The document discusses various decision making structures in programming including if statements, if-else statements, if-else-if statements, nested if statements, switch statements, the while loop, and the do-while loop. It provides syntax examples and explanations for each structure. Key decision making structures covered are single-selection if statements, if-else for dual-selection, if-else-if for multiple-selection, and switch statements for selecting among multiple integral cases. Looping structures discussed are the while loop for pre-test iteration and do-while loop for post-test iteration.
The document discusses various decision making structures in programming including if statements, if-else statements, if-else-if statements, nested if statements, switch statements, the while loop, and the do-while loop. It provides syntax examples and explanations for each structure. Key decision making structures covered are single-selection if statements, if-else for dual-selection, if-else-if for multiple-selection, and switch statements for selecting among multiple integral cases. Looping structures discussed are the while loop for pre-test iteration and do-while loop for post-test iteration.
The document discusses various decision making structures in programming including if statements, if-else statements, if-else-if statements, nested if statements, switch statements, the while loop, and the do-while loop. It provides syntax examples and explanations for each structure. Key decision making structures covered are single-selection if statements, if-else for dual-selection, if-else-if for multiple-selection, and switch statements for selecting among multiple integral cases. Looping structures discussed are the while loop for pre-test iteration and do-while loop for post-test iteration.
The document discusses various decision making structures in programming including if statements, if-else statements, if-else-if statements, nested if statements, switch statements, the while loop, and the do-while loop. It provides syntax examples and explanations for each structure. Key decision making structures covered are single-selection if statements, if-else for dual-selection, if-else-if for multiple-selection, and switch statements for selecting among multiple integral cases. Looping structures discussed are the while loop for pre-test iteration and do-while loop for post-test iteration.
Decision making structures require that the programmer specify one or more conditions to be evaluated or tested by the program, along with a statement or statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be true, and optionally, other statements to be executed if the condition is determined to be false.
if Statements A simple if structure is called a single-selection structure because it either selects or ignores a single action. It takes an expression in parenthesis and an statement or block of statements. if the expression is true then the statement or block of statements gets executed otherwise these statements are skipped.
Syntax:
if(Expression/Condition)
statement;
if (Expression/Condition)
statement1;
statement2; /* additional code
statements; goes here */
Find largest among two numbers
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h> main() { int a,b; printf("enter the values of a and b"); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); if(a>b) printf("a is greater"); if(a<b) printf("b is greater");
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getch(); }
If-else statement If-else provides a way to instruct the computer to execute a block of code only if certain conditions have been met. The syntax of an If-else construct is:
if (/* condition goes here */)
{ /* if the condition is nonzero (true), this code will execute */ } else { /* if the condition is 0 (false), this code will execute */ }
The first block of code executes if the condition in parentheses directly after the if evaluates to nonzero (true); otherwise, the second block executes. The else and following block of code are completely optional. If there is no need to execute code if a condition is not true, leave it out.
#include <stdio.h> #include<conio.h>
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main() { int a,b; printf("enter the values of a and b"); scanf("%d %d",&a,&b); if(a>b) printf("a is greater"); else printf("b is greater"); getch(); }
If the first expression, expression1, is true, statement1 is executed before the program continues with the next_statement. If the first expression is not true, the second expression, expression2, is checked. If the first expression is not true, and the second is true, statement2 is executed. If both expressions are false, statement3 is executed. Only one of the three statements is executed.
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#include <stdio.h> #include<math.h> main() { int a,b,c,d,x1,x2; printf("enter the values of a,b and c"); scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c); d=b*b-4*a*c; if(d<0) { printf("Imaginary %d",d); } else if(d==0) { x1=x2=-b/2*a; printf("x1=%d, x2=%d, d=%d",x1,x2,d); } else { x1=(-b+sqrt(d))/2*a; x2=(-b-sqrt(d))/2*a; printf("x1=%d, x2=%d, d=%d",x1,x2,d); } }
Nested if Statements It is a conditional statement which is used when we want to check more than 1 conditions at a time in a same program. The conditions are executed from top to bottom checking each condition whether it meets the conditional criteria or not. If it found the condition is true then it executes the block of associated statements of true part else it goes to next condition to execute. Syntax:
statements; } In above syntax, the condition is checked first. If it is true, then the program control flow goes inside the braces and again checks the next condition. If it is true then it executes the block of statements associated with it else executes else part.
#include <stdio.h> main() { int a,b,c; printf("enter the values of a,b and c"); scanf("%d %d %d",&a,&b,&c); if(a>b) { if(a>c) { printf("a is greater"); } else { printf("c is greater"); } } else { if(b>c) { printf("b is greater");
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} else { printf("c is greater"); } } }
Switch Switch case statements are a substitute for long if statements that compare a variable to several "integral" values ("integral" values are simply values that can be expressed as an integer, such as the value of a char). The basic format for using switch case is outlined below. The value of the variable given into switch is compared to the value following each of the cases, and when one value matches the value of the variable, the computer continues executing the program from that point.
switch ( <variable> ) { case this-value: Code to execute if <variable> == this-value break; case that-value: Code to execute if <variable> == that-value break; . . . default: Code to execute if <variable> does not equal the value following any of the cases break; }
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#include <stdio.h> main() { int code; printf("Enter the code"); scanf("%d",&code); switch(code) { case 1: printf("Red"); break; case 2: printf("Green"); break; case 3: printf("Blue"); break; default: printf("not defined"); } }
Conditional Operator (Exp) ? exp1 : exp2
The while Statement
The while statement, also called the while loop, executes a block of statements as long as a specified condition is true. The while statement has the following form:
while (condition){ statement;
} false /*Sum of first n numbers */ Continuation #include<stdio.h> condition? #include<conio.h> void main() { true int n,a=0,i=1; printf("Enter the number\n"); Statement(s) scanf("%d",&n); while(i<=n){ a=a+i; i++;
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} printf("Sum of first %d number is %d",n,a); getch(); }
The do...while Loop
The do...while loop executes a block of statements as long as a specified condition is true. The do...while loop tests the condition at the end of the loop rather than at the beginning, as is done by the for loop and the while loop.
The structure of the do...while loop is as follows:
do{ statement }while (condition);
When program execution reaches a do...while statement, the following events occur:
1. The statements in statement are executed.
2. condition is evaluated. If it's true, execution returns to step 1. If it's false, the loop terminates.
/*Sum of given n numbers*/
Statement(s) void main() { int n,a=0,sum=0,i=1; printf("Enter the number\n"); true Continue scanf("%d",&n); condition? do{ printf("enter your number\n"); scanf("%d",&a); false sum=sum+a; i++; Next }while(i<=n); Statement printf("Sum of given n number is %d",sum); getch(); }
The for Statement
The for statement is a C programming construct that executes a block of one or more statements a certain number of times. It is sometimes called the for loop because program execution typically loops through the statement more than once.
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Initial-Action for ( initial; condition; increment ){ statement; } false /* Table generation for n */ Action-After- Continuation void main() Each-Iteration condition? { int n,a=0,i; true printf("Enter the number\n"); scanf("%d",&n); Statement(s) for(i=1;i<=10;i++) (loop-body) { a=n*i; printf("%d\n",a); } Next getch(); Statement }
The break Keyword
false Continuation condition?
true
Statement(s)
break
Statement(s)
Next Statement
The break statement can be placed only in the body of a for loop, while loop, do...while loop or switch. break is used inside a loop or switch statement. It causes the control of a program to skip past the end of the current loop (for, while, or do...while) or switch statement. No further iterations of the loop execute.
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/*C program for prime number or not*/
#include<stdio.h> main() { int n, c = 2; printf("Enter a number to check if it is prime\n"); scanf("%d",&n); for ( c = 2 ; c <= n - 1 ; c++ ) { if ( n%c == 0 ) { printf("%d is not prime.\n", n); break; } } if ( c == n ) printf("%d is prime.\n", n); getch(); }
The continue Keyword
false Continue condition?
true
Statement(s)
continue
Statement(s)
Next Statement
Like the break statement, the continue statement can be placed only in the body of a for loop, a while loop, or a do...while loop. When a continue statement executes, the next iteration of the enclosing loop begins immediately. The statements between the continue statement and the end of the loop aren't executed. continue is used inside a loop. It causes the control of a program to skip the rest of the current iteration of a loop and start the next iteration.
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Example printf("Printing only the even numbers from 1 to 10\n"); for( x = 1; x <= 10; x++ ) { if( x % 2 != 0 ) /* See if the number is NOT even */ continue; /* Get next instance x */ printf( "\n%d", x ); }
The goto Statement
The goto statement is one of C's unconditional jump, or branching, statements. When program execution reaches a goto statement, execution immediately jumps, or branches, to the location specified by the goto statement. This statement is unconditional because execution always branches when a goto statement is encountered; the branch doesn't depend on any program conditions. A goto statement and its target must be in the same function, but they can be in different blocks.
Syntax- goto Label ; Label: /*Some Code*/
Syntax- Label: /*Some Code*/ goto Label;
The exit() Function
The exit() function terminates program execution and returns control to the operating system. This function takes a single type int argument that is passed back to the operating system to indicate the program's success or failure. The syntax of the exit() function is exit(status); If status has a value of 0, it indicates that the program terminated normally. A value of 1 indicates that the program terminated with some sort of error. To use the exit() function, a program must include the header file STDLIB.H. This header file also defines two symbolic constants for use as arguments to the exit() function: #define EXIT_SUCCESS 0 #define EXIT_FAILURE 1 Thus, to exit with a return value of 0, call exit(EXIT_SUCCESS). for a return value of 1, call exit(EXIT_FAILURE).
