Digital Transformation of Transport
Digital Transformation of Transport
Digital Transformation of Transport
Dorota Zimnoch
mgr, Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Poland
https://orcid.org/0000-0002-9937-1500
Abs t ract
Purpose: To highlight the key trends in the transportation industry and the role of emerging technologies
and digital transformation in acceleration of value creation. The conceptual framework suggests how
such transformation could be implemented.
Design/methodology/approach: Research in a focus group was carried out where selected digital trans-
formation frameworks were reviewed, and one was selected as the most applicable to the transportation
industry. The selected framework was adopted for the transportation industry.
Findings: 1. Value creation should be positioned as the key objective of transformation. 2. Digital
transformation is not so much about technology as it is about people. 3. The staged approach towards
transformation allows it to be paced with account being taken of the maturity of technology as well
as the maturity of competencies across the organization. For a successful digital transformation, the
organization invests in development of digital capabilities. Moving towards digital means a mindset shift,
cultural change and adoption of new methods of working.
Research limitations/implications: Transportation companies are at the early stage of transformation
at such a scale. The case studies on successful transformations are limited. Therefore, experience is
gathered mainly by the test and learn process. It is recommended that findings are validated with abwider
group of experts when transformation matures. Comparing the same framework usage in other industries
can also offer additional learnings to be considered by change leaders.
Originality/value: Transportation industry is in a process of transformation towards connected, elec-
tric and autonomous solutions, accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. The presented framework,
adopted for the transportation industry, offers a practical tool for executives and change leaders to lead
the transformation.
Keywords: digital transformation, transportation, leading change, connected world, electric transport,
autonomous transport.
JEL: 0330
Correspondence address: Faculty of Management, University of Warsaw, Szturmowa 1/3, 02-678 War-
saw, Poland.
Suggested Citation: Zimnoch, D. (2021). Digital Transformation of Transportation in the Age of COVID-19.
Problemy ZarzÈdzania (Management Issues), 19(3), 100–121. https://doi.org/10.7172/1644-9584.93.5.
Digital Transformation of Transportation in the Age of COVID-19 101
that “despite medium and heavy duty trucks representing only 9% of the
global vehicle stock, large inefficient diesel truck engines combined with
high average annual mileage mean that the truck sector contributes 39%
of the transport sectors’ greenhouse gas emissions, which equates to about
5% of all global fossil fuel derived CO2 emission” (Wyatt, 2020). According
to analysts from the World Economic Forum, if nothing was done, by
2030, the amount of CO2 emissions would further increase by 6 tones; in
addition, the number of parcels for delivery would increase by 36%, and
traffic jams would be longer by 21 minutes on average (WEF, 2020). An
increasing number of environmental and safety regulations puts significant
pressure on the industry to change.
The biggest challenges that remain in the transportation business are
the siloed, fragmented processes, including those related to collecting,
processing, and driving business value from data (BlueJay, 2019).
Satya Nadella, the CEO of Microsoft, the company that is a strategic
partner to many transportation organizations, stated that “digital technology
is becoming core to both how we think about resilience in business
continuity, as well as bringing about that next level of productivity change
and efficiencies across industries” (Business Standard, 2021).
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Digital Transformation of Transportation in the Age of COVID-19 103
Daimler
42.54
(Trucks & buses)
Volvo
(Trucks & buses) 27.69
Volkswagen*
(Trucks & buses) 27.44
Paccar
(Trucks & buses) 17.15
0 10 20 30 40 50
Revenue in billion U.S. dollars
* Includes MAN Truck & Bus, Scania Trucks, Scania Buses; segment figures have been added up.
Fig. 1. Worldwide revenue of selected truck and bus manufacturers in 2020. Source:
Statista, 2021.
Strategy 1. Add value for 1. Transform the Volvo Group 1. Brand 1. Reputation for superior
pillars customers to become a leading performance operational excellence
2. Lead globally end-to-end integrator as well — profitable and premium-quality
3. Grow services as offering easy to integrate growth and products and services
4. Differentiate products and services increased 2. Long-term growth
by technologies through strong brands performance in revenues and
5. Focus on core 2. Grow the service business of our brands net income reflects
business 3. Accelerate electromobility 2. Cooperation increased market share
6. Lean organization solutions & synergies in North America
7. People & culture 4. Grow in Asia and the US 3. Global expansion and Europe, excellent
8. Partnerships 5. Develop robust profitability 4. Customer aftermarket parts
throughout the decentralized performance and
regional value chains growth in financial
6. Selectively capture, services
accelerate and scale-up 3. Maintain profitability
new businesses and develop throughout the cycle
competencies and capabilities due to strong cost
needed control discipline
7. Reinforce value-based and experienced
leadership and ways of management team
working where all colleagues
are empowered to take
action and are accountable
for the results
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Digital Transformation of Transportation in the Age of COVID-19 105
3. Electromobility
Connected and autonomous vehicles (CAVs) are expected to bring
important environmental, social, and economic improvements in
transportation systems (Sen et al., 2020, p. 153).
Leaders in transportation focus on increasing safety and reducing
the environmental footprint to increase efficiency of the whole supply
chain. Electromobility (eMobility) involves deploying Information and
Communication Technologies (ICT) and electric technologies in vehicles
to enable electric propulsion of vehicles referred to as Electric Vehicles
(EVs) (Bokolo, 2020, p. 32).
A shift towards electric vehicles requires not only a change of vehicles
but also investment and development of the supporting infrastructure,
for example batteries production and utilization, charging stations, traffic
optimization software. Most fleets will not rely on public charging but on
private infrastructure, such as at their own fleet facilities (Geotab, 2020).
Recently, the Volvo Group has launched Volvo LIGHTS, a unique
collaboration between the South Coast Air Quality Management District,
Volvo Trucks and 14 other organizations to pioneer a range of vehicle,
charging and workforce development innovations critical for the commercial
success of battery electric trucks and equipment. To facilitate electric
trucks development, Daimler Trucks launched the “ePowertrain”, an
architecture for all-electric trucks, where innovative and “reliable drive
system components are manufactured according to globally uniform quality
standards” (Daimler, 2021a).
General Motors has developed a suite of software tools to offer an
EV ecosystem for the commercial marketplace. The cloud-based software
platform suggests the best delivery routes and other fleet management
features, location monitoring or battery status (TechCrunch, 2021).
4. Autonomous Driving
During the pandemic, consumer preferences changed as they shifted
towards e-commerce. Logistics and shipping operators have been provided
with a strong case to include self-driving trucks in their fleet as the means
of a response to shortage of drivers or other emergencies and unforeseen
circumstances (Research and Markets, 2020b). Autonomous vehicles could
help to increase the delivery network capacity, reduce costs and comply
with social distancing measures (Euromonitor International, 2020).
Therefore, solutions are emerging among OEMs and start-ups. Waymo,
Aurora, TuSimple, Plus.ai are some such examples (Ackerman, 2021).
Scania developed Autonomous Transport Solutions, which is a complete
system that encompasses handling logistics, the assignment of tasks to
5. Connectivity
Connectivity is also an enabler for automation and electromobility.
By a leveraging set of technologies, data is collected and provided in
real time, allowing a truck to communicate almost instantly with other
vehicles and infrastructure around it. Development of Vehicle-to-Everything
(V2X) is observed, which refers to Vehicle-to-Vehicle (V2V) and Vehicle-
to-Infrastructure (V2I) communication: “wireless technology that enables
data exchange between vehicles and their surroundings” (Castellano, 2020).
Volvo Trucks claims to reduce diagnostic time by 70% and truck repair
time by 25% by using IoT and artificial intelligence, which allowed for
embedding telematics for over-the-air updates to engine software, and
processing millions of data records instantaneously by using the on-board
technology, combined with a back-end analytics platform (Violino, 2020).
Claes Erixon, Head of R&D at Scania explained: “The volume of
operational data from on-road Scania vehicles is doubled every 20 months.
Engineers benefit from all this information when designing new features
or improving existing functions” (Bulktransporter, 2019). Another truck
manufacturing giant Daimler claims their trucks are equipped with as many
as 400 sensors for collecting valuable information and their software contains
100 million lines of code — more than in that of a jet plane. This data
can clearly help to develop better services and enhance the performance
of road freight traffic and increase its efficiency (Daimler, 2021a). Joyce
Tam, PM at Peloton, stresses the lack of capabilities in data intelligence as
the obstacle to the development of connectivity solutions and argues that
it should remain the focus of the ecosystem (Roeth, 2019).
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Digital Transformation of Transportation in the Age of COVID-19 107
commercial vehicle market shrank by 18.9% to reach 1.7 million units. The
global truck transport market is estimated to have declined from $1,609.2
billion in 2019 to $1,591.8 billion in 2020, and then to recover and grow
at a CAGR of 9% from 2021 and reach $1,984.9 billion in 2023 (Research
and Markets, 2020a). Near-shoring manufacturing and material sourcing
grew in importance and led to the need to revamp the supply chains and
goods trucking companies and how they operate (Pyzyk, 2020). At first, the
industry responded to the times of uncertainty by keeping cost in check.
Many vehicle factories shut down for more than 30 days (ACEA, 2021)
and put their employees on furlough, reducing resources and production
of vehicles. With time, it become clear that the climate change challenge
and pandemic are great catalysts for the accelerated technological adoption
by an order of magnitude.
The impact of the pandemic on vehicles production, on logistics and the
whole supply chain prompted manufacturers to review their current business
models in search of new revenue streams. As a result, transport-as-a-service
(TaaS) emerges as a strong trend. It means a shift from ownership of vehicle
towards a subscription model with on-demand pay-per-use solutions. As
such, TaaS sits at the intersection of electromobility, autonomous vehicles
and connectivity and to execute that strategy, organizations turn towards
open innovation and building ecosystems, where they can play a role of
ab contributor, partner or an orchestrator.
During an Investors Day, Martin Lundstedt, the CEO of the Volvo Group,
announced the company’s focus on the TaaS, planning that, by 2030, 50% of
revenue will come from those solutions and services (Volvo Group, 2021).
At the end of 2020, Daimler announced the launch of Global Connectivity
Services focusing on uniting the company’s end-to-end digital architecture,
including in-vehicle software, cloud platforms and digital solutions. It will
also include work on Remote Platform Management to allow “customers
to deploy and manage mobile device and mobile application solutions to fit
their mixed fleet needs and seamlessly integrate those devices and apps into
their trucks”. It is still early to assess the long-term impact of the pandemic;
however, numerous researchers investigated the impact of COVID-19 on
the transportation and logistics industry and argue that the pandemic
accelerated the use of digital technologies and digital transformation in
the transportation sector (Medyakova et al., 2020; Almeida et al., 2020;
Özispa, 2020).
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Digital Transformation of Transportation in the Age of COVID-19 109
also states, based on his literature study, that “most agree […] that digital
transformation, using modern information technology (IT), represents large-
scale change in fundamental business processes and components. These
changes generally target business models, products, productivity, employee
roles, production, marketing, financial management, and other processes.
They also include cultural changes that challenge the status quo, and the way
information is managed, structured, and positioned within an organization”.
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Digital Transformation of Transportation in the Age of COVID-19 111
PwC built the framework “Industry 4.0: Building the digital enterprise
– Industrial manufacturing key findings”, focusing on and following the
stages of:
1. digitalization and integration of vertical and horizontal value chains;
2. digitalization of products and services;
3. new business models and customer access.
The transformation is powered by data and analytics as a core capability.
Convergence of emerging technologies drives transformation for value
creation.
Fig. 2. Digital transformation framework for Industry 4.0 by PwC. Source: Industry 4.0: Building
the digital enterprise, 2016 Global Industry 4.0 Survey, PwC. Engineering &b Construction.
Fig. 4. BCG digital transformation framework. Source: BCG Analysis, Digital Transformation.
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Digital Transformation of Transportation in the Age of COVID-19 113
The IBM Institute for Business Value developed a framework that focuses
on the process of transformation, explained through three paths (IBM 2011).
Path 1 – Focuses on creating and integrating digital operations first.
Path 2 – Enhances, extends or reshapes the customer value with digital
content.
Path 3 – Builds a new set of capabilities around the transformed value
proposition.
Fig. 6. Digital transformation framework by IBM. Source: IBM Institute for Business Value
analysis.
PwC + It is rooted in Industry 4.0, which relates – Not clear where the customer is positioned
to the transportation industry – Seems to be driven from technology
+ It allows to approach DT as a staged process and not business perspective
+ It positions data as a key capability – Not intuitive to implement
+ It includes emerging technologies and is up to date
Cognizant + It positions customers at the heart of transformation – People and culture are not addressed
+ It takes business perspective, includes the whole – Not clear how to apply through stages
organization of digitization, digitalization, digital
+ It is intuitive and can be applied to transportation, transformation
e.g. connected products are linked with the trend
of connectivity
+It emphasizes role of the ecosystem and partnerships
IBM + Clear directions of how to apply through stages – No emerging technologies specified
of digitization, digitalization, digital transformation – No listed criteria and measures of success
+ Parallel focus on customer and business outcome
+ Allows for building on existing assets while creating
new
Tab. 2. Pros and cons of digital transformation frameworks. Source: Own analyses, based on focus group discussion.
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Digital Transformation of Transportation in the Age of COVID-19 115
Having assessed the proposed frameworks, the experts agreed that the
IBM framework allowed most flexibility for adoption by the transportation
industry. It incorporated a staged approach to transformation. It also allowed
for the transformation pace to be adjusted to the strategy, abilities and
maturity of the organization. The following modifications were suggested,
which are finally reflected in the proposed conceptual framework presented
in Fig. 7.
1. The IBM framework positioned transformation at the heart of the
concept. The experts argued that at the heart of every business is the
value creation, hence the transformation should be closely linked to
such business objective. Hence, value creation should be positioned as
the key objective of transformation.
2. Further, the IBM framework suggests that transformation as a process of
reshaping the operational model or changing the customer proposition.
However, in practice, in complex organizations, transformation
cuts across operational and value dimensions. Hence, the proposed
framework incorporates three stages of digitization, digitalization and
digital transformation. The experts agreed that digital transformation is
not so much about technology as it is about people. This is in line with
the findings of a survey conducted by Harvard Business Review, which
states that “70% of all DT initiatives do not reach their goals. Of the $1.3
trillion that was spent on DT in 2018, it was estimated that $900 billion
went to waste. Fundamentally, it’s because most digital technologies
provide possibilities for efficiency gains and customer intimacy. But if
people lack the right mindset to change and the current organizational
practices are flawed, DT will simply magnify those flaws“ (Tabrizi et
al., 2019).
3. Hence, the stages of transformation should be paced with account
being taken of the maturity of technology as well as the maturity of
competencies across organization. For a successful digital transformation,
leading to value creation, it is important that the organization invests
in development of digital capabilities. Moving towards digital means
abmindset shift, cultural change and adoption of new methods of working.
In times of COVID-19, a prompt response to challenges required
organizations to set up cross-functional task force teams that, via
abcollaborative approach, were able to address challenges and leverage
new ways of working characterized by agility, speed and innovation
(ADEPT LIVELabs, 2020). A pragmatic approach and time to market
become key drivers for developing new solutions.
4. Such transformation is led through a change management process. At the
first stage, Awareness, employees are explained why change is required
and what it means to them and to the organization. It is also when the
company conducts a skills gap analysis to identify which competences
must be nurtured or brought to the organization. In the next stage,
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Digital Transformation of Transportation in the Age of COVID-19 117
Closing Remarks
COVID-19 has created the opportunities for the transportation industry
to accelerate digital transformation. Some of the trends, such as new and
remote ways of working, or near-shore supply demands are believed to
stay and become a “new normal”. Those companies that will continue
transformation by investing in new capabilities, emerging technologies and
partnerships will be able to gain competitive advantage and create greater
value for their customers and shareholders. For, as Steve Jobs once said,
innovation distinguishes between a leader and follower.
When got right, transformation will bring benefits for the planet, people
and profit, creating transportation that is safer, cleaner and more efficient.
Acknowledgements
This research received no funds.
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Powertrain.xhtml?oid=45588409
https://www.bcg.com/capabilities/digital-technology-data/digital-transformation/overview
https://www.cognizant.com/us/en/services/digital-strategy
https://www.freightwaves.com/news/will-covid-19-accelerate-the-adoption-of-autonomous-
vehicles
https://www.lightsproject.com/
https://www.statista.com/statistics/270293/worldwide-leading-truck-manufacturers-based-
on-production-figures/