𝑇
or 𝑊=𝑄 1− 𝑇
𝑇 β=
𝑇 −𝑇

P a g e |43
 260 24 (a)
or 5=
𝑇 − 260 An isochoric process is a constant volume process.
In an isochoric process
260
∴ 𝑇 − 260 =
5 V=constant or ∆𝑉 = 0
or𝑇 − 260 = 52 So, work done
or𝑇 = (52 + 260)K = 312 K ∆𝑊 = 𝑝 ∆𝑉 = 0
or 𝑇 = (312 − 273)℃ From first law of thermodynamics
⇒ 𝑇 = 39℃ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
17 (a)
Work done = Area of closed 𝑃𝑉 diagram ⇒ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈
= (2𝑉 − 𝑉) × (2𝑃 − 𝑃) = 𝑃𝑉 25 (c)
18 (c) Pressure is reduce, so the temperature falls
At constant volume 𝑃 ∝ 𝑇 ⇒ = ⇒ = = 26 (a)
Let the process start from initial pressure 𝑃 ,
volume 𝑉 and temperature 𝑇
19 (d) A(PA, VA, TA) P 
B  A , 2VA , TA 
Oxygen is diatomic gas, hence its energy of two  2 
moles P T 
C  A , V A , A
5  2 2 
= 2 × 𝑅𝑇 = 5𝑅𝑇
2 (i) Isothermal expansion (𝑃𝑉 = constant) at
Argon is a monoatomic gas, hence its internal temperature 𝑇 to twice the initial volume 𝑉
energy of 4 moles = 4 × 𝑅𝑇 = 6𝑅𝑇 (ii) Compression at constant pressure to
Total Internal energy = (6 + 5)𝑅𝑇 = 11𝑅𝑇 original volume 𝑉 (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑉 ∝ 𝑇)
20 (b) (iii) Isochoric process (at volume 𝑉 ) to initial
As work done = area under the 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram condition (𝑖. 𝑒. 𝑃 ∝ 𝑇)
∴ 𝑊 >𝑊 27 (b)
21 (c) In isothermal process, temperature of the gas
.
𝑇 𝑃 𝑇 1 . 1 1 remains constant, so the gas obeys Boyle’s law.
= ⇒ = = =
𝑇 𝑃 𝑇 8 8 2 𝑝 𝑉
𝑇 300 ⇒ =
⇒𝑇 = = = 150𝐾 𝑝 𝑉
2 2
23 (a) 2𝑝 𝑉
⇒ =
KE of the vessel = 𝑀𝑣 𝑝 𝑉
When the vessel is suddenly stopped, the ordered
motion of the gas molecules is converted into ∴ =2 …(i)
disordered motion of the molecules increasing
thereby the internal energy of the gas. Thus, Now, the gas is expanded adiabatically, so
1 1
∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇 = 𝑚𝑣 = (𝑛𝑀)𝑣 𝑝𝑉 = constant
2 2
Where 𝑛 is number of moles of the gas in the 𝑝 𝑉
vessel and 𝑀 is molecular weight of the gas. =
𝑝 𝑉
𝑀𝑣
∴ ∆𝑇 =
2𝐶 ⇒ = (since volume is restored)
.
As 𝐶 =
8
𝑀𝑣 (γ − 1) ⇒ log = γ log 2
∴ ∆𝑇 = 3
2𝑅
P a g e |44
 ⇒ log 8 − log 3 = γ log 2 The work done in cyclic process is equal to the
area enclosed by the 𝑃𝑉 diagram
∴ γ = 1.41 37 (c)
28 (a) Internal energy (∆𝑈) does not depend upon path.
𝐽∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊, ∆𝑈 = 𝐽∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊 It depends only on initial and final states
∆𝑈 = 4.18 × 300 − 600 = 654 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 38 (b)
29 (a) In isothermal process, heat is released by the gas
In a closed cyclic process change in internal to maintain the constant temperature
energy is always zero 39 (a)
∴𝐸=0
Coefficient of performance 𝐾 =
30 (d)
Given, 𝑝 ∝ 𝑇 ----(i) (273 − 23) 250 250
= = =
(273 + 27) − (273 − 23) 300 − 250 50
In an adiabatic process =5
40 (c)
𝑇 𝑝 = constant ( )
Work done in adiabatic change =
1
𝑇α 41 (a)
𝑝( )/
𝑇 −𝑇 (273 + 727) − (273 + 227)
𝜂= =
𝑇 273 + 727
𝑇( / )
∝𝑝 ----(ii)
1000 − 500 1
= =
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 1000 2
42 (a)
γ In isothermal process temperature remains
∴ =3
γ−1 constant
3γ − 3 = γ 𝑖. 𝑒. , ∆𝑇 = 0. Hence according to 𝐶 = ∆
⇒
𝐶 =∞
2γ = 3 43 (c)
𝐶 3 Gas cylinder suddenly exploding is an irreversible
=γ= adiabatic change and work done against
𝐶 2
32 (d) expansion reduces the temperature
The work done in a 𝑃𝑉 diagram is the area 44 (a)
enclosed. 𝑛 =𝑛 +𝑛

The work done = (3𝑉 − 𝑉 ). (4𝑃 − 𝑃 ) 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑝 𝑉 + 𝑝 𝑉

⇒ 𝑊 = −3𝑃 𝑉 . If the direction of change is
clockwise it is positive. Since here it is
anticlockwise, work done is negative
33 (a)
Here, 𝑄 = 200𝑐𝑎𝑙, 𝑄 = 150𝑐𝑎𝑙, 𝑇 = 400𝐾 4𝑇 4𝑇 4𝑇
𝑝 =𝑝 + ,𝑝 = 𝑝 + ,𝑝 = 𝑝 +
As = 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
𝑄 150 If the process takes place is vacuum then 𝑝 = 0
∴𝑇 = ×𝑇 = × 400 = 300𝐾
𝑄 200
34 (a) 4𝑇 4𝑇 4𝑇
𝑝 = ,𝑝 = ,𝑝 =
𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑥 𝑦 𝑧
∆𝑈 = −∆𝑊 = − =
(𝛾 − 1) 𝛾−1
If process is isothermal
35 (a)
𝑊 1 1000
η= ⇒ 𝑊 = η 𝑄 = × 1000 cal = × 4.2 ∴ 𝑝 𝑉 + 𝑝 𝑉 = 𝑝𝑉
𝑄 3 3
= 1400 J ∴ 𝑧= 𝑥 +𝑦
36 (c)
45 (d) 52 (c)
𝜂 = 1 − ; for 𝜂 to be max. ratio should be min 𝑇 = 0℃ = 273 K, 𝑇 = 17℃ = 17 + 273 = 290 K
𝑄 𝑇
46 (b) COP = =
𝑊 𝑇 −𝑇
For cyclic forces Δ𝑈 = 0, So, Δ𝑄 = Δ𝑊 80 × 1000 × 4.2 273 273
47 (a) = =
𝑊 290 − 273 17
∆𝑉 = 0 ⇒ 𝑃∆𝑉 = 0 ⇒ ∆𝑊 = 0 80 × 1000 × 4.2 × 17
48 (a) 𝑊= J
273
In adiabatic change work done 33.6 × 17 × 10
𝑊= kWh = 0.058 kWh
273 × 3.6 × 10
𝑊 = 𝜇𝐶 Δ𝑇 53 (c)
5
or 𝑊 = 𝜇𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑘 = γ𝑝 = × 1.01 × 10 Nm
3
49 (a)
= 1.69 × 10 Nm
Given 𝑇 = 27 + 273 = 300 K
54 (c)
𝑉 = 𝑉(let) Work done by the gas (as cyclic process is
clockwise) ∴ ∆𝑊 = Area 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
8 So from the first law of thermodynamics ∆𝑄 (net
𝑉 = 𝑉
27 heat absorbed) = ∆𝑊 =Area 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷
Then for adiabatic process As change in internal energy in cycle ∆𝑈 = 0
55 (a)
𝑇𝑉 =𝑇𝑉 ∆𝑄 = −20𝐽; ∆𝑊 = −10𝐽
∆𝑄 = 𝑈 − 𝑈 + ∆𝑊
or 𝑇 =𝑇 ⇒ −20 = 𝑈 − 40 − 10 ⇒ 𝑈 = −10 + 40
= 30 𝐽
For monoatomic gas, γ = 5/3

×
So, 𝑇 = 300 = 675 K

𝑖𝑒, 𝑇 = 675 − 273 = 402℃

Hence, increase in temperature

= 402 − 27° = 375℃

50 (a)
Here, 𝑇 = 927℃ = (927 + 273)𝐾 = 1200K
𝑇 = 27℃ = (27 + 273)K = 300K
As 𝑈 ∝ 𝑇
∆𝑈 𝑈 − 𝑈 1200 − 300
∴ = = × 100 = 300%
𝑈 𝑈 300
51 (d)
𝑊 = − Area of triangle 𝐵𝐶𝑂 = −
𝑊 = + Area of triangle 𝐴𝑂𝐷 = +

P a g e |46
56 (d)
The p-V diagram is shown below 𝑣 𝑉
⇒ =
𝑉
× /
𝑉 𝑉
p ⇒2= =
𝑉 𝑉
𝑉
⇒ = 2 = 32
A
𝑉
pA 63 (d)
𝑇
η =1−
𝑇

pB E 1 𝑇
B
=1−
6 𝑇
V
O VA VB 𝑇 5
=
𝑇 6

𝑇 − 62
η =1−
𝑇
Work done =area of ABCDEA
1 𝑇 − 62
=1−
= area of∆𝐴𝐵𝐸 + area of rectangle 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸 3 𝑇

1 On solving Eqs. (i) and (ii) , we get

= (𝑝 − 𝑝 )(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) + 𝑝 (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
2
𝑇 = 372 K and𝑇 = 310 K
1 64 (a)
= (𝑝 − 𝑝 ) + 𝑝 (𝑉 − 𝑉 )
2 In an adiabatic change,
1 𝑝 T = constant
= (𝑝 + 𝑝 )(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) Or 𝑝𝑇 / = constant
2
57 (b) Or 𝑝 ∝ 𝑇 ( )/

For such a case, pressure = Thus, 𝑐 =

58 (d) For a monoatomic gas, γ =
Specific heat of an ideal gas does not depend upon 1 − 5/3 2 2
temperature ∴ −𝑐 = =− ⇒𝑐=
5/3 3 5
59 (a)
65 (b)
From FLOT ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑃∆𝑉
According first 1st law of thermodynamics
⇒ 100 = ∆𝑈 + 50 × (4 − 10) ⇒ ∆𝑈 = 400 𝐽
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
60 (c)
∆𝑄 = 0 + 𝑊 = 𝑊
Area enclosed between 𝑎 and 𝑓 is maximum. So
66 (a)
work done in closed cycles follows 𝑎 and 𝑓 is
From the first law of thermodynamics
maximum
62 (b) We have, 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊
3𝑅𝑇 ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
𝑣 = 𝑇𝑉 =𝑇 𝑉
𝑀
𝑇 𝑉 ∆𝑈 = 150 − 110 = 40J
(𝑣 ) 𝑇 ⇒𝑇 = 𝑉 67 (b)
⇒ =
(𝑣 ) 𝑇 In case of adiabatic expansion ∆𝑊 = positive and
(𝑣 ) ∆𝑄 = 0
𝑉
⇒ = From FLOT
(𝑣 ) 𝑉
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ⇒ ∆𝑈 = −∆𝑊, 𝑖. 𝑒. , ∆𝑈 will be
P a g e |47
 negative Substituting the given values, we get =
69 (d)
200
For adiabatic forces ∆𝑊 = −∆𝑈 [∵ ∆𝑄 = 0] 200 − 𝑄 = 3𝑄 ⇒ 4𝑄 = 200 ⇒ 𝑄 = 𝐽
4
⇒ ∆𝑊 = −(−50) = +50𝐽 = 50𝐽
70 (b) ∴ 𝑊 = 𝑄 − 𝑄 = 200𝐽 − 50𝐽 = 150𝐽
The efficiency (η) of Carnot engine is 78 (b)
Δ𝑊 𝑄 𝑇 Efficiency, η = 1 −
η= =1− =1−
Δ𝑄 𝑄 𝑇
(273 + 27)
𝑄 𝑇 =1−
(273 + 127)
⇒ =
𝑄 𝑇
300 1
𝑇/3 𝑄 =1− =
400 4
⇒ 𝑄 = 𝑄=
𝑇 3
71 (c) Work done
η=
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ⇒ ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊 = 2240 − 168 Heat supplied
= 2072 𝐽 1 𝑊
72 (a) =
4 40
𝑇 = 273 + 20 = 293 K, 𝑇 = 273 + 10 = 283 K
Coefficient of performance ⇒ 𝑊 = 10 kJ
𝑇 283 283 79 (d)
= = = = 28.3 1
𝑇 −𝑇 293 − 283 10
𝑊 = 2𝑉. 3𝑃 = 3𝑃𝑉
73 (a) 2
80 (a)
η = 1 − or = 1 − η = 1 − =
From symmetry considerations and also from
5 5 theory,
𝑇 = 𝑇 = × 600 = 500 K
6 6 𝑉 𝑉
74 (b) =
𝑉 𝑉
In isothermal process 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑃 𝑉 81 (a)
𝑃
⇒ 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑃 × 4𝑉 ∴ 𝑃 = 𝑇 (127 + 273) 1
4 η=1− =1− =
𝑇 (227 + 273) 5
In adiabatic process
1
𝑃 . . 𝑊 = η𝑄 = × 10 J = 2000 J
𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑃 𝑉 ⇒ × (4𝑉) = 𝑃 𝑉 ⇒ 𝑃 = 2𝑃 5
4
82 (a)
75 (b)
For adiabatic process,
In adiabatic process total amount of heat remains
constant. dQ=0
76 (a)
In a cycle process, work done is equal to area of So, 𝑑𝑈 = −Δ𝑊
the loop 𝐴𝐶𝐵𝐷𝐴, representing the cycle of
changes ⇒ 𝑛𝐶 𝑑𝑇 = +146 × 10 J
77 (d) 𝑛𝑓𝑅
The coefficient of performance of a refrigerator is ⇒ × 7 = 146 × 10
2
given by 𝛼 = =
[𝑓 → Degree of freedom]
Where, 𝑄 = Amount of heat released to the hot
reservoir 10 × 𝑓 × 8.3 × 7
⇒ = 146 × 10
𝑄 = Amount of heat extracts from the cold 2
reservoir
𝑓 = 5.02 ≈ 5
𝑊 = work done on the working substance
𝑄 So, it is a diatomic gas.
∴𝛼=
𝑄 −𝑄
P a g e |48
83 (c) 90 (c)
For isothermal process During formation of ice cubes orderness
increases, ie, disorderness decreases, hence
𝑝 𝑉=𝐾 (constant) entropy decreases.
91 (d)
𝑝 = ----(i)
For path 𝑎𝑏: (∆𝑈) = 7000 𝐽
𝐾 By using ∆𝑈 = 𝜇𝐶 ∆𝑇
= = 2𝐾 5
𝑉/2 7000 = 𝜇 × 𝑅 × 700 ⇒ 𝜇 = 0.48
2
For adiabatic process For path 𝑐𝑎:
(∆𝑄) = (∆𝑈) + (∆𝑊) …(i)
𝑃𝑉 =𝐾 (constant) ∵ (∆𝑈) + (∆𝑈) + (∆𝑈) = 0
∴ 7000 + 0 + (∆𝑈) = 0 ⇒ (∆𝑈) = −7000 𝐽
∴ 𝑃 = ----(ii) …(ii)
Also (∆𝑊) = 𝑃 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) = 𝜇𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐾
= = 𝐾(2 ) = 0.48 × 8.31 × (300 − 1000) = −2792.16 𝐽
(𝑉⁄2)
…(iii)
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we have On solving equations (i), (ii) and (iii)
(∆𝑄) = −7000 − 2792.16 = −9792.16 𝐽
𝑃 >𝑃 = −9800 𝐽
84 (b) 92 (c)
Entropy is a measure of disorder. When water is Work done = area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶
converted into ice, disorder decreases, hence 𝐴𝐵 × 𝐵𝐶 (𝑝 − 𝑝 )(𝑉 − 𝑉 )
= =
entropy decreases. 2 2
85 (a) 93 (b)
In isothermal change, temperature remains ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
constant, ∆𝑄 = 0 − 150 𝐽
Hence ∆𝑈 = 0 So, heat has been given by the system
Also from ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ⇒ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 94 (c)
86 (b) 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑅 = 2 cal (mol K) Difference in the
𝑃𝑉 = constant represents adiabatic equation. So two values must be 2
during the expansion of ideal gas internal energy 95 (b)
of gas decreases and temperature falls Internal energy of a gas is
87 (c) 3
𝑈 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑉 2
𝑇 =𝑇 = 273(2) . = 273 × 1.328 For a given number of moles of the same gas, 𝑈
𝑉
= 363 𝐾 depends only 𝑇
𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 8.31(273 − 363) Therefore 𝑈 at 2𝑇 < 𝑈 at temperature 𝑇 is a
𝑊= = = −1824 wrong statement
𝛾−1 1.41 − 1
⇒ |𝑊| ≈ 1815 𝐽 96 (b)
89 (d) According to first law of thermodynamics
Initial and final states are same an all the process ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
For an adiabatic process, ∆𝑄 = 0 ∴ ∆𝑈 = −∆𝑊
Hence, ∆𝑈 = 0 in each case During an adiabatic expansion, ∆𝑊 is positive.
Therefore ∆𝑈 will be negative, so internal energy
By 𝑝∆𝑉 = ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 = Area enclosed by curve
decreases and hence temperature of the system
with volume axis
decreases
∵ (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) < (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) < (𝐴𝑟𝑒𝑎) For an adiabatic process 𝑃𝑉 = constant
𝑉
∴ 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑃𝑉 ⇒ 𝑃 = 𝑃
⇒ 𝑄 <𝑄 <𝑄 𝑉

P a g e |49
 As 𝑉 > 𝑉, 𝛾 > 1 ∴ 𝑃 < 𝑃 But 𝑇∝ (given)
√
97 (d)
Slow isothermal expansion or compression of an as 𝑇𝑉 / = constant …(iv)
ideal gas is reversible process, while the other
given processes are irreversible in nature Thus, using Eqs. (iii) and (iv) togther, we get
98 (b)
1
From FLOT ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 γ−1=
2
Work done at constant pressure (∆𝑊) =
(∆𝑄) − ∆𝑈 3
or γ = = 1.5
= (∆𝑄) − (∆𝑄) [As we know (∆𝑄) = ∆𝑈] 2
Also (∆𝑄) = 𝑚𝑐 ∆𝑇 and (∆𝑄) = 𝑚𝑐 ∆𝑇 𝐶
⇒ (∆𝑊) = 𝑚(𝑐 − 𝑐 )∆𝑇 ⇒ = 1.5
𝐶
⇒ (∆𝑊) = 1 × (3.4 × 10 − 2.4 × 10 ) × 10
105 (c)
= 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝑉𝑝 = constant
99 (d) ∆𝑉 ∆𝑝
In case of no work done W=0 than volume ∴ 𝑉𝑝 = 𝑉 + 1+𝑛
𝑉 𝑝
expersion V=0. So, the volume remains zero V=0. ∆𝑉 ∆𝑝 ∆𝑉 ∆𝑃
This process is called isochoric process. 1=1+ +𝑛 +𝑛
𝑉 𝑝 𝑉 𝑝
100 (b) ∆ ∆
Or = −𝑛 , (neglecting the product)
Gain of entropy of ice
∆
∆𝑄 𝑚𝐿 80 × 100 8 × 10 As 𝑘 = =
𝑆 = = = = 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 ∆ /
𝑇 𝑇 (0 + 273) 273 106 (b)
∆
Loss of entropy of water = 𝑆 = − = − 𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇
η=1− =
80 × 100 8 × 10 𝑇 𝑇
= = 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 In all the four cases, 𝑇 − 𝑇 = 20 K. Therefore, η
(273 + 50) 323
Total change of entropy is highest, when 𝑇 is lowest
8 × 10 8 × 10 107 (b)
𝑆 +𝑆 = − = +4.5 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾 For adiabatic process 𝑇𝑉 = constant
273 323
102 (c) 𝑇 𝑉 𝑉
⇒ = ⇒𝑇 = ×𝑇
As η = 1 − ∴ =1−η =1− = 𝑇 𝑉 𝑉
1 . 1 .
or 𝑇 = ⇒𝑇 = × 273 = × 273
81 81
100 273
= × 270 = 300 K = = 91𝐾 → −182℃
90 3
103 (b) 108 (a)
For adiabatic expansion, we have the formula In an adiabatic process

𝑝𝑉 = constant …(i) 𝑝𝑉 = 𝐾 (Poisson’s equation)

Gas equation is , Where p is pressure, V the volume and γ the ratio

of specific heats.
pV=RT
Given, γ =
⇒ 𝑝= …(ii)
/
∴ 𝑝𝑉 =𝐾
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we obtain
Taking logarithm on both sides, we get
𝑅𝑇
𝑉 = constant
𝑉 3
log 𝑝 + log 𝑉 = log 𝐾
2
⇒ 𝑇𝑉 = constant …(iii)

P a g e |50
 ∆𝑝 3 ∆𝑉
∴ + =0 Now from equation (i) 𝑃 =
𝑝 2 𝑉

∆𝑉 2 ∆𝑝 111 (c)
∴ =− Change in internal energy
𝑉 3 𝑝

∆𝑉 2 ∆𝑝 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊
× 100 = − × 100
𝑉 3 𝑝
At constant pressure
2 2 4
=− × =− % 𝑑𝑈 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑝 𝑑𝑉
3 3 9

Minus (-) sign implies that volume decreases by = 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 − 𝑅 𝑑𝑇

%.
= 𝐶 − 𝑅 𝑑𝑇
109 (d)
In adiabatic process = 𝐶 𝑑𝑇

∆𝑄 = 0 𝑅
= 𝑑𝑇
𝛾−1
Therefore, first law of thermodynamics becomes
𝑅 𝑝𝑉
dU+dW=0 = ×
𝛾−1 𝑅
110 (c)
As finally the piston is in equilibrium, both the 𝑝𝑉
=
gases must be at same pressure 𝑃 . It is given that 𝛾−1
displacement of piston be in ideal state 𝑥 and if 𝐴 112 (c)
is the area of cross-section of the piston. Hence As is known,
the final volumes of the left and right part finally slope of adiabatic curve 𝐶
=γ=
can be given by figure as slope of isothermal curve 𝐶
x 113 (d)
𝑇 = 200℃ = 200 + 273 = 473 K
𝑇 = 0℃ = 0 + 273 = 273 K
P1T1 P2T2
𝑇 273 200
η =1− =1− =
𝑇 473 473
𝑉 = + 𝐴𝑥 and Again, 𝑇 = 0℃ = (0 + 273)K = 273 K
𝑉 𝑇 = −200℃ = (−200 + 273)K = 73 K
𝑉 = − 𝐴𝑥 𝑇 73 200
2 η = 1− = 1− =
As it is given that the container walls and the 𝑇 273 273
piston are adiabatic in left side and the gas η 200 273 273 1
= × = =
undergoes adiabatic expansion and on the right η 473 200 473 1.732
side the gas undergoes adiabatic compression. 114 (a)
Thus we have for initial and final state of gas on ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ⇒ ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊
left side = 6 × 4.18 − 6 = 19.08𝑘𝐽 ≈ 19.1𝑘𝐽
115 (a)
𝑃 =𝑃 + 𝐴𝑥 ...(i)
∆𝑊 ∆𝑈 𝜇𝐶 𝑑𝑇
Similarly for gas in right side, we have ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ⇒ =1− =1−
∆𝑄 ∆𝑄 𝜇𝐶 𝑑𝑇
𝑃 =𝑃 − 𝐴𝑥 …(ii) ∆𝑊 𝐶 3 2
⇒ =1− = 1 − = = 0.4
∆𝑄 𝐶 5 5
From eq. (i) and (ii)
116 (a)
+ 𝐴𝑥 / /
𝑃 𝑉 𝑃 −𝑃 Below 150 K, hydrogen behaves as monoatomic
= ⇒ 𝐴𝑥 = / /
𝑃 − 𝐴𝑥 2 𝑃 +𝑃 gas
∴ For the mixture, γ = [γ +γ ]=

P a g e |51
 + = 27 / 3
= 300 = 300 = 675𝐾
117 (c) 8 2
𝑇 500 1 ⇒ ∆𝑇 = 675 − 300 = 375𝐾
η = 1− = 1− =
𝑇 1000 2 127 (a)
𝑇 400 7 From ∆𝑄 = 𝑚 𝐶 (∆𝑇)
η =1− =1− =
𝑇 1100 11 70 = 2 × 𝐶 × (35 − 30),
Clearly, η < η ∴ 𝐶 = 70/10 = 7 cal (mol°C)
118 (d) 𝐶 = 𝐶 − 𝑅 = 7 − 2 = cal/mol℃
𝑃𝑉 = constant ⇒ 𝑃 = constant ∆𝑄 = 𝑛 𝐶 (∆𝑇) = 2 × 5 × 5 = 50 cal
119 (d) 129 (b)
According to first law of thermodynamics 𝑉
𝑊 = 𝜇𝑅𝑇 log
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 𝑉
∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊 = 0.2 × 8.3 × log 2 × (27 + 273)
Here ∆𝑄 = 35𝐽, ∆𝑊 = −15𝐽 = 0.2 × 8.3 × 300 × 0.693 = 345𝐽
∴ ∆𝑈 = 35𝐽 − (−15𝐽) = 50𝐽 130 (b)
Note : ∆𝑊 is negative because work is done on the 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 = 8 × 10 − 6.5 × 10
system = 1.5 × 10 J
120 (d) In the 2nd process, 𝑑𝑈 remains the same
State of a thermodynamic system cannot ∴ 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑈 = 10 − 1.5 × 10
determined by a single variable (𝑃 or 𝑉 or 𝑇) = −0.5 × 10 J
121 (a) 131 (c)
𝑇 100 𝑇 = ⇒ = ⇒ 𝑇 = 600 ⇒ ∆𝑇 = 300 Now,
η=1− =1− = 1−
𝑇 500 900
𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 = 𝜇𝑅∆𝑇
𝑇 1
∴ = or T = 180 K ⇒ 𝑊 = 0.1 × 2 × 300 = 60 𝑐𝑎𝑙
900 5
122 (b) 132 (b)
𝑊 is negative (volume is decreasing) and
In first case 𝜂 =
𝑊 is positive (volume is increasing) and
In second case 𝜂 = = =𝜂 Since, |𝑊 | > |𝑊 |
123 (b) ∴ net work done is positive and area between
Work done by the system = Area of shaded semicircle which is equal to 𝑎𝑡𝑚 − 𝑙𝑡
portion on 𝑃-𝑉 diagram 133 (c)
= (300 − 100)10 × (100 − 200) × 10 In isothermal process temperature remains
= −20 𝐽 constant
124 (d) 134 (b)
In isothermal process, the internal energy of the In isothermal process, temperature remains
system remains constant. Heat supplied in an constant
isothermal change is used to do work against 135 (c)
external surrounding or if the work is done on the Here 𝑑𝑄 = 50 J, 𝑑𝑊 = −15 J
system then equal amount of heat energy will be 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 = 50 − (−15) = 65 J
liberated by the system. 137 (c)
125 (d) For monoatomic gas,
Change in internal energy (∆𝑈) depends upon 3 3
𝐶 = 𝑅 = × 8.31 Jmol ° C
initial and final state of the function while ∆𝑄 and 2 2
∆𝑊 are path dependent 𝑄 = 500 J, 𝑛 = 4θ =?
126 (b) 𝑄 500
θ= = = 10℃
𝑛𝐶 4 × × 8.31
𝑇 𝑉 27 27
= ⇒ 𝑇 = 300 = 300 138 (b)
𝑇 𝑉 8 8
First law of thermodynamics is infact, the law of

P a g e |52
 conservation of energy. =840-40=800 J
139 (a)
So, the internal energy of the system increase by
η=1− ⇒ = 1 − 2η = 1 − = …(i)
800 J.
in second case =1−η = 1− = …(ii) 148 (b)
from Eqs. (i) and (ii) Here, 𝑛 = 5, γ = , 𝑇 = 0℃, 𝑇 = 400℃
now 𝑇 − 62 = 𝑇 = × 𝑇 𝑛𝑅𝑑𝑇
𝑑𝑈 =
⇒ 𝑇 = 310 K = 310 − 273 = 37℃ −1
6 6 5 × 8.31 × (400 − 0)
𝑇 = 𝑇 = × 310 = 372 𝐾 = 372 − 273 𝑑𝑈 = = 41550 J
5 5 −1
= 99℃
𝑑𝑈 = 41.55 kJ
140 (d)
149 (c)
𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 = 1.01 × 10 (3.34 − 2 × 10 )
For isothermal process
= 337 × 10 𝐽 = 340 𝑘𝐽
𝑑𝑈 = 0 and work done = 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑃[(𝑉 − 𝑉 )
141 (c)
𝑉 𝑉 𝑃𝑉
Work done in expansion = 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑅 Joule ∵ 𝑉 = = ∴ 𝑑𝑊 = −
2 2 2
142 (c) 150 (a)
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑊 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑊
𝜂 = = ⇒𝜂 = = For isothermal process 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑃 𝑉
𝑇 𝑄 𝑇 𝑄 𝑃𝑉 72 × 1000
𝑄 𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 ⇒𝑃 = = = 80 𝑐𝑚
∴ = × = ∴𝑊 =𝑊 𝑉 900
𝑄 𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇 𝑇 Stress ∆𝑃 = 𝑃 − 𝑃 = 80 − 72 = 8𝑐𝑚
𝑇 +𝑇 800 + 300
∴𝑇 = = = 550𝐾 151 (a)
2 2 𝑇 300 1
143 (c) 𝜂 =1− =1− = = 25%
𝑇 400 4
Change in internal energy ∆𝑈 = 𝜇𝐶 ∆𝑇
So 26% efficiency is impossible
It doesn’t depend upon type of process. Actually it
152 (d)
is a state function
Here, 𝑝 = 4.5 × 10 Pa,
144 (b)
𝑑𝑉 = (2.0 − 0.5)m = 1.5 m
∆𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 = 10 × 0.25 = 250 𝐽
𝑑𝑈 =? , 𝑑𝑄 = 800 kJ = 8 × 10 J
145 (a)
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑝𝑑𝑉 = 4.5 × 10 × 1.5 = 6.75 × 10 J
∆𝐸 = 0, for a complete cycle and for given cycle
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 = 8 × 10 − 6.75 × 10
work done is negative, so from first law of
thermodynamics 𝑄 will be negative, 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑄 < 0 = 1.25 × 10 J
153 (c)
146 (c)
/ /
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ⇒ ∆𝑊 = (∆𝑄) − ∆𝑈 As 𝑉 = 𝐾𝑇 ∴ 𝑑𝑉 = 𝐾 𝑇 𝑑𝑇
(∆𝑄) 𝐾𝑇 /
𝑑𝑇 2 𝑑𝑇
= (∆𝑄) 1 − 𝑑𝑉
(∆𝑄) ∴ = =
𝑉 𝐾𝑇 / 3 𝑇
𝐶 3 2
= (∆𝑄) 1 − = 𝑄 1− = 𝑄 Work done, 𝑊 = ∫ 𝑅𝑇 = ∫ 𝑅𝑇
𝐶 5 5
2 2
∵ (∆𝑄) = 𝑄 and 𝛾 = for monoatomic gas 𝑊= 𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) = 𝑅 × 60 = 40𝑅
3 3
147 (c) 154 (a)
Given, 𝑑𝑄 = +200 cal = 200 × 4.2 = 840 J Process 1 is isobaric (𝑝 = constant) expansion
Hence, temperature of gas will increase
𝑑𝑊 = +40J ∴ ∆𝑈 = negative
From first law of thermodynamics Process 2 is an adiabatic expansion
∴ ∆𝑈 = 0
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊 Process 3 is an adiabatic expansion
Hence, temperature of gas will fall
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 ∴ ∆𝑈 = constant

P a g e |53
 ∴ ∆𝑈 > ∆𝑈 > ∆𝑈 163 (c)
155 (b) ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 = 167 + 333 = 500 𝑐𝑎𝑙
𝜂 =1− for 100%, efficiency 𝜂 = 1 which gives 164 (a)
As no work is done and system is thermally
𝑇 =0𝐾
insulated from surrounding, it means sum of
156 (b)
internal energy of gas in two partitions is constant
Let the initial pressure of the three samples be
ie, 𝑈 = 𝑈 + 𝑈
𝑃 , 𝑃 and 𝑃 , then 𝑃 (𝑉) / = (2𝑉) / 𝑃, 𝑃 = 𝑃
and 𝑃 (𝑉) = 𝑃(2𝑉) Assuming both gases have same degree of
/
⇒ 𝑃 : 𝑃 : 𝑃𝐶 = (2) : 1: 2 = 2√2: 1: 2 freedom, then
158 (c)
𝑃𝑉 = constant : Differentiating both sides 𝑓(𝑛 + 𝑛 )𝑅𝑇
𝑈=
𝑑𝑃 𝑑𝑉 2
𝑃 𝑉 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉 𝑑𝑃 = 0 ⇒ = −𝛾
𝑃 𝑉
and 𝑈 = , 𝑈 =
159 (c)
From first law of thermodynamics
Solving we get,
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑝∆𝑉
(𝑝 𝑉 + 𝑝 𝑉 )𝑇 𝑇
𝑇=
⇒ 𝑚𝐿 = Δ𝑈 + 𝑝(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) 𝑝 𝑉 𝑇 +𝑝 𝑉 𝑇
165 (a)
⇒ ∆𝑈 = 𝐿 − 𝑝(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) (∵ 𝑚 = 1) 𝑇 70 𝑇
𝜂 =1− ⇒ =1− ⇒ 𝑇 = 300 𝐾
160 (d) 𝑇 100 1000
Given, 𝑇 = 600 K, 𝑇 = 450 Kand 𝑊 = 300 J 166 (b)
In isochoric process, volume remains constant
Efficiency of Carnot engine
167 (a)
𝑊 𝑇 The work done=area of p-V graph
η= =1−
𝑄 𝑇
=area of triangle ABC
𝑊 𝑇
or =1− 1
𝑄 𝑇 = × 3𝑝 × 2𝑉 = 3𝑝𝑉
2
𝑊 450 168 (a)
or =1− 𝑇 300 1
𝑄 600 η=1− =1− = = 50%
𝑇 600 2
𝑊 1 170 (a)
or = Curve IV is parallel to volume axis. It represents
𝑄 4
isobaric curve. Out of II and III, slope of III is
or 𝑄 = 4𝑊 smaller. Therefore, III curve represents an
isothermal curve
or 𝑄 = 4 × 300 ⇒ 𝑄 = 1200 J
171 (a)
161 (d)
𝑇 −𝑇 (127 + 273) − (87 + 273)
For all processes, change in internal energy 𝜂= =
𝑇 (127 + 273)
∆𝑈(∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊) does not change. It depends only
400 − 360
on initial and final states. = = 0.1 → 10%
400
162 (d) 172 (a)
𝑉
𝑊 = −𝜇𝑅𝑇 log Initial and final states are same in all the process
𝑉
Hence ∆𝑈 = 0; in each case
= −1 × 8.31
By FLOT; ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 = Area enclosed by curve
22.4
× (273 + 0) log with volume axis
11.2
∵ (Area) < (Area) < (Area) ⇒ 𝑄 < 𝑄 < 𝑄
= −8.31 × 273 × log 2 = −1572.5𝐽 [
173 (a)
∵ log 2 = 0.693]

P a g e |54
 Efficiency of a heat engine, 𝜂 = 1 − 179 (c)
Maximum value of efficiency
For 𝜂 = 1(𝑖. 𝑒. , 100%) either 𝑇 = ∞ or 𝑇 = 0 𝐾
As source at infinite temperature or sink at 0 𝐾 𝑇 300 2
are not attainable, therefore heat engine cannot η=1− =1− =
𝑇 500 5
have efficiency 1
174 (b) As η =
Input energy = × = 2𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑠
2
Output energy = 10 𝑘𝑊 = 10 𝐾 𝐽/𝑆 = 𝑘𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝑠 𝑊 = 𝜂𝑄 = × 1000 cal
. 5
⇒𝜂= = . ×
> 1, it is impossible = 400 × 4.2 J = 1680 J
175 (a)
As no engine can produce more than 1680 J,
For adiabatic process 𝑇 𝑉 = Constant
disigns A and B are not possible.
For 𝑏𝑐 curve 𝑇 𝑉 =𝑇 𝑉 or = 180 (c)
…(i) 7 7
∆𝑄 = 𝜇𝐶 ∆𝑇 = 𝜇𝑅∆𝑇 𝐶 = 𝑅
2 2
For 𝑎𝑑 curve 𝑇 𝑉 =𝑇 𝑉 or = 5 5
∆𝑈 = 𝜇𝐶 ∆𝑇 = 𝜇𝑅∆𝑇 𝐶 = 𝑅
…(ii) 2 2
and ∆𝑊 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑈 = 𝜇𝑅∆𝑇
From equation (i) and (ii) =
⇒ ∆𝑄: ∆𝑈: ∆𝑊 = 7: 5: 2
176 (c) 181 (b)
This is the case of free expansion of gas. In free As slope of adiabatic 𝐴𝐶 is more than the slope of
expansion ∆𝑈 = 0 ⇒ Temp. remains same isothermal 𝐴𝐵, and BC is isochoric (𝑖𝑒 at constant
177 (c) volume), therefore, figure (b) represents the
As 𝐶 /𝐶 = γ curves correctly
𝐶 −𝐶 182 (d)
∴ γ−1
𝐶 In isothermal process ∆𝑄 ≠ 0
or 𝐶 = = 183 (c)
𝑅𝑑𝑇 𝑛𝑝𝑑𝑉 Coefficient of performance
∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑛 = 𝑇 273 273
(γ − 1) γ − 1 𝐾= = = = 9.1 ≈ 9
𝑛𝑝(2𝑉 − 𝑉) 𝑛𝑝𝑉 𝑇 −𝑇 303 − 273 30
= = 184 (d)
γ−1 γ−1
As 𝑛 = 1, Process 𝐶𝐷 is isochoric as volume is constant,
𝑝𝑉 process 𝐷𝐴 is isothermal as temperature constant
∴ ∆𝑈 = and process 𝐴𝐵 is isobaric as pressure is constant
(γ − 1)
178 (c) 186 (c)
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑚𝐿 − 𝑝(𝑑𝑉) Heat required to change the temperature of vessel
1.013 × 10 (1671 − 1)10 by a small amount dT
= 1 × 540 −
4.2 −𝑑𝑄 = 𝑚𝐶 𝑑𝑇
= 540 − 40 = 500 cal
Total heat required

𝑇
−𝑄 = 𝑚 32 𝑑𝑇
400

100 × 10 × 32 𝑇
=
(400) 4

⇒ 𝑄 = 0.001996 kJ
Work done required to maintain the temperature
P a g e |55
 of sink to 𝑇 = (2𝑉 − 𝑉) × (2𝑝 − 𝑝) = 𝑝𝑉
191 (c)
𝑊 =𝑄 −𝑄 When heat is supplied at constant pressure, a part
𝑄 −𝑄 of it goes in the expansion of gas and remaining
= 𝑄 part is used to increase the temperature of the gas
𝑄
which in turn increases the internal energy
𝑇 192 (c)
= −1 𝑄
𝑇 For isothermal process 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇 ⇒ 𝑃 =
𝑇 −𝑇 𝑅𝑇 𝑉
⇒ 𝑊= 𝑄 ∴ 𝑊 = 𝑃𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇 log
𝑇 𝑉 𝑉
193 (c)
For𝑇 = 20 𝐾
𝐴 is compressed isothermally, hence
300 − 20 𝑉
𝑊 = × 0.001996 𝑃 𝑉 = 𝑃 ⇒ 𝑃 = 2𝑃
20 2
and 𝐵 is compressed adiabatically, hence
=0.028 kJ 𝑉
𝑃 𝑉 =𝑃 ⇒ 𝑃 = (2) 𝑃
2
For 𝑇 = 4 K Since 𝛾 > 1, hence 𝑃 > 𝑃 or 𝑃 < 𝑃
300 − 4 194 (d)
𝑊 = × 0.001996 Here, 𝑝 = 1 atm, 𝑇 = 27℃
4
= 27 + 273 = 300 K
=0.148 kJ 𝑝 = 8 atm, 𝑇 =? , γ = 3/2
As changes are adiabatic,
As temperature is changing from 20 K to 4 K,
∴ 𝑝
work done required will be more than
𝑊 but less than𝑊 . 𝑇 𝑝
=
187 (c) 𝑇 𝑝
𝑝 /
𝑇 𝑉
= = 2 ⇒ 𝑇 = 2 × 𝑇 = 2 × 300 = 600𝐾 𝑇 −𝑇 = 300(8)( . )/ . = 300(8) /
𝑇 𝑉 𝑝
= 327℃ 𝑇 = 600K = (600 − 273)℃ = 327℃
188 (b) 196 (b)
𝑑𝑈 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 𝐶 (3/2)𝑅 3 The efficiency of cycle is
= = = =
𝑑𝑄 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 𝐶 (5/2)𝑅 5
𝑇
189 (c) η=1−
𝑇
For an adiabatic process,
For adiabatic process
𝑇𝑉 = constant
𝑇𝑉 = constant
𝑉
⇒ 𝑇 =𝑇
𝑉 For diatomic gas γ =
.
𝑉
= (273 + 18) = 668 K 𝑇𝑉 =𝑇𝑉
𝑉/8
190 (b) 𝑉
Work done during the cycle 𝑇 =𝑇
𝑉
=area enclosed by p-V graph /
𝑇 = 𝑇 (32) = 𝑇 (2 ) =𝑇 ×4
=area of ▭ ABCD
𝑇 = 4𝑇
= 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐶𝐷

P a g e |56
 1 3 𝑝 𝑉 =𝑝 𝑉
η= 1− = = 0.75
4 4 𝑝 𝑉
197 (d) = = (3) . = 4.6555
𝑝 𝑉
×
Work done = Area under curve = =9𝑃 𝑉 𝑝 1.013 × 10
∴ 𝑝 = =
198 (d) 4.6555 4.6555
In adiabatic operation (𝑒g, bursing of tyre) = 0.217 × 10 Nm
( ) ( )
𝑝 𝑇 =𝑝 𝑇 Work done=
𝑝 ( )/
1.013 × 10 × 10 − 0.217 × 10 × 3 × 10
𝑇 =𝑇 =
𝑝 1.4 − 1
/
4 /
= 90.5 J
= 300 = 300(4) / 208 (a)
1
199 (a) An isothermal process is a constant temperature
In isothermal compression, there is always an process. In this process, 𝑇 = constant or ∆𝑇 = 0.
increase of heat which must flow out of the gas
∴ ∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇 = 0
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ⇒ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 [∵ ∆𝑈 = 0]
1.5 × 10 An adiabatic process is defined as one with no
⇒ ∆𝑄 = −1.5 × 10 𝐽 = 𝑐𝑎𝑙
4.18 heat transfer into or out of a system. Therefore,
= −3.6 × 10 𝑐𝑎𝑙 ∆𝑄 = 0. From the first law of thermodynamics.
200 (a)
𝑇𝑉 = constant 𝑊 = −∆𝑈

𝑇 𝑉 1 1 or ∆𝑈 = −𝑊
∴ = or =
𝑇 𝑉 2 2 209 (c)
/ While working refrigerator reject heat from its
∴ 𝛾 − 1 = or 𝛾 = ∴ 𝑃𝑉 = constant
inside into the room continuously to keep it cool
201 (a) inside. Now, if the door of the refrigerator is open
In isothermal process, compressibility 𝐸 = 𝑃
the heat rejected will be more than that in the
202 (a) previous case. So, the room temperature in this
Ideal gas possess only kinetic energy
case will be more than the temperature when the
203 (b) door of the refrigerator is closed. Hence, room
𝐶 − 𝐶 − 𝑅 = 207 − 8.3 = 198.7 J
temperature will increase gradually.
204 (d) 210 (d)
In all given cases, process is cyclic and in cyclic The amount of work done in the isothermal cycle
process ∆𝑈 = 0 is higher than in the adiabatic cycle, because the
205 (b) area under the isothermal curve is larger than the
𝜂 =1− ⇒ = 1− ⇒ = …(i) area under the adiabatic curve. Hence, the curves
are isothermal for A and C , while adiabatic for B
= 1− ⇒ = …(ii)
and D.
Dividing equation (i) by (ii) 211 (a)
500 5 In adiabatic expansion, 𝑑𝑄 = 0,
= ⇒ 𝑇 = 400𝐾
𝑇′ 4 ∴ 𝑑𝑊 = −𝑑𝑈 = −(−50 J) = 50 J
206 (a) 213 (c)
Efficiency of Carnot’s heat engine, η = 1 − In adiabatic process 𝑃𝑉 = constant
⇒ 𝑉 = constant ⇒ 𝑇𝑉 = constant
Efficiency remains same when both 𝑇 and𝑇 are
214 (d)
increased by same factor.
The change in entropy of an ideal gas
207 (c)
Here, 𝑉 = 1 L = 10 m , V = 3L = 3 × 10 m ∆𝑆 =
∆
…(i)
𝑝 = 1 atm = 1.013 × 10 Nm , γ = 1.40, 𝑊 =?
As changes are adiabatic,
P a g e |57
 In isothermal process, there is no change in 5
internal energy of gas ie, ∆𝑈 = 0 𝐶= =
−1 2
∴ ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − 𝑊 216 (d)
Slope of 𝑝 − 𝑉 graph of adiabatics = γ𝑝/𝑉
⇒ 0 = ∆𝑄 − 𝑊
Slope of 𝑝 − 𝑉 graph of isothermal = 𝑝/𝑉
⇒ ∆𝑄 = 𝑊 Required ratio = γ
217 (c)
∴ ∆𝑄 =work done by gas in isothermal process 𝑉 ∝ 𝑇 at constant pressure
which went through from (𝑝 , 𝑉 , 𝑇)to (𝑝 , 𝑉 , 𝑇) 𝑉 𝑇 𝑉𝑇 300 × 280
⇒ = ⇒𝑉 = = = 280 𝑚𝑙
𝑉 𝑇 𝑇 300
or ∆𝑄 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇log …(ii) 218 (d)
𝑇 40 3
= 1−𝜂 = 1− =
For 1 mole of an ideal gas, n=1 𝑇 100 5
5 5
So, from Eqs.(i) and (ii), we get ∴ 𝑇 = 𝑇 = × 300 = 500K
3 3
𝑉 Increase in efficiency = 50% of 40% = 20%
∆𝑆 = 𝑅log ∴ New efficiency η = 40 + 20 = 60%
𝑉
𝑇 60 2
∴ =1−η =1− =
𝑉 𝑇′ 100 5
= 𝑅 In 5
𝑉
𝑇 = × 300 = 750 K
215 (c) 2
For adiabatic process, Poisson’s equation is given Increase in temperature of source = 𝑇 − 𝑇
by = 750 − 500 = 250 K
219 (a)
𝑝𝑉 = constant ---(i) 1
𝑇 = 27℃ = (27 + 273)K = 300 K, η = 25% =
4
Ideal gas relation is
We know that, η = 1 −
pV=RT
1 300
⇒ 𝑉= ---(ii) ⇒ =1−
4 𝑇
From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get 300 1
or =1−
𝑇 4
𝑅𝑇
𝑝 = constant
𝑝 300 3
⇒ =
𝑇 4
⇒ = constant ---(iii)
300 × 4
or𝑇 =
Where γ is ratio of specific heats of the gas. 3

⇒ 𝑇 = 400 𝑘
Given, 𝑝 ∝ 𝑇 ---(iv)
or𝑇 = (400 − 273)℃ = 127℃
On comparing with Eq. (iii), we have
220 (a)
γ Work done = 𝑃∆𝑉 = 𝑃(𝑉 − 𝑉 )
𝑐=
γ−1 221 (d)
𝑇 −𝑇 (𝑡 + 273) − (𝑡 + 273)
For a monoatomic gas γ = η = =
𝑇 𝑡 + 273
𝑡 −𝑡
We have =
𝑡 + 273
222 (d)

P a g e |58
 1 3
𝑀𝑣 = 𝐶 . ∆𝑇 = = 0.375
2 8
1 𝑅 𝑀. 𝑣 (𝛾 − 1) 230 (b)
𝑀𝑣 = . ∆𝑇 ⇒ ∆𝑇 =
2 𝛾−1 2𝑅 ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 = 𝑚𝐶 (∆𝑇) + 𝑝(∆𝑉)
(𝛾 − 1)𝑀𝑣 231 (b)
=
2𝑅 For monoatomic gas,
223 (b)
Slope of adiabatic curve = 𝛾 × (Slope of 5
𝐶 = 𝑅
isothermal curve) 2
224 (d) And 𝐶 = 𝑅
In adiabatic compression temperature and hence
internal energy of the gas increases. In For diatomic gas,
compression pressure will increase.
225 (a) 7
𝐶 = 𝑅
From first law of thermodynamics, 2

𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊 and 𝐶 = 𝑅
232 (d)
For path iaf,
𝐸 = 𝛾𝑃 = 1.4 × (1 × 10 ) = 1.4 × 10 𝑁/𝑚
50 = ∆𝑈 + 20 233 (a)
Efficiency of all reversible cycles depends upon
∴ ∆𝑈 = 𝑈 − 𝑈 = 30 cal temperature of source and sink which will be
different.
For path ibf,
234 (a)
𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊 Here, for hydrogen 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑚 =
Or 𝑅 = 2𝑚
or 𝑊 = 𝑄 − ∆𝑈
And for nitrogen, 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑛 = or 𝑅 = 28 𝑛
=36-30=6cal ∴ 2𝑚 = 28𝑛
226 (b) 𝑚 = 14𝑛
Differentiate 𝑃𝑉 = constant 𝑤. 𝑟. 𝑡. 𝑉 235 (c)
∆𝑃 ∆𝑉 𝑃 𝑉 𝑃
⇒ 𝑃∆𝑉 + 𝑉∆𝑃 = 0 ⇒ =− = ⇒ = (8) /
⇒ 𝑃 = 𝑃 × (2) /
𝑃 𝑉 𝑃 𝑉 𝑃
227 (c)
236 (a)
∆𝑝
𝐾 = γ𝑝 = − Efficiency η =
∆𝑉/𝑉
∆𝑉 ∆𝑝
∴ =− where, 𝑇 =sink temperature,
𝑉 γ𝑝
228 (a)
𝑇 =source temperature.
∆𝑊 = 𝑝∆𝑉 = 10(2 − 1) = 10J
∆𝑊 = 0, becuase 𝑉 is constant, For 100% efficiency, η = 1
From first law of thermodynamics,
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 + ∆𝑈 𝑇
∴ =0
As 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐴 is a cyclic process, therefore, 𝑇
∆𝑈 = 0
⇒ Either𝑇 = 0 K𝑇 = 0 K
∴ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 + ∆𝑊 + ∆𝑊
237 (c)
= ∆𝑊 + ∆𝑊 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑈 = μ𝐶 ∆𝑇 = −𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) = 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
or ∆𝑊 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊 = 5 − 10 = −5 J
238 (c)
229 (c)
𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷 are isothermal curves therefore
Efficiency, η = 1 − =1− 𝑇 = 𝑇 and 𝑇 = 𝑇 but all the four temperatures
are not equal
P a g e |59
239 (d) In case of gases whatever be the process
Here, γ = 1.5, 𝑉 = 𝑉 ; =?
∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇
As compression is sudden/adiabatic,
∴ 𝑝 𝑉 =𝑝 𝑉 or ∆𝑈 = 𝑛∆ -------(i)
𝑝 𝑉
= = (4) . = 8
𝑝 𝑉 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
240 (c)
2𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝑊 = −𝑃 𝑉 , 𝑊 = 0 and 𝑊 = 4𝑃 𝑉
⇒𝑊 = −𝑃 𝑉 + 0 + 4𝑃 𝑉 = 3𝑃 𝑉 ⇒ 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅(𝑇 −𝑇 )
241 (a)
𝑄 𝑝𝑉
𝑄 = 2000 cal. AsCOP = = 𝑛∆ 𝑇 (𝑇 − 𝑇 < ∆𝑇)
𝑊 𝑅
∴ 4 = 2000/𝑊
Substituting in Eq. (i)
𝑊 = 500 cal = 500 × 4.2 = 2100 J
242 (d) 𝑝𝑉
𝑑𝑄 = 400 cal, 𝑑𝑊 = −105 J ∆𝑈 =
(γ − 1)
= 105/4.2 cal = −25 cal ; 𝑑𝑈 =? 250 (a)
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 During free expansion of a perfect gas no work is
𝑑𝑈 = 400 − (−25) = 425 cal done and also no heat is supplied from outside.
Note 𝑑𝑊 is negative because work is done on the Therefore, no change in internal energy. Hence,
system temperature remains constant
243 (a) 251 (c)
𝐸 =𝑃 𝑓
244 (a) ∆𝐶 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ∵ ∆𝑊 = 0 ⇒ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 = 𝜇𝑅∆𝑇
2
𝑇 = 27℃ = (27 + 273)K = 300 K 3
= × 2𝑅(373 − 273) = 300𝑅
𝑇 = −123 + 273 = 150 K 2
𝑇 150 252 (a)
η=1− =1− = 0.5 For an isothermal process 𝑃𝑉 = constant
𝑇 300
245 (a) 1 𝑑𝑉 1
⇒ 𝑃𝑑𝑉 + 𝑉𝑑𝑃 = 0 ⇒ − =
This is the case of free expansion and in the case 𝑉 𝑑𝑃 𝑃
∆𝑊 = 0, ∆𝑈 = 0 so temperature remains same, So, 𝛽 = ∴ graph will be rectangular hyperbola
𝑖. 𝑒. , 300 𝐾 253 (b)
246 (a) According to I law of Thermodynamics
An isothermal process that takes place at constant ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊, in adiabatic process ∆𝑄 = 0
temperature, must be carried out in a vessel with 0 = ∆𝑈 − ∆𝑊 (Work done on the system –Ve)
conducting wall so that heat generated should go ∆𝑈 = +∆𝑊 = +22.3
cut at once [ ∴ Work done on the system ∴ internal energy
247 (c) increases]
As = ∴𝑇 = ×𝑇 = × 400 = 300 K In 2 process ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
248 (a) 9.35 × 4.18 = 22.3 + ∆𝑊
∆𝑊 = 0 as 𝑉 = constant Work done by system ∆𝑊 = 16.95
∴ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 = 50𝐽 [Given] 254 (c)
𝑈 = 1500𝐽 As slope of adiabatic process at a given state is
∴ 𝑈 = (1500 + 50)𝐽 = 1550𝐽 more than the slope of isothermal process,
∆𝑊 = −∆𝑈 = −40𝐽 [Given] therefore, in figure 𝐴𝐵 is an isotherm and 𝐵𝐶 is an
∴ ∆𝑈 = 40𝐽 adiabat
∴ 𝑈 = (1550 + 40)𝐽 = 1590𝐽
249 (d)

P a g e |60
 Coefficient of performance= =

80 × 1000 × 4.2 273 273

= =
𝑊 290 − 273 17
80 × 1000 × 4.2 × 17
∴ 𝑊= J
273

In going from 𝐴 to 𝐵, volume is increasing 33.6 × 17 × 10

or 𝑊 = kWh
∴ 𝑊 =positive 273 × 3.6 × 10
In going from 𝐵 to 𝐶 volume is decreasing =0.058 kWh
∴ 𝑊 =negative 259 (c)
As work done is area under 𝑝 − 𝑉 graph, From 𝑝 𝑉 = 𝑝 𝑉
therefore, 𝑝 𝑉 𝜌
|𝑊 | > |𝑊 | = =
𝑝 𝑉 𝜌
∴ 𝑊 = 𝑊 + 𝑊 = Negative 𝑖𝑒 𝑊 < 0 /
= (32) = (2 ) / = 2 = 128
From the graph, it is clear that 𝑝 > 𝑝 . Choice (c)
𝑃 𝑃
is correct ∴ = = 128
𝑃 𝑃
255 (b)
260 (b)
Since the gas is enclosed in a vessel, therefore,
From first law of thermodynamics,
during heating process, volume of the gas remains
𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊 ⇒ ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
constant. Hence, no work is done by the gas. It
∴ ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 = 6000 − 2500 = 3500𝐽
means heat supplied to the gas is used to increase
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 = −5500 + 1000 = −4500𝐽
its internal energy only
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 = −3000 + 1200 = −1800𝐽
Initial internal energy of the gas is 𝑈 = 𝑁 𝑅 𝑇
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 = 3500 − 𝑥
Since 𝑛 moles get dissociated into atoms, For cyclic process, ∆𝑈 = 0
therefore, after heating, vessel contains (𝑁 − 𝑛) ∴ 3500 − 4500 − 1800 + 3500 − 𝑥 = 0 ⇒ 𝑥
moles of diatomic gas and 2𝑛 moles of a mono- = 700𝐽
atomic gas. Hence the internal energy for the gas, Efficiency, 𝜂 = × 100
after heating, will be equal to
𝑊 +𝑊 +𝑊 +𝑊 1000
5 3 = × 100 = × 100 ⇒ 𝜂
𝑈 = (𝑁 − 𝑛) 𝑅 𝑇 + 2𝑛 𝑅 𝑇 𝑄 +𝑄 9500
2 2
5 1 = 10.5%
= 𝑁𝑅𝑇 + 𝑛𝑅𝑇 261 (b)
2 2
Hence, the heat supplied = increase in internal In a refrigerator, the heat dissipated in the
energy atmosphere is more than that taken from the
1 cooling chamber, therefore the room is heated if
= (𝑈 − 𝑈 ) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
2 the door of a refrigerator is kept open
256 (c) 263 (c)
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 = 𝑈 − 𝑈 + ∆𝑊 𝑇 (47 + 273) 320 1
η=1− =1− =1− =
⇒ −30 = 𝑈 − 30 − 10 ⇒ 𝑈 = 10 𝐽 𝑇 (127 + 273) 400 5
257 (b) = 20%
Work done =area of trapezium 265 (b)
For adiabatic process ∆𝑄 = 0
1 From ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ⇒ 0 = ∆𝑈 − 90 ⇒ ∆𝑈 =
= × (8 × 10 + 4 × 10 ) × 0.2 = 1.2 × 10 J
2 +90𝐽
258 (c) 266 (b)
𝑇 = 0℃ = 273 K, Here, 𝑑𝑄 = 110 J, 𝑑𝑈 = 40 J, 𝑑𝑊 =?
𝑇 = 17℃ = 17 + 273 = 290 K From 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑈 = 110 − 40 = 70 J
268 (a) From FLOT ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ⇒ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈
In cyclic process ∆𝑈 = 0 275 (b)
So heat absorbed Volume of the gas is constant 𝑉 = constant
∆𝑄 = 𝑊 = Area under the curve ∴𝑃∝𝑇
= −(2𝑉)(𝑃) = −2𝑃𝑉
So heat rejected = 2𝑃𝑉 𝑖. 𝑒., pressure will be doubled if temperature is
269 (a) doubled

The given relation is 𝑝 = ∴ 𝑉= ∴ 𝑃 = 2𝑃

As pressure is kept constant, 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑑𝑇 Now let 𝐹 be the tension in the wire. Then
2𝛼𝑇 equilibrium of any one piston gives
𝑊= 𝑝 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑇
𝑝
𝐹 = (𝑃 − 𝑃 )𝐴 = (2𝑃 − 𝑃 )𝐴 = 𝑃 𝐴
𝑇
= 2𝛼 = 3𝛼𝑇
2
270 (c)
For vacuum, pressure p=0

Hence, work done = 𝑝∆𝑉 = 0 276 (d)

According to first law of thermodynamics ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊; ∆𝑈 does not depend upon path
∵ ∆𝑊 > ∆𝑊 ⇒ ∆𝑄 > ∆𝑄
𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑝∆𝑉 277 (d)
From η = 1 − ⇒ =1−η =1− =
∴ 𝑄 = ∆𝑈
3 3
∴ 𝑇 = 𝑇 = × 500 = 300 K
Hence the gas undergoes neither an increase nor a 5 5
decrease in its temperature or internal energy. Again = 1 − η or =1− =
271 (c)
or 𝑇 = 600 K
From, first law of thermodynamics
278 (a)
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑝 𝑑𝑉 ------(i) In thermodynamic process
Work done = Area covered by 𝑃𝑉 diagram with
According to the question when gas expands, its 𝑉-axis
internal energy decreases. From graph it is clear that (Area) > (Area)
⇒𝑊 >𝑊
So, from Eq. (i) dQ remains constant
P

Hence, the process is adiabatic.

Isothermal
272 (c)
Adiabatic
The internal energy U of a thermodynamic system
V
is a characteristic property of the state of the
279 (c)
system, it does not matter, how that state has
For Isothermal process 𝑃𝑉 = constant
been obtained U is a unique function because it
depends only upon the state of the system. ⇒ = = Slope of Isothermal curve
273 (c) For adiabatic 𝑃𝑉 = constant
Process 𝐴𝐵 is isochoric, ∴ 𝑊 = 𝑃 ∆𝑉 = 0 ⇒ = = Slope of adiabatic curve
Process 𝐵𝐶 is isothermal ∴ 𝑊 = 𝑅𝑇 . ln
Clearly, =𝛾
Process 𝐶𝐴 is isobaric
280 (c)
∴ 𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 = 𝑅∆𝑇 = 𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
For all thermodynamic purposes, the state of a
[Negative sign is taken because of compression]
system can be represented by specifying its
274 (a)
pressure p, volume V and the temperature T
For isochoric process ∆𝑉 = 0 ⇒ ∆𝑊 = 0
 provided the system is in equilibrium. 𝑄 = 𝑇 (2𝑆 − 𝑆 ) = 𝑇 𝑆
281 (c)
𝑄 =0
For monatomic gas, η = = 1.67
And for diatomic gas η = = 1.40 𝑊 𝑄 −𝑄
η= =
𝑄 𝑄
As actual 𝛾 = 1.5. Therefore, gas must be a
mixture of monoatomic and diatomic gases 𝑄 2
282 (d) = 1− =1−
𝑄 3
Under isothermal conditions, 𝑇 =constant
∴ Internal energy =constant 𝑖𝑒, change in internal 1
=
energy is zero 3
286 (b)
283 (a)
0.8 × 5 = 𝑃 × (3 + 5) ⇒ 𝑃 = 0.5 𝑚
For heat engine, =
287 (d)
𝑇 = 27 + 273 = 300 K, η = 37.5%
𝑇𝑄
⇒ 𝑄 = As η = 1 −
𝑇
37.5 300
375 × 600 ∴ =1−
= = 450 J 100 𝑇
500 .
Or = =
284 (a)
In p-V diagrams process AB is isobaric process in 2400
𝑇 = = 480 K = 480 − 273 = 207℃
which pressure remains constant ie, p=constant 5
at all temperatures. 288 (d)
In an ideal gas, the internal energy depends only
Process BC is isothermal process in which, upon the temperature of the gas. When an ideal
temperature remains constant ie, T=constant. gas undergoes an isothermal change, there is no
change in its internal energy (∆𝑈 = 0)
Process CD is isochoric process in which volume
remains constant ie, p-T diagram CD is a straight From first law of thermodynamics
line passing through origin.
∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
Process AD is adiabatice process which
corresponds to process AD in p-T diagram. For isothermal change ∆𝑈 = 0

Hence, the correct p-T diagram is shown in option ∴ 𝑄=𝑊

(a).
Hence, in an isothermal process in an ideal gas the
285 (c)
heat absorbed by the gas is entirely used in the
According to the figure
work done by the gas.
289 (a)
T
𝑑𝑈 = −100 J, in adiabatic expansion
∴ 𝑑𝑊 = −𝑑𝑈 = 100 J
2T 0 290 (a)
1 With rise in temperature, internal energy also
2
T0
increases
3 291 (b)
An adiabatic change involves a fall or rise in
temperature of the system. If a gas expands under
S 2S 0 S
0 adiabatic conditions, its temperature falls.
292 (d)
1 3 As initial and final states in the two processes are
𝑄 =𝑇 𝑆 + 𝑇𝑆 = 𝑇 𝑆 same. Therefore, ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑈 . As area under curve
2 2

P a g e |63
 𝑎 > area under curve 𝑏, therefore, ∆𝑊 > ∆𝑊 As 𝑝 𝑉 = 𝑝 𝑉
As ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 𝑉 𝜌
∴ ∆𝑄 > ∆𝑄 ∴ 𝑝 =𝑝 =𝑝
𝑉 𝜌
293 (a) 2 /

𝐸 = 𝑃 = 1.013 × 10 𝑁/𝑚 =𝑝 = 2.63𝑝

1
294 (d) 303 (d)
Internal energy 𝑈 = number of moles × number Heat always refers to energy transmitted from
of degrees of freedom × 𝑅𝑇 one body to another because of temperature
out of four cases, product of number of moles difference
(1000) degrees of freedom (3) and 𝑇(= 900 K) is 304 (d)
maximum for argon gas Work done at constant temperature (ie,
295 (c) isothermal process),
For a non-linear triatomic gas, 𝐶 = 3 𝑅 𝑉
And for a monoatomic gas, 𝐶 ′ = 𝑅 𝑊 = 2.3𝑛𝑅𝑇 log
𝑉
𝑄 𝐶 3𝑅
∴ = =𝐾= =2 5
𝑄 𝐶 ′ 𝑅 = 2.3 × 10 × 8.31 × 500 × log
50
296 (c)
According to FLOT = −9.6 × 10 J
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑃(∆𝑉) ⇒ ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − 𝑃(∆𝑉) 305 (c)
= 1500 − (2.1 × 10 )(2.5 × 10 ) = 975 𝑗𝑜𝑢𝑙𝑒 Work done during isothermal process in
297 (c) expanding volume of gas from𝑉 𝑡𝑜 𝑉 is given by
For isochoric process, internal energy
𝑊= 𝑝 𝑑𝑉
∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇 = 420J
∆
Molar specific heat 𝐶 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑛𝑅𝑇
∆ = 𝑑𝑉 as 𝑝 =
𝑉 𝑉
420
= = 21 JK mol
2 × 10 𝑑𝑉
298 (b) = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 (as 𝑇 = constant)
𝑉
As ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊
∆𝑈 = (−20) − (−8) = −12 J = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 log
∆𝑈 = 𝑈 − 𝑈 = −12
∴ 𝑈 = −12 + 𝑈 = −12 + 30 = 18 J For expansion of 1 mole of gas, ie, n=1
299 (b)
𝑉
In an adiabatic process, 𝑝𝑉 = constant 𝑊 = 𝑅𝑇 log
𝑉
Put 𝑉 =
306 (a)
=constant Since, work is done by the system, so it is positive.
Therefore,
∴ 𝑝 𝑇 =constant
𝑝∝𝑇 / ∆𝑊 = 30J
γ
∴ =3
γ−1 Heat given to the system,
3γ − 3 = γ
2γ = 3 ∆𝑄 = 40J
3
γ= According to first law of thermodynamics, change
2
in internal energy is given by
300 (b)
In isochoric process the volume remains constant. ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊
301 (c)
P a g e |64
 = 43 − 30 = 10 J At constant pressure
308 (c)
Area under curve III is minimum. Therefore, work ∆𝑊 = 𝑝 𝑉 − 𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
done is minimum
At constant temperature
309 (b)
At constant temperature, 𝑉 𝑃
𝑝 𝑉 =𝑝 𝑉 ∆𝑊 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 In = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 In
𝑉 𝑃
Or =
∴ ∆𝑊 = 1 × 𝑅 × (2𝑇 − 𝑇) = 𝑅𝑇
Fractional change in volume
𝑉 −𝑉 4 1 2𝑝
= = ∆𝑊 = 1 × 𝑅 × 2𝑇 In = 2𝑅𝑇 In 2
𝑉 100 25 𝑃
𝑉 1
1− = ∆𝑊 = 1 × 𝑅 × (𝑇 − 2𝑇) = −𝑅𝑇
𝑉 25
𝑉 24
= 𝑝 1
𝑉 25 ∆𝑊 = 1 × 𝑅 × 𝑇 In = 𝑅𝑇 In ( )
2𝑝 2
𝑝 𝑉 24
∴ = =
𝑝 𝑉 25 Net work done in the complete cycle is
or =
∆𝑊 = ∆𝑊 + ∆𝑊 + ∆𝑊 + ∆𝑊
𝑝 −𝑝 25 1
= −1 =
𝑝 24 24 1
= 𝑅𝑇 + 2𝑅𝑇 In 2 − 𝑅𝑇 + 𝑅𝑇 In
% increase in pressure = = 4.16% 2
310 (b) = 2𝑅𝑇 In 2 + 𝑅𝑇 In 1 − 𝑅𝑇 In 2
Work done is not a thermodynamical function
311 (a) = 2𝑅𝑇 In 2 − 𝑅𝑇 In 2
For adiabatic process
= 𝑅𝑇 In 2
𝑇𝑉 = constant 314 (c)
Here, 𝑇 = 411℃ = (411 + 273)K = 684 K
∴ 𝑇𝑉 =𝑇𝑉 𝑇 = 69℃ = (69 + 273)K = 342 K
𝑄 = 1000 J
𝑇 𝑉 𝑊 𝑇 342 1
⇒ = η= =1− =1− =
𝑇 𝑉 𝑄 𝑇 684 2
𝑄 1000
Given , 𝑉 = 𝑉, 𝑉 = , γ = 1.5 𝑊= = = 500 J
𝑄 2
315 (a)
. .
𝑇 𝑉/4 1 1 The change in internal energy does not depend
∴ = = =−
𝑇 𝑉 4 2 upon path followed by the process. It only
depends on initial and final states.
⇒ 𝑇 = 2𝑇
Hence, ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑈
The change in temperature is given by
316 (a)
𝑇 − 𝑇 = 2𝑇 − 𝑇 ⇒ 𝑇 = 273 K The efficiency of heat engine is given by
312 (d) 𝑊 𝑄 𝑇
1 process is isothermal expansion which is only η= = 1− =1−
𝑄 𝑄 𝑇
correct shown in option (d)
2 process is isobaric compression which is where 𝑇 is temperature of source and 𝑇 is
correctly shown in option (d) temperature of sink.
313 (c)
Work done ∆𝑊 = 𝑝∆𝑉 Given, η = , η =

P a g e |65
 ∴ = …(i)

( )
and = …(ii)

Solving Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

As work done by the gas = area under the 𝑝 − 𝑉
𝑇 = 372 K
graph (between the graph of 𝑉 axis) and
and 𝑇 = 310 K (Area) > (Area) > (Area) ∴ 𝑊 > 𝑊 > 𝑊
317 (d) 321 (b)
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
⇒ ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊 = 𝑄 − 𝑊 [using proper sign]
322 (b)
𝐶 − 𝐶 = 4150
𝐶
= 1.4, 𝐶 = 1.4 𝐶
𝐶
∴ 1.4 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 4150
(i)Curve OA represents isobaric process (since 𝐶 = 4150/0.4 = 10375 J kg K
pressure is constant). Since, the slope of adiabatic 323 (c)
process is more steeper than isothermal process. Processes 𝐴 to 𝐵 and 𝐶 to 𝐷 are parts of straight
line graphs of the form 𝑦 = 𝑚𝑥
(ii)Curve OB represents isothermal process. Also 𝑃 = 𝑇 (𝜇 = 6)
(iii)Curve OC represents adiabatic process. ⇒ 𝑃 ∝ 𝑇. So volume remains constant for the
graphs 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐶𝐷
(iv)Curve OD represents isochoric process. P TB =800 K
P2 B TC = 2200 K
P2 C
VB
(since volume is constant). VC
318 (b) TA =600 K
P1 TD =1200 K
A VA D
VD
From 𝑝 𝑉 = 𝑝 𝑉 ⇒ 𝑝 =𝑝
100 /
𝑝 = 𝑝 T
124
𝑝 = 0.6985 𝑝 So no work is done during processes for 𝐴 to 𝐵
∴ % decrease in pressure and 𝐶 to 𝐷
𝑝 −𝑝 𝑖. 𝑒. , 𝑊 = 𝑊 = 0 and 𝑊 = 𝑃 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) =
= × 100%
𝑝 𝜇𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝑝 − 0.6985𝑝 = 6𝑅(2200 − 800) = 6𝑅 × 1400 𝐽
= × 100
𝑝 Also 𝑊 = 𝑃 (𝑉 − 𝑉 ) = 𝜇𝑅(𝑇 − 𝑇 )
0.3015𝑝 = 6𝑅(600 − 1200) = −6𝑅 × 600 𝐽
= × 100%
𝑝 Hence work done in complete cycle
= 30.15% = 30% 𝑊 =𝑊 +𝑊 +𝑊 +𝑊
319 (d) = 0 + 6𝑅 × 1400 + 0 − 6𝑅 × 600
In adiabatic process, no transfer of heat takes = 6𝑅 × 800 = 6 × 8.3 × 800 ≈ 40 𝑘𝐽
place between system and surrounding 324 (c)
320 (a) 𝑃𝑉 = 𝐾 or 𝑃𝛾𝑉 𝑑𝑉 + 𝑑𝑃. 𝑉 = 0
The 𝑝 − 𝑉 graphs three given processes are
⇒ = −𝛾 or × 100 = −𝛾 × 100
shown in figure
= −1.4 × 5 = 7%
325 (c)
Work does not characterise the thermodynamic
state of matter, it is a path function giving only
 relationship between two quantities. 331 (b)
326 (b) Work done at constant pressure is
𝑉. 𝑇. graph is a straight line passing through
origin. 𝑊 = 𝑝 ∆𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅 ∆𝑇
Hence, 𝑉 ∝ 𝑇 or 𝑃 = constant Where p is presure, ∆𝑉 the volume change, R the
∴ ∆𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇 and ∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇 gas constant, ∆𝑇 the change in temperature and n
Also ∆𝑊 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑈 = 𝜇(𝐶 − 𝐶 )∆𝑇 the number of moles.
∆𝑄 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇 𝐶 1
∴ = = =
∆𝑊 𝑛(𝐶 − 𝐶 )∆𝑇 𝐶 − 𝐶 1− Given, n=1, 𝑇 = 127℃ = 400𝐾,
∆
= for helium gas. Hence = = 𝑇 = 27℃ = 300K, 𝑅 = 8.14 J/mol − K
∆ /
327 (a)
∴ 𝑊 = 1 × 8.14 × (400 − 300)

W=814 J
332 (d)
When a thermodynamic system undergoes a
change in such a way that no exchange of heat
takes place between system and surrounding, the
Work done by the system process is known as adiabatic process. In this
= area under 𝑝 − 𝑉 diagram process p,V and T changes but ∆𝑄 = 0.
= area of rectangle 𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐸+ area of ∆𝐴𝐵𝐶 334 (a)
2 × 10 × 2 𝑑𝑄 = 2kcal = 200cal = 2000 × 4.2 J = 8400 J
= 4 × 10 × 2 + 𝑑𝑊 = 500 J,
2
𝑊 = 10 × 10 J 𝑑𝑈 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊
328 (d) = 8400 − 500 = 7900 J
335 (c)
𝑑𝑈 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 = 𝑅 𝑑𝑇 = × 8.32 × 100 = 1.25 ×
𝑇 500 3
10 J η =1− −1− = = 0.375
𝑇 800 8
329 (a) 336 (c)
For adiabatic change equation of state is If 𝑀 is molecular mass of the gas, then from
𝑀 𝐶 −𝐶 =𝑅
𝑝𝑉 = constant
8.31
𝑀= = 0.0392
It can also be re-written as 210
Ifρ is density of the gas at NTP, then mass of 1
𝑛𝑅𝑇 m of gas at NTP= ρ kg
𝑇𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 𝑎𝑠 𝑝 =
𝑉 ∴ Mass of 22.4 L (= 22.4 × 10 m ) of gas at NTP
= ρ × 22.4 × 10 kg, which is the molecular mass
and 𝑝 𝑇 = constant 𝑎𝑠 𝑉 =
of the gas
330 (b) ∴ ρ × 22.4 × 10 = 0.0392
For the process at constant pressure 0.0392
𝑑𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 + 𝑑𝑤 ρ= = 1.75 kgm
22.4 × 10
𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 337 (c)
𝑑𝑇 =
𝐶 Here, change in internal energy of the system is
For the process at constant volume, zero, ie, increase in internal energy of one is equal
𝑑𝑄 = 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 (∴ 𝑑𝑊 = 0) to decrease in internal energy of other.
𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑊
=𝐶 = =
𝐶 𝐶 /𝐶 γ
or (γ − 1)𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑊
5 3
− 1 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑊, 𝑑𝑄 = 𝑊
3 2
 From Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get

η 0.423
= ≈ 0.577
η 0.732
343 (a)
5𝑅 For adiabatic change, = constant
∆𝑈 = 1 × (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
2
𝑇 𝑝
3𝑅 7 =
∆𝑈 = 1 × (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) 𝑇 𝑝
2 3
. .
27 + 273 1
Now, ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑈 = 0 =
627 + 273 𝑝
5𝑅 3𝑅 7𝑇 / /
𝑇 −𝑇 + 𝑇 − =0
2 2 3 or =

5𝑇 − 5𝑇 + 3𝑇 − 7𝑇 = 0
⇒ 𝑃 = 27 atm
⇒ 8𝑇 = 12𝑇 = 27 × 1.07 × 10
12 3
⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑇 = 𝑇 = 27 × 10 Nm
8 2 345 (c)
338 (a)
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 = 0 ⇒ ∆𝑊 = −∆𝑈
∆𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝜃. Here ∆𝑄 = 0, hence 𝑐 = 0
If ∆𝑊 is positive 𝑖. 𝑒., gas does work then ∆𝑈
339 (a)
should be negative meaning internal energy is
Work done during the complete cycle= area
used in doing work
𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴 = 𝐴𝐷 × 𝐴𝐵 = 𝑝 × 𝑉
346 (a)
340 (a)
As gas is suddenly expanded so it is an adiabatic
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 and ∆𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉
process,
341 (a)
The efficiencyη of Carnot engine is defined as the ie, 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡
amount of work divided by the heat transferred
between the system and the hot reservoir. or 𝑝 𝑉 =𝑝 𝑉

Δ𝑊 𝑇𝑐 Given, 𝑉 = 3𝑉 , 𝐶 = 2𝑅
η= = 1−
Δ𝑄 𝑇
∴ 𝐶 = 2𝑅 + 𝑅 = 3𝑅
Where, 𝑇 and𝑇 are temperatures of cold and hot
𝐶 3𝑅
junctions respectively. ⇒ γ= = = 1.5
𝐶 2𝑅
Ist case𝑇 = 0℃ = 0 + 273 = 273K
𝑃 𝑉 .
∴ = = (3) = 5.1 ≈ 5
𝑇 = 200℃ = 200 + 273 = 473 K 𝑃 𝑉

∴ η =1− = = 0.4228 ≈ 0.423 …(i)

IInd case

𝑇 = −200℃ = −200 + 273 = 73K

𝑇 = 0℃ = 0 + 273 = 273 K

η =1− =1− = = 0.732 …(ii)

347 (b) As COP=
Given, 𝑇 = 627 + 273 = 900𝐾 1000 × 80 × 4.2
∴ 2.5 =
𝑄 = 3 × 10 cal 𝑊
× × .
or 𝑊 = .
= 134400 J
𝑇 = 27 + 273 = 300 K 354 (a)
𝑄 𝑄 In curves 𝐴 and 𝐵, pressure and volume both
∴ = increase. Therefore, temperature must rise and
𝑇 𝑇
heat must be supplied/work is done. Therefore, 𝐴
𝑇 and 𝐵 cannot be required curves. Out of 𝐶 and 𝐷,
⇒ 𝑄 = ×𝑄
𝑇 slope of 𝐷 is smaller. Therefore, 𝐷 is isothermal
curve and 𝐶 is adiabatic curve
300
= × 3 × 10 355 (b)
900 As is clear from figure,
= 1 × 10 cal Slope of curve 2 > Slope of curve 1
(γ𝑝) = (γ𝑝)
Work done = 𝑄 − 𝑄 γ >γ
As γ > 𝛾O
= 3 × 10 − 1 × 10 = 2 × 10 cal
∴ adiabatic curve 2 corresponds to helium and
= 2 × 4.2 × 10 J = 8.4 × 10 J adiabatic curve 1 corresponds to oxygen
348 (c) 356 (b)
Work done = Area of 𝑃𝑉 graph (here trapezium) The isothermal curve on p-V diagram is like a
1 hyperbola.
= (1 × 10 + 5 × 10 ) × (5 − 1) = 12 × 10 𝐽 357 (c)
2
349 (a) 𝐴𝐷 and 𝐵𝐶 represent adiabatic process (more
In a cyclic process ∆𝑈 = 0 ⇒ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊 slope)
⇒ (100 − 20) = 20 + 𝑊 ⇒ 𝑊 = 60 𝐽 𝐴𝐵 and 𝐷𝐶 represent isothermal process (less
350 (b) slope)
𝑄 𝐶 𝑑𝑇 𝑅 3 358 (a)
= = = that is 60: 40. Figure shows that loop 1 is anticlockwise,
𝑄 𝑝 𝑑𝑇 𝑅 2
therefore 𝑊 is negative, loop 2 is clockwise,
351 (d)
therefore 𝑊 is positive.
For adiabatic process 𝑝𝑉 = constant
Also, loop 2 is bigger
𝑃 𝑉 ∴ 𝑊 >𝑊
⇒ = Hence, 𝑊 = −𝑊 + 𝑊 →positive
𝑃 𝑉
359 (a)
/
𝑃 800 𝐸 = 𝑃, if 𝑃 = constant, 𝐸 = constant
∴ =
𝑃 100 360 (d)
During adiabatic expansion
⇒ 𝑃 = 32 𝑃
𝑇𝑉 = constant of 𝑇 𝑉 =𝑇𝑉
352 (a)
For adiabatic process 𝑇 𝑉
=
𝑇 𝑉
𝑃𝑉 =𝑝 𝑉 For monoatomic gas, γ = 5/3
𝑇 𝐴𝐿 / 𝐿 /
𝑅𝑇 𝑅𝑇 = =
𝑉 = 𝑉 𝑇 𝐴𝐿 𝐿
𝑉 𝑉
361 (c)
𝑇𝑉 =𝑇𝑉 ∆𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉, here ∆𝑉 is negative so ∆𝑊 will be
353 (a) negative
363 (c)
COP= =( ) ( )
= = 2.5

P a g e |69
 Isochoric process takes place at constant volume. Atmospheric pressure 𝑃 = 1.01 × 10 𝑑𝑦𝑛𝑒/𝑐𝑚
Work done against atmospheric pressure
Since, there is no change of volume (∆𝑉 = 0) 1.01 × 10 × 1670
therefore 𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 = = 40 𝑐𝑎𝑙
4.2 × 10
373 (a)
𝑊 = 𝑝 ∆𝑉 = 0
Pressure (p), volume (V) and temperature (T) are
364 (b)
𝑇 500 600 the thermodynamic coordinates whereas R is a
η=1− =1− = 1− universal gas constant valued at
𝑇 800 𝑥
3 600 8.314 J mol K .
∴ =1− 374 (c)
8 𝑥
600 3 5 𝑇 𝑉 𝑉 1 𝑉 1
=1− = = =2⇒ = ⇒ =
𝑥 8 8 𝑇 𝑉 𝑉 2 𝑉 2
4800
5𝑥 = 4800, 𝑥 = = 960 K 1
5 <
2
366 (b) 𝑉
From FLOT ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ⇒𝑉 <
2
∵ Heat supplied to the system so ∆𝑄 → Positive 375 (d)
and work is done on the system so ∆𝑊 → ∆𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇
Negative 3
= 2 𝑅 + 𝑅 ∆𝑇
Hence +∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 − ∆𝑊 2
367 (c) 3
= 2 𝑅+𝑅 ×5
𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 2
𝑛𝑅(∆𝑇) = 1 × 8.3 × 100 = 8.3 × 10 𝐽 5
= 2 × × 8.31 × 5
368 (a) 2
= 208 𝐽
𝑇𝑉 = constant ⇒ = 376 (c)
𝑉 The efficiency of Carnot engine
⇒𝑇 =𝑇
𝑉 Work output 𝑊
1 . η=
Heat input
=
𝑄
⇒ 𝑇 = 300 = 227.36 𝐾
2
369 (d) or η = = 1−
𝑑𝑊 = 𝑑𝑄 − 𝑑𝑈
= 𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) − 𝐶 [ 𝑇 − 𝑇 ] Also we can show that
= 𝑅[𝑇 − 𝑇 ]
= 8.31 × 100 = 8.31 × 10 J 𝑄 𝑇
=
370 (a) 𝑄 𝑇
According to question
𝑇
∴ η=1−
𝑉 𝑇
𝑝 𝑉 = (2𝑝 )
2
where 𝑇 is temperature of sink and 𝑇 is
𝑃 𝑉 temperature of hot reservoir.
=2 = 2(2)
𝑃 2𝑉
According to question
= 2 × 0.38 = 0.76
371 (d) =1− …(i)
𝑊 = ∫ 𝑝𝑑𝑉 =area under the 𝑝 − 𝑉 curve
= minimum along 𝐴𝐷𝐵 and = 1 − …(ii)
372 (b)
Amount of heat given = 540 𝑐𝑎𝑙𝑜𝑟𝑖𝑒𝑠 From Eq. (i)
Change in volume ∆𝑉 = 1670 𝑐. 𝑐

P a g e |70
 𝑇 4 380 (d)
=
𝑇 5 No change in the internal energy of ideal gas, but
for real gas internal energy increases because
5
⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑇 work is done against intermolecular forces.
4
381 (b)
Substituting value of 𝑇 in Eq. (ii), we get 20000𝐽
Δ𝑄 = 𝑚𝑐Δ𝑇 ⇒ Δ𝑇 = = 50℃
1𝑘𝑔 × (400𝐽/𝑘𝑔℃)
1 𝑇 − 50 ⇒𝑇 = 70℃
=1−
3 𝑇 Hence 𝑊 = 𝑃 ∆𝑉 = 𝑃 𝑉 𝛾 Δ𝑇
1
4(𝑇 − 50) 2 = (10 𝑁/𝑚 ) 𝑚 (9 × 10 /℃)(50℃)
9 × 10
or =
5𝑇 3 = 0.05𝐽
382 (b)
2 5
or𝑇 − 50 = × 𝑇 In cyclic process ∆𝑄 = Work done = Area inside
3 4 the closed curve
5 Treat the circle as an ellipse of area = (𝑃 −
or𝑇 − 𝑇𝐿 = 50
6 𝑃 )(𝑉 − 𝑉 )
𝜋
∴ 𝑇 = 50 × 6 = 300 K ⇒ ∆𝑄 = {(150 − 50) × 10 × (40 − 20)
4
377 (b) 𝜋
× 10 } = 𝐽
Efficiency of a heat engine 2
383 (b)
𝑇 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 = 𝑈 − 𝑈 = [internal energy of 4 moles
η=1−
𝑇 of a monoatomic gas + internal energy of 2 moles
30 77 + 273 of a diatomic gas] – [internal energy of 4 moles of
or =1− a diatomic gas]
100 𝑇
3 5 5
350 30 7 = 4 × 𝑅𝑇 + 2 × 𝑅𝑇 − 4 × 𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇
2 2 2
or =1− =
𝑇 100 10 Note: (a) 2 moles of diatomic gas becomes 4
moles of a monoatomic gas when gas dissociated
⇒ 𝑇 = 500K or 227℃ into atoms.
378 (c) (b) Internal energy of 𝜇 moles of an ideal gas of
Isobaric expansion is represented by curve 𝐴𝐵
degrees of freedom 𝐹 is given by 𝑈 = 𝜇𝑅𝑇
Work done area under 𝐴𝐵
= 2 × 10 × (3 − 1) = 4 × 10 = 400 J. 𝐹 = 3 for a monoatomic gas and 5 for diatomic
379 (b) gas
Change in internal energy from A to B is 384 (d)
As indicator diagram if all the three cases are
𝑓 𝑓 closed curves, representing cyclic changes,
∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝑅∆𝑇 = (𝑝 𝑉 − 𝑝 𝑉 )
2 2 therefore, 𝑈 = const and ∆𝑈 = 0 in all the cases
385 (a)
3 9
= (2𝑝 × 2𝑉 − 𝑝 × 𝑉 ) = 𝑝 𝑉 ∆𝑄 80 × 1000
2 2 ∆𝑆 = = = 293 𝑐𝑎𝑙/𝐾
𝑇 273
Work done in process A to B is equal to the area 386 (c)
covered by the graph with volume axis, ie, From the first law of thermodynamics,
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊
1 3 For a cyclic process, ∆𝑈 = 0
𝑊 → = (𝑝 + 2𝑝 ) × (2𝑉 − 𝑉 ) = 𝑝 𝑉
2 2 ∴ ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑊
Hence, ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 ∆𝑄 = 𝑄 + 𝑄 + 𝑄 + 𝑄
= 600𝐽 − 400𝐽 − 300𝐽 + 200𝐽 = 100𝐽
9 3 ∆𝑊 = 𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊 + 𝑊
= 𝑝 𝑉 + 𝑝 𝑉 = 6𝑝 𝑉
2 2
P a g e |71
 ∆𝑊 = 300𝐽 − 200𝐽 − 150𝐽 + 𝑊 𝑇 (273 − 123) 150 1
𝜂 =1− =1− =1− =
= −50𝐽 + 𝑊 𝑇 (273 + 27) 300 2
Substitute the value of ∆𝑄 and ∆𝑊 in eqn. (i), we = 50%
get 393 (d)
100𝐽 = −50𝐽 + 𝑊 or 𝑊 = 150𝐽 In an adiabatic process
387 (a)
As work done=0 ∆𝑄 = 0

∆𝑈 = 𝑚𝑐∆𝑇 So, from 1st law of thermodynamics

= 100 × 10 × 4184 × (50 − 30) 𝑊 = −∆𝑈

=84 kJ = −𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇
388 (a) 𝑅
= −𝑛 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
Efficiency of engine η = γ−1

Also, η = 1 − = (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) ----(i)

𝑊 𝑇 Here W=6R J, n=1 mol

=1−
𝑄 𝑇
R=8.31 J/mol-K, γ = , 𝑇 = 𝑇K
12.6 × 10 27 + 273
⇒ = 1− Substituting given values in Eq. (i), we get
𝑄 927 + 273

𝑄 = 16.8 × 10 J 𝑅
∴ 6𝑅 = (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
389 (c) (5/3 − 1)
From the given 𝑉𝑇 diagram 3𝑅
In process 𝐴𝐵, 𝑉 ∝ 𝑇 ⇒ Pressure is constant (As ⇒ 6𝑅 = (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
2
quantity of the gas remains same)
In process 𝐵𝐶, 𝑉 = Constant and in process ⇒ 𝑇−𝑇 =4
𝐶𝐴, 𝑇 = constant
∴ These processes are correctly represented on ∴ 𝑇 = (𝑇 − 4)K
𝑃𝑉 diagram by graph (c) 394 (b)
390 (a) In adiabatic process ∆𝑈 = −∆𝑊. In compression
Heat absorbed by the system at constant pressure ∆𝑊 is negative, so ∆𝑈 is positive 𝑖. 𝑒. internal
𝑄 = 𝑛𝑐 ∆𝑇 energy increases
Change in internal energy ∆𝑈 = 𝑛𝑐 ∆𝑇 395 (d)
𝑊 = 𝑄 − ∆𝑈 Adiabatic Bulk modulus 𝐸 = 𝛾𝑃
𝑊 𝑄 − ∆𝑈 ∆𝑈 396 (a)
∴ = =1− 𝑊 = area under 𝑝 − 𝑉 curve = maximum in
𝑄 𝑄 𝑄
𝑛𝑐 ∆𝑇 𝑐 isothermal expansion
=1− =1− 397 (b)
𝑛𝑐 ∆𝑇 𝑐
1 As work done in process = area under the curve,
= 1− which increases continuously
γ
391 (c) 398 (c)
𝐶 = 8 cal (mol℃) , 𝐶 = 𝐶 − 𝑅 = 8 − 2 = 6 cal 𝑊 = −𝑝 𝑉
(mol ℃) 𝑊 =0
𝑑𝑈 = 𝑚𝐶 (𝑇 − 𝑇 ) = 5 × 6(20 − 10) = 300 cal 𝑊 =4𝑝 𝑉
392 (a) 𝑊 =𝑊 +𝑊 +𝑊
= −𝑝 𝑉 + 0 + 4𝑝 𝑉 = 3𝑝 𝑉
399 (b)

P a g e |72
 Relation between coefficient of performance and 406 (a)
efficiency of refrigerator is Since 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑅𝑇 and 𝑇 = constant
∴ 𝑃𝑉 = constant
1−η
β= 407 (d)
η 𝑉
𝑊 = 𝜇𝑅𝑇log
𝑉
1− 𝑚 𝑉 𝑚 𝑉
∴ β= =9 = 𝑅𝑇 log = 2.3 × 𝑅𝑇 log
𝑀 𝑉 𝑀 𝑉
96 140
( ) = 2.3 × 𝑅(273 + 27) log
Coefficient of performance, β = 32 70
( )
= 2.3 × 900𝑅 log 2
𝑄 408 (d)
⇒ 9= 𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 = 2.4 × 10 × 1 × 10 = 24𝐽
10
409 (d)
or𝑄 = 90 J In an adiabatic process,
400 (c)
In this process, p and V changes but T=constant 𝑝𝑉 = constant
ie, change in temperature ∆𝑇 = 0
or 𝑝 𝑉 =𝑝 𝑉
Boyle’s law is obeyed ie, pV=constant
or = ----(i)
⇒ 𝑝 𝑉 =𝑝 𝑉

According to pV=constant, graph between p and Volume of gas =

V is a part of rectangular hyperbola. Therefore,
option(c) is correct. ie, 𝑉 = or 𝑉 ∝
401 (a)
It is an isothermal process. Hence work done 𝑉 𝜌
∴ = = 32
= 𝑃(𝑉 − 𝑉 ) 𝑉 𝜌
= 1 × 10 × (1.091 − 1) × 10 = 0.0091 𝐽
402 (d) Thus, from Eq.(i), we have
The theory of refrigerator is based on second law 𝑃
or thermodynamics. = (32) = (32) / = 2 = 128
𝑃
403 (b) 410 (a)
The given relation is 𝑝 ∝ 𝑉 We know that blowing air (if sudden) is an
Therefore, 𝑝 ∝ 𝑉 adiabatic process. But it is not given as sudden
When 𝑉 chnages from 𝑉 to 2𝑉, pressure 𝑝 is also process. Also, as the mouth is open, pressure
doubled inside and outside is same. Thus, blowing air with
For an ideal gas, =constant open mouth is isobaric process.
∴ 𝑇 ∝ 𝑝𝑣. Hence, 𝑇 becomes 2 × 2 = 4 times 411 (c)
𝑖𝑒, 4 × 300 K = 1200 K Efficiency, η = 1 −
404 (b)
Internal energy does not change in isothermal (27 + 273)
∴ η= 1−
process. ∆𝑆 can be zero for adiabatic process. (273 + 627)
Work done in adiabatic process may be non-zero.
300 600 2
405 (d) =1− = =
𝑉 900 900 3
𝑊 = 2.3026 𝑛𝑅𝑇 log 412 (a)
𝑉
10 Due to compression the temperature of the
= 2.3026 × 10 × 9.3 × 600 log system increases to a very high value. The causes
100
= −11.4 × 10 J the flow of heat from system to the surroundings,

P a g e |73
 thus decreasing the temperature. This decrease in 𝛾= = for monoatomic He gas
temperature results in decrease in pressure
413 (b)
5.6
According to first law of thermodynamics, ∴ 𝑇 =𝑇 = 4𝑇
0.7
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 + 𝑑𝑊
As 𝑑𝑊 = −𝑑𝑈 Further in adiabatic process,
𝑑𝑄 = 𝑑𝑈 − 𝑑𝑈 = 0
The change must be adiabatic Q=0
414 (b)
∴ 𝑊 + ∆𝑈 = 0
∆𝑈 = 𝜇𝐶 ∆𝑇 = 2 × 4.96 × (342 − 340)
= 19.84 𝑐𝑎𝑙 or 𝑊 = −∆𝑈 = −𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇
415 (c)
𝐸 𝐶 𝑅
=γ= = 1.4 = −𝑛 (𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐸 𝐶 γ−1

2.1 × 10 1 𝑅
= 1.4 =− (4𝑇 − 𝑇 )
𝐸 4 −1
2.1 × 10
or 𝐸 = 9
1.4 = − 𝑅𝑇
8
= 1.5 × 10 Nm 418 (c)
416 (b) According to first law of thermodynamics,
Work done 𝑊 =
( ) ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊

∴ ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑄 − ∆𝑊
𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑇
= 1−
(γ − 1) 𝑇 𝑝(𝑉 − 𝑉 )
= 540 −
𝐽
𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑉
= 1−
(γ − 1) 𝑉 1.013 × 10 × [(1671 − 1) × 10 ]
= 540 −
4.2
2 × 8.3 × 300 1
= 1− = 540 − 40 = 500 cal
−1 2 419 (d)
When 𝑇 is constant, 𝑝𝑉 = constant
=+2767.23 J When volume is decreased by 10% 𝑖𝑒, volume
417 (a) become , the pressure must become 100/90
At STP, ( )×
∴ % increase in pressure= = 11.1%
22.4 L of any gas is 1 mol, 420 (a)
5.6 1 In thermodynamic process, work done is equal to
∴ 5.6 L = = mol = 𝑛 the area covered by the 𝑃𝑉 curve with volume
22.4 4
axis
In adiabatic process, 𝑊 <𝑊 <𝑊
P
𝑇𝑉 = constant Isobaric

Isothermal
∴ 𝑇𝑉 =𝑇𝑉
Adiabatic

V1 V2 V
or 𝑇 =𝑇
421 (b)
Velocity of sound in air increases (𝑣 ) with

P a g e |74
 increase in temperature[𝑣 = 𝑣 + 0.61𝑡]but is 428 (a)
independent of pressure variation. In adiabatic process, the relation between
422 (d) temperature (T) and pressure(p) is
𝑇𝑉 = constant ⇒ 𝑇 = 𝑇 = 927℃ 𝑇
= constant
423 (d) 𝑃
Volume of the ideal gas is constant so
Whereγ is ratio of specific heats.
𝑊 = 𝑃∆𝑉 = 0
Using FLOT Given, 𝑇 = 27℃ = 27 + 273 = 300 𝐾,
∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 ⇒ ∆𝑈 = 𝑖 𝑅𝑡
= 1 × 100 × 5 × 60 = 30 × 10 = 30𝑘𝐽 𝑝 5
𝑝 = 𝑝, 𝑝 = ,γ =
424 (b) 8 3
Heat engine is a device which converts heat into
𝑇 𝑝
work (mechanical energy) continuously through a ∴ =
𝑇 𝑝
cyclic process.
425 (c)
In isothermal process, exchange of energy takes 𝑇 8 /
⇒ =
place between system and surrounding to 𝑇 1
maintain the system temperature constant .
426 (a) = (8) = 2.297
Internal energy of an ideal gas is given by 𝑇 300
𝑓 𝑓 𝑁 ⇒𝑇 = =
𝑈 = 𝜇𝑅𝑇 = 𝑅𝑇 ⇒ 𝑈 ∝ 𝑁𝑇 2.297 2.297
2 2 𝑁
In isothermal process 𝑇 = constant ⇒ 𝑈 ∝ 𝑁 = 130.6 K ≈ 131K
𝑖. 𝑒. internal energy increases by increasing
⇒ 𝑇 = 131 − 273
number of molecules (𝑁)
427 (b) = −142℃
Equation of an adiabatic process is 429(c)
As we know that slope of isothermal and adiabatic
𝑝𝑉 = 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡𝑎𝑛𝑡 ---(i)
curves are always negative and slope of adiabatic
curve is always greater than that of isothermal
Given, 𝑃 =
curve
𝑝 𝑉 =𝑘 (constant) Hence in the given graph curve 𝐴 and 𝐵
represents adiabatic and isothermal changes
/ respectively
⇒ 𝑝𝑉 = 𝑘 ----(ii)
430 (c)
Comparing Eqs. (i) and (ii), we get For cyclic process p-V curve is closed curve and
4 area enclosed by closed path represent the work
γ= = 1.33 done.
3
431 (a)
In taking a system from one state to another by
different processes, the heat transferred Q and
work done W are different, but their difference Q-
W is same for all processes. It gives the internal
energy of the system.

∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊

Thus, internal energy U of a thermodynamic

system is a characteristic property of the state of
the system, it does not matter how that state has
P a g e |75
 been obtained. 437 (a)
432 (a) For every gas, 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑅 ∴ 𝑥 = 𝑦
As = ∴ = = 438 (a)
×
Given, ∆𝑄 = +8 × 10 J
𝑄 = × 6 × 10 = 4.8 × 10 cal
∴ 𝑊 = 𝑄 − 𝑄 = 6 × 10 − 4.8 × 10 = 1.2 × 𝑊 = +6.5 × 10 J
10 cal
∴ Chage in internal energy
433 (b)
As 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑝 𝑑𝑉 ∆𝑈 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
∴ (i) 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑝 × 0 = 0
(ii) 𝑑𝑊 = 𝑝(2𝑉 − 𝑉) = 𝑝𝑉 = 8 × 10 − 6.5 × 10
434 (d)
∆𝑄 = 𝜇𝐶 𝑑𝑇 = 1.5 × 10 J
7
⇒ 1163.4 = 1. 𝑅. 𝑑𝑇 In second process
2
1163.4 × 2 𝑄 = 10 J
⇒ 𝑑𝑇 = = 40𝐾
7 × 8.31
435 (a) In both the processes, initial and final states are
𝑊 = 𝑂; 𝑊 = 2𝑃 𝑉 ; 𝑊 = 0; 𝑊 = −𝑃 𝑉 same, so change in internal energy will be same.
So total work done = 𝑃 𝑉
From 𝐴 and 𝐵, heat given to the gas ∴ ∆𝑈 = ∆𝑈
3 3 3
= 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇 = 𝑛 𝑅∆𝑇 = 𝑉 ∆𝑃 = 𝑃 𝑉 1.5 × 10 = 𝑄 − 𝑊
2 2 2
From 𝐵 to 𝐶, heat given to the system
1.5 × 10 = 10 − 𝑊
5 5
= 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇 = 𝑛 𝑅 ∆𝑇 = (2𝑃 )∆𝑉 = 5𝑃 𝑉
2 2 𝑊 = 10 − 1.5 × 10
From 𝐶 to 𝐷 and 𝐷 to 𝐴, heat is rejected
Efficiency, 𝜂 = × 100 = −0.5 × 10 J
𝑃𝑉 Work done is negative, so, work done on the gas is
𝜂= = 15.4%
𝑃 𝑉 + 5𝑃 𝑉 0.5 × 10 J.
436 (b) 440 (c)
At constant pressure, Internal energy depends only on the temperature
of the gas
Heat required= 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇

⇒ 310 = 2 × 𝐶 × (35 − 25)

310
⇒ 𝐶 = = 15.5J/mol/K
20

Similarly, at constant volume,

Heat required= 𝑛𝐶 ∆𝑇

= 2 𝐶 − 𝑅 × (35 − 25) ∵ 𝐶 − 𝐶 = 𝑅

= 2 × (15.5 − 8.3) × 10

= 2 × 7.2 × 10 = 144 J

P a g e |76
Session: 2023-24 Total Questions: 475

PHYSICS
12.THERMODYNAMICS

Assertion - Reasoning Type

This section contain(s) 0 questions numbered 1 to 0. Each question containsSTATEMENT 1(Assertion) and
STATEMENT 2(Reason). Each question has the 4 choices (a), (b), (c) and (d) out of which ONLY ONE is correct.

a) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement 2 is correct explanation for Statement 1

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 b) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is True; Statement 2 is not correct explanation for Statement 1

c) Statement 1 is True, Statement 2 is False

d) Statement 1 is False, Statement 2 is True

Statement 1: The isothermal curves intersect each other at a certain point

Statement 2: The isothermal changes takes place rapidly, so the isothermal curves have very little
slope
2

Statement 1: A Carnot engine working between 100 K and 400 K has an efficiency of 75%

Statement 2: If follows from 𝜂 = 1 −

Statement 1: The Carnot cycle is useful in understanding the performance of heat engines

Statement 2: The Carnot cycle provides a way of determining the maximum possible efficiency
achievable with reservoirs of given temperatures
4

Statement 1: Efficiency of a Carnot engine decreases with decrease in temperature difference between
the source and the sink.
Statement 2: 𝑇 𝑇 −𝑇
η=1− =
𝑇 𝑇
5

Statement 1: We can not change the temperature of a body without giving (or taking) heat to (or from)
it
Statement 2: According to principle of conservation of energy, total energy of a system should remain
conserved
6

Statement 1: Specific heat capacity is the cause of formation of land and sea breeze.

Statement 2: The specific heat of water is more than land.

Statement 1: In adiabatic compression, the internal energy and temperature of the system get
decreased.
Statement 2: The adiabatic compression is a slow process.

Statement 1: First law of thermodynamic does not forbid flow of heat from lower temperature to
higher temperature.
Statement 2: Heat supplied to a system is always equal to the increase in its internal energy at constant
volume.
9

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 Statement 1: In an isolated system the entropy increases

Statement 2: The processes in an isolated system are adiabatic

10

Statement 1: The heat supplied to a system is always equal to the increase in its internal energy

Statement 2: When a system changes from one thermal equilibrium to another, some heat is absorbed
by it
11

Statement 1: When a glass of hot milk is placed in a room and allowed to cool, its entropy decreases

Statement 2: Allowing hot object to cool does not violate the second law of thermodynamics

12

Statement 1: When a bottle of cold carbonated drink is opened, a slight fog forms around the opening

Statement 2: Adiabatic expansion of the gas causes lowering of temperature and condensation of
water vapours
13

Statement 1: Work done by a gas in isothermal expansion is more than the work done by the gas in the
same expansion, adiabatically
Statement 2: Temperature remains constant in isothermal expansion, and not is adiabatic expansion

14

Statement 1: Air quickly leaking out of a balloon becomes cooler

Statement 2: The leaking air undergoes adiabatic expansion

15

Statement 1: First law of thermodynamics is re-statement of the principle of conservation of energy

Statement 2: Energy is something fundamental

16

Statement 1: If an electric fan be switched on in a closed room, the air of the room will be cooled

Statement 2: Fan air decreases the temperature of the room

17

Statement 1: In an adiabatic process, change in internal energy of a gas is equal to work done on or by
the gas in the process
Statement 2: Temperature of gas remains constant in a adiabatic process

18

Statement 1: A reversible engine working between 127℃ and 227℃ cannot have efficiency more than
20%
Statement 2: Under ideal conditions 𝜂 = 1 −

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19

Statement 1: In isothermal process whole of the heat energy supplied to the body is converted into
internal energy
Statement 2: According to the first law of thermodynamics ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑃∆𝑉

20

Statement 1: An adiabatic process is an isotropic process

Statement 2: Δ𝑆 = = 0 ∴ ∆𝑄 = 0, Which represents an adiabatic process

21

Statement 1: Zeroth law of thermodynamic explains the concept of energy

Statement 2: Energy is dependent on temperature

22

Statement 1: The entropy of the solids is the highest

Statement 2: Atoms of the solids are arranged in orderly manner

23

Statement 1: It is impossible for a ship to use the internal energy of sea water to operate its engine.

Statement 2: A heat engine is different from a refrigerator.

24

Statement 1: Reversible systems are difficult to find in real world

Statement 2: Most processes are dissipative in nature

25

Statement 1: It is not possible for a system, unaided by an external agency to transfer heat from a body
at lower temperature to another body at higher temperature
Statement 2: According to Clausius statement, “No process is possible whose sole result is the transfer
of heat from a cooled object to a hotter object
26

Statement 1: The specific heat of a gas in an adiabatic process is zero and in an isothermal process is
infinite
Statement 2: Specific heat of a gas is directly proportional to change of heat in system and inversely
proportional to change in temperature
27

Statement 1: Internal energy of an ideal gas depends only on temperature and not on volume

Statement 2: Temperature is more important than volume

28

Statement 1: Efficiency of a Carnot engine increased on reducing the temperature of sink

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 Statement 2: The efficiency of a Carnot engine is defined as ratio of net mechanical work done per
cycle by the gas to the amount of heat energy absorbed per cycle from the source
29

Statement 1: The temperature of the surface of the sun is approximately 6000 𝐾. If we take a big lens
and focus the sunrays, we can produce a temperature of 8000 𝐾
Statement 2: The highest temperature can be produced according to second law of thermodynamics

30

Statement 1: It is not possible for a system, unaided by an external agency to transfer heat from a body
at a lower temperature to another at a higher temperature
Statement 2: It is not possible to violate the second law of thermodynamics

31

Statement 1: Thermodynamic processes in nature are irreversible

Statement 2: Dissipative effects can not be eliminated

32

Statement 1: The isothermal curves intersect each other at a certain point

Statement 2: The isothermal change takes place slowly, so the isothermal curves have very little slope

33

Statement 1: Change of state is an example of isothermal process

Statement 2: Change of state from solid to liquid occurs only at melting point of solid and change of
state from liquid to gas occurs only at boiling point of liquid. Thus, there is no change of
temperature during change of state

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Session: 2023-24 Total Questions: 475

PHYSICS
12.THERMODYNAMICS

: ANSWER KEY :
1) d 2) a 3) a 4) a 21) d 22) d 23) b 24) a
5) d 6) a 7) d 8) b 25) a 26) a 27) c 28) b
9) b 10) d 11) b 12) a 29) d 30) a 31) a 32) d
13) b 14) a 15) c 16) d 33) a
17) c 18) a 19) d 20) a

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Session: 2023-24 Total Questions: 475

PHYSICS
12.THERMODYNAMICS

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

1 (d) above sea water being warm and light rises up. To
To carry out isothermal process, a perfect gas is take its place the cold air from land starts blowing
compressed or allowed to expand very slowly. towards sea and so set-up breeze.

Isothermal curves never intersect each other as 7 (d)

they have very little slope In adiabatic process, there is no exchange of heat
bet6ween the system and the surroundings. This
2 (a) can be possible if the gas under adiabatic process
𝑇 100 3
𝜂 =1− =1− = = 75% is allowed to expand or compressed very quickly.
𝑇 400 4 Thus, it is a quick process.
Both, the Assertion and Reason are true and
When the gas is compressed adiabatically, the
Reason is correct explanation of Assertion
heat produced cannot escape to the surroundings
3 (a) through the insulating walls. As a result, the
Carnot cycle has maximum efficiency temperature of the gas and hence, the internal
energy increase.
4 (a)
8 (b)
As η = 1 − = , therefore, η will decrease if
First law of thermodynamics tells only about the
(𝑇 − 𝑇 ) decreases conversion of mechanical energy into the heat
energy and vice-versa. It does not put any
Both, the Assertion and Reason are true and latter
condition as to why heat cannot flow from lower
is correct explanation of the former
temperature to higher temperature.
5 (d)
First law of thermodynamics given
We can change the temperature of a body without
giving (or taking) heat to (or from) it. For dQ= dU+ dW
example in an adiabatic compression temperature
rises and in an adiabatic expansion temperature If heat is supplied as such its volume does not
falls, although no heat is given or taken from the change ie, dV=0, then whole of the heat energy
system in the respective changes supplied to the system will increase in its internal
energy only.
6 (a)
The temperature of land rises rapidly as 10 (d)
compared to sea because of specific heat of land is According to first law of thermodynamics,
five times less than that of sea water. Thus, the air ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑃∆𝑉. If heat is supplied in
above the land become hot and light so rises up such a manner that volume does not change
because of pressure drops over land. To ∆𝑉 = 0, 𝑖. 𝑒., isochoric process, then whole of the
compensate the drop of pressure, the cooler air heat energy supplied to the system will increase
starts blowing towards land as well as sea radiate internal energy only. But, in any other process it is
heat energy. The temperature of land falls more not possible.
rapidly as compared to sea water, as sea water
Also heat may be absorbed or evolved when state
consists of higher specific heat, capacity. The air

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 of thermal equilibrium changes This is the maximum value of efficiency. Both the
Assertion and Reason are true and Reason is
11 (b) correct explanation of Assertion
When milk cools, its energy content decreases
19 (d)
12 (a) As there is no change in internal energy of the
When a bottle of cold carbonated drink is opened system during an isothermal change. Hence, the
a slight fog forms around the opening. This is energy taken by the gas is utilised by doing work
because adiabatic expansion of gas causes against external pressure. According to FLOT
lowering of temperature and condensation of ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑃∆𝑉
water vapours
Hence ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑃∆𝑉; ∆𝑈 = 0 ∴ ∆𝑄 = 𝑃∆𝑉
13 (b)
Adiabatic curve is steeper than isothermal curve. Therefore, reason is true and assertion is false
Therefore, area under adiabatic curve is smaller
than the area under isothermal; curve 𝑖𝑒, work 20 (a)
done by the gas in adiabatic expansion is smaller Change in entropy, Δ𝑆 = . In an adiabatic
than the work done by the gas in isothermal change, Δ𝑄 = 0
expansion. The reverse is also true. Reason is true.
Reason is also true but Reason does not explain ∴ ∆𝑆 = 0 ∴ 𝑆 = constant 𝑖𝑒, entropy remains
Assertion constant, or it is an isotropic process. Choice (a) is
correct
14 (a)
Adiabatic expansion produces cooling 21 (d)
Zeroth law of thermodynamics explains the
15 (c) concept of temperature. According to which there
First law of thermodynamics is a restatement of exists a scalar quantity called temperature which
the principle of conservation of energy as applied is property of all thermodynamic system
to heat energy. Assertion is true but Reason is
false. 22 (d)
Entropy is a measure of the disorder or
16 (d) randomness of the system. Greater the
If an electric fan is switched on in a closed room, randomness, greater the entropy
the air will be heated because due to motion of
the fan, the speed of air molecules will increase. In 23 (b)
fact, we feel cold due to evaporation of our sweat For using the internal energy of sea water, to
operate the engine of a ship, the internal of the
17 (c) sea water has to be converted into mechanical
In an adiabatic process, no exchange of heat is energy. Since, whole of the internal energy cannot
permissible, i. 𝑒. , ∆𝑄 = 0 be converted into mechanical energy, a part has to
be rejected to a colder body (sink). Since, no such
As, ∆𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + ∆𝑊 = 0 ⇒ ∆𝑈 = −∆𝑊
body is available, the internal energy of the sea
Also in adiabatic process, temperature of gas water cannot be used to operate the engine of the
changes ship A refrigerator is a heat engine working in the
reverse direction.
18 (a)
Here, 𝑇 = 227 + 273 = 500 K 25 (a)
Second law of thermodynamics can be explained
𝑇 = 127 + 273 = 400 K with the help of example of refrigerator, as we
know that in refrigerator, the working substance
𝑇 400 1
𝜂 =1− =1− = = 20% extracts heat from colder body and rejects a large
𝑇 500 5
amount of heat to a hotter body with the help of

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 an external agency, i. 𝑒., the electric supply of the Since, the given information produces a
refrigerator. No refrigerator can ever work contradiction in second law of thermodynamics,
without external supply of electric energy to it therefore it is not possible to produce
temperature of 8000 K by collecting the sun rays
26 (a) with a lens
∆
𝑐= .∆
; a gas may be heated by putting
31 (a)
pressure, so it can have values for 0 to ∞
In reversible process, there always occurs some
𝐶 and 𝐶 are it’s two principle specific heats, out loss of energy. This is because energy spent in
of infinite possible values working against the dissipative force is not
recovered back. Some irreversible process occurs
In adiabatic process 𝐶 = 0, and in isothermal in nature such as friction where extra work is
process 𝐶 = ∞ done to cancel the effect of friction. Salt dissolves
in water but a salt does not separate by itself into
27 (c)
pure salt and pure water
In an ideal gas, we assume that intermolecular
force are zero. No work is done in charging the 32 (d)
distance between the molecules. Therefore, As isothermal processes are very slow and so the
internal energy is only kinetic and not potential. different isothermal curves have different slopes
Therefore, internal energy of an ideal gas depends so they cannot intersect each other
only on temperature and not on volume.
Assertion is true. Reason is false.

28 (b)
Efficiency of carnot cycle 𝜂 = = 1 − , for
Carnot engine when 𝑇 decreases 𝜂 increases

29 (d)
According to second law of thermodynamics, this
is not possible to transfer heat from a body at
lower temperature to a body at higher
temperature without the aid of an external agent.

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Session: 2023-24 Total Questions: 475

PHYSICS
12.THERMODYNAMICS

Matrix-Match Type

This section contain(s) 0 question(s). Each question contains Statements given in 2 columns which have to be
matched. Statements (A, B, C, D) in columns I have to be matched with Statements (p, q, r, s) in columns II.

1. One mole of a monoatomic ideal gas is taken through a cycle 𝐴𝐵𝐶𝐷𝐴 as shown in the 𝑃-𝑉 diagram.
Column-II given the characteristics involved in the cycle. Match them with each of the processes given in
Column-I

Column-I Column- II

(A) Process A → B (p) Internal energy decreases

(B) Process B → C (q) Internal energy increases

(C) Process C → D (r) Heat is lost

(D) Process D → A (s) Heat is gained

(t) Work is done on the gas

CODES :

A B C D

a) P,r q,s r,t p,r,t

b) r,t p,r,t p,r q,s

c) p,r,t p,r q,s r,t

d) q,s r,t p,r,t p,r

2. Match the following for the given process

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 Column-I Column- II

(A) Process 𝐽 → 𝐾 (p) 𝑄 > 0

(B) Process 𝐾 → 𝐿 (q) 𝑊 < 0

(C) Process 𝐿 → 𝑀 (r) 𝑊 > 0

(D) Process 𝑀 → 𝐽 (s) 𝑄 < 0

CODES :

A B C D

a) s p,r r q,s

b) p,r q,s s r

c) q,s s p,r r

d) s r q,s p,r

3. Column I contains a list of processes involving expansion of an ideal gas. Match this with Column II
describing the thermodynamic change during this process
Column-I Column- II

(A) An insulated container has two chambers (p) The temperature of the gas decreases
separated by a valve. Chamber I contains an
ideal gas and the Chamber II has vacuum. The
valve is opened

(B) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its (q) The temperature of the gas increases or
original volume such that its pressure 𝑃 ∝ , remains constant
where 𝑉 is the volume of the gas
(C) An ideal monoatomic gas expands to twice its (r) The gas loses heat
original volume such that its pressure 𝑃 ∝
/ , where 𝑉, is its volume
(D) An ideal monoatomic gas expands such that its (s) The gas gains heat
pressure 𝑃 and volume 𝑉 follows the behavior
shown in the graph

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CODES :

A B C D

a) P,r q q,s p,s

b) q p,r p,s q,s

c) p,s q,s q p,r

d) q,s p,s p,r q

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Session: 2023-24 Total Questions: 475

PHYSICS
12.THERMODYNAMICS

: ANSWER KEY :
1) c 2) a 3) b

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Session: 2023-24 Total Questions: 475

PHYSICS
12.THERMODYNAMICS

: HINTS AND SOLUTIONS :

1 (c) ∵ 𝑃𝑉 = 𝑛𝑅𝑇
𝐴 → 𝐵 ⇒ 𝑉 ↓ 𝑃 𝑐𝑜𝑛𝑠𝑡 ⇒ 𝑇 ↓ 𝑈 ↓ (p), (r), (t) 𝑇𝑉 = 𝐶
𝐵 → 𝐶 ⇒ 𝑑𝜔 ↓ 0 Since volume increases then temperature
𝑃↓𝑇↓ decreases.
𝑑𝜙 = 𝑑𝑢 + 𝑑𝜔 (p), (r) 𝑄 = 𝑛 𝐶∆𝑇, for polytropic process, 𝑃𝑉 =
𝐶 →𝐷 ⇒𝑉 ↑⇒𝑇↑ constant,
𝑑𝑢 ⇒ +𝑣𝑒 𝑅
𝐶=𝐶 +
𝑑𝜔 = +𝑣𝑒 (q), (s) 1−𝑥
𝐷 → 𝐴 ⇒ 𝑑𝜔 ⇒ −𝑣𝑒 (r), (t) 𝑅 3 𝑅
𝐶=𝐶 + =𝐶 −𝑅 ⇒ 𝑅−𝑅 ⇒𝐶 =
𝑑𝑞 ⇒ −𝑣𝑒 −2 + 1 2 2
𝑅
𝑑𝑢 = 0 ⇒ 𝑄 = 𝑛 ∆𝑇
2
2 (a)
∆𝑇 is negative so 𝑄 is negative means heat is lost
In process 𝐉 → 𝐊 : 𝑉 is constant where as 𝑃 is
(B) → (p,r)
decreasing
(C) 𝑃𝑉 / = 𝐶, 𝑇𝑉 / = 𝐶′
Therefore, 𝑇 should also decrease
So when volume increases then temperature
∴ 𝑊 = 𝑂, ∆𝑈 = −𝑣𝑒 and 𝑄 < 0
decreases
In process 𝐊 → 𝐋 : 𝑃 is constant while 𝑉 is
increasing Now 𝐶 = 𝐶 + = 𝑅 − 3𝑅 ⇒ 𝐶 = − 𝑅
Therefore, temperature should also increase 3
∴ 𝑊 > 0, ∆𝑈 > 0 and 𝑄 > 0 𝑄 = 𝑛𝐶∆𝑇 ⇒ 𝑄 = 𝑛 − 𝑅 (∆𝑇)
2
In process 𝐋 → 𝐌 : This is inverse of process As ∆𝑇 is negative 𝑄 will be positive
𝐽→𝐾 Hence (C) →p,s
∴ 𝑊 = 0, ∆𝑈 > 0 and 𝑄 > 0 (D) 𝑇 = as product of 𝑃 and 𝑉 increases, so
In process 𝐌 → 𝐉:
temperature increases 𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊
𝑉 is decreasing. Therefore, 𝑊 < 0
∆𝑈 = +𝑣𝑒 (∆𝑇 = +𝑣𝑒)
(𝑃𝑉) < (𝑃𝑉)
𝑊 = +𝑣𝑒 (As volume increases)
∴𝑇 <𝑇 So 𝑄 = +𝑣𝑒
Or ∆𝑈 < 0 Hence gas gains heat (D) → (q,s)
Therefore, 𝑄 < 0
3 (b)
Column –I : Expansion of ideal gas
Column – II : Thermodynamic change
(A) ∆𝑄 = 0 (as boundary is non conducting) in
the case of free expansion 𝑊 = 0
𝑄 = ∆𝑈 + 𝑊
0 = ∆𝑈 + 0, ∆𝑈 = 0; 𝑈 = constant, 𝑇 is constant
(A) → (q) (As temp remains constant)
1
(𝐵) 𝑃 ∝
𝑉
𝑃𝑉 = 𝐶

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