Oficial Lecture

Antropogenic ozone destroyers
Students: Bernardita Maldonado, Victoria Cerda and Leonardo Gutiérrez.
Good morning everyone!

Today we would like to talk about the ozone layer, and how the pollutants produced by human
actions destroy it, decreasing the amount of ozone in it.
Structre:
Our class will consist of four parts, first I will talk about the ozone layer, how it is formed, the
processes that occur in it and why it is so important for us, then Leonardo will talk about the
anthropogenic era, how the human being destroy this layer, the substances that deplete it, and
the consequences of the depletion of it, then Bernardita will teach you the preventive measures
that were used to try to protect the ozone layer, measures to mitigate the damage and protect
it today, and finally she will present a conclusion.
Introduction:
First it is important to remind you that the planet Earth is surrounded by a layer of gases which
we know as the atmosphere, maintains the temperature suitable for the development of life,
regulates the weather, acts as a reservoir of some vital chemical elements (C and N), has the
ozone layer that filters out ultraviolet radiation. As you know is composed of 5 sub-layers,
troposphere, stratosphere, mesosphere, thermosphere and exosphere.
Well, I have a question to ask you…
-Question One Kahoot-
Do you remember in which layer is the ozone layer located?
The ozone layer sits in the stratosphere between 15 km and 30 km above the Earth's surface.
1.- Ozone layer
1.1 What is the ozone layer and what processes happen in it?
As you might guess from its name, this layer is pure ozone, it concentrates more than
90% of the ozone present in the atmosphere, this is a gas formed by three oxygen atoms
(O3), which is present in the Earth's atmosphere distributed in different concentrations,
geographical, seasonal and altitude variations.
The ozone is highly unstable at this level, but under natural conditions, the stratosphere
maintains its ozone concentration by means of a cyclic reaction that requires sunlight,
known as the Chapman cycle, which is a set of chemical reactions that occur in the
stratosphere and are responsible for the production and degradation of ozone. This
molecule is formed in the stratosphere, by a process called photolysis, which refers to
the decomposition of a substance by the action of solar radiation, i.e., what happens is
that the sun's rays break a bond of the O2 molecule in the stratosphere, causing it to
split into two atoms, when one of them meets with a molecule of O2, stratospheric
ozone is produced. Most of the stratospheric ozone is produced at the equator where
the sun's incidence level is higher, and from here it is transported by the winds to higher
latitudes, and at the same time a reverse reaction that consumes the ozone to form O
and O2.
The keys reactions of the Chapman cycle are:
O3 + UV-C → O2 + O
O + O2 → O3.
Ozone destruction occurs when the natural balance of stratospheric ozone
production and destruction becomes unbalanced in favor of destruction.
-Question Two Kahoot-
Do you know the importance of the ozone layer?
1.2 Importance of the ozone layer
This layer is indispensable for the development of life, without it we would not be here,
because it has the role of acting as a filter to the high frequency ultraviolet radiation
emitted by the sun, absorbing between 97% to 99% of it (type C and part of type B), this
preventing much of it from reaching the surface of the biosphere. UV-A radiation is the
least harmful form of ultraviolet radiation.
It is important to clarify that UV radiation in small quantities is essential for the
development of life, but excessive and prolonged exposure to UV radiation can be
biologically harmful to us humans, animals and the environment.
- Now, how we know the importance of the ozone layer. In the following section we will
talk about how humans destroy it.
2.- Destruction by people
First, Do you know when the anthropogenic era began?
2.1 When the anthropogenic era began?
The Anthropocene Epoch is an unofficial unit of geologic time used to describe the most
recent period in Earth's history when human activity began to have a significant impact
on the planet's climate. So, this era started with industrial revolution when the
generation of CO2 and CH4 began to alter the composition of the atmosphere.
- Now, we have another question for you.

-Question Three Kahoot- What are the ozone depleting substances?
2.2 Ozone – depleting substance

The depleting substance of the ozone layer are compounds that contain carbon and one
or more halogens such as chlorine, fluorine, bromine and iodine.
The main source of chlorine in the stratosphere is chemical compounds containing
carbon, chlorine and fluorine, called chlorofluorocarbons. These are produced for many
human-developed applications, such as refrigeration, air conditioning, aerosols and
other solvents.
CFCs (specifically 11 and 12) with CCl4 are the main gases emitted by human activities
that contain chlorine and destroy the ozone layer.
CFCs have been replaced by hydrochlorofluorocarbons (HCFCs). This group of substances
significantly reduces ozone damage due to their low participation as sources of chlorine,
but they are classified as transitional substances.
On the other hand, HFCs were synthesized, which do not have chlorine in their molecule
and do not affect ozone, so they are considered definitive substances.
However, although HCFCs and HFCs contribute little or nothing to ozone destruction,
they do contribute to the forcing of the greenhouse effect.
- After considering the components that destroy the layer, let's look at the actions that
damage it.
2.3 Actions that affects the ozone layer
Use of cleaning solvents, paints, firefighting equipment, and aerosol cans.

Use of refrigerants, foams, propellants.
Use of soil fumigants and pesticides.
Use of industrial solvents with CCl4 (carbon tetrachloride).
Use of bromochloromethane for water disinfection.
Disposal of ODS (Ozone-depleting substances) containing products and equipment.
2.4 Ozone depletion consequences

- Now let's look at the consequences of damage to the ozone layer with a question.
-Question Four Kahoot- Which of these corresponds to a consequence of
deterioration?
Consequences on people
Skin cancer: exposure to UV radiation without protection.
Alteration of vision: cataracts.
Respiratory problems: O3 increase in lower layers.
Consequences on terrestrial and marine animals

The consequences for terrestrial animals are similar to those for humans.
As for marine fauna, UV radiation directly affects phytoplankton in the oceans,
considerably reducing their population. Affecting the rest of the food chain.
Consequences on plants
UV radiation alters flowering times, growth and reduces crop production.
3.- Prevention to protect

As we have seen, the damage causes have been a big impact, so the next question is
regarding the Prevention to protect with different politics specifically in Chile.
-Question Five Kahoot. - What protocol applied Chile to protect the ozone layer?
3.1 Chilean politics

In Chile, the Political Constitution guarantees all people the right to live in an
environmental that is free of contamination and declares that it is the State´s duty to
ensure that the environment is not affected and to protect the preservation of nature.
In this context, The Montreal Protocol was signed by different countries of the world
(included Chile) in 1987 as a global measure to deal with the problem of ozone layer
deterioration. Through a series of rules that regulate the use of substances depleted of
the ozone layer, known as ODS and HFCs. (Regulating their production, consumption,
and trade.)
Indeed, we have politics that help and regulate the contamination and actions provocateur by
the human.
3.2 How can we protect the ozone layer?

In the same way, we need to know what we can do to protect the ozone too.
-Question six Kahoot. – How can we protect the ozone layer?
1. Avoid the consumption of gases dangerous to the ozone layer, due to their content
or manufacturing processes. Some of the most dangerous gases are CFSs
(chlorofluorocarbons), halogenated hydrocarbon, methyl bromide and nitrous
oxide.
2. Minimize the use of cars. The best transport option is urban, bicycle, or walking. If
you use a car to a destination, try to carpool with others to decrease the use of cars
to pollute less and save.
3. Maintain air conditioners, as their malfunctions cause CFC to escape into the
atmosphere.
4.- Conclusion
To conclude, I’d like to summarize., we need to know that the anthropogenic ozone destroyers
was and is a big impact in the ozone layer, if the industries and people don’t act and understand
the magnitude of this, only will be exist damage in health of people and environmental
previously named.

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Antropogenic ozone destroyers

Students: Bernardita Maldonado, Victoria Cerda and Leonardo Gutiérrez.

Good morning everyone!

2.- Destruction by people

First, Do you know when the anthropogenic era began?

2.1 When the anthropogenic era began?

- Now, we have another question for you.

2.2 Ozone – depleting substance

Use of cleaning solvents, paints, firefighting equipment, and aerosol cans.

2.4 Ozone depletion consequences

Consequences on terrestrial and marine animals

3.- Prevention to protect

3.1 Chilean politics

3.2 How can we protect the ozone layer?

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