PETERSON'S

PRINCIPLES OF
ORAL AND
MAXILLOFACIAL
SURGERY Second Edition

Michael Miloro
Editor
G. E. Ghali • Peter E. Larsen • Peter D. Waite
Associate Editors

2004
BC Decker Inc
EXIT Hamilton • London
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Notice: The authors and publisher have made every effort to ensure that the patient care recommended herein, including choice of drugs and drug dosages, is in accord
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 DEDICATIONS

To Beth and Macy, my two reasons for being, for your love and support. To Pete, my teacher, for
making me a better surgeon and person.

Michael Miloro

To my wife, Hope, for being my best friend and the love of my life. To my parents, Elias and Linda,
and my brother Fred, for their support, inspiration, devotion, and love.

G. E. Ghali

To my wife, Patty, and my sons, Michael, Matthew, and Mark. You are the most important people in
my life, yet always understand and are patient with my absence. To my father who inspired me to
enter medicine. Lastly, to my former and current residents who teach me every day.

Peter Larsen

To my wife, Sallie, and my children, Allison, Eric, and Jon. To my father who inspired my interest in
oral and maxillofacial surgery and to my residents who have continued to teach me.

Peter Waite
 CONTENTS

Preface. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . ix 13. The Zygoma Implant

Encomium . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . x Sterling R. Schow, DMD; Stephen M. Parel, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . 235
Contributors . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . xiii
14. Implant Prosthodontics
Thomas J. Salinas, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 251
VOLUME 1
PART 3: MAXILLOFACIAL INFECTIONS
PART 1: PRINCIPLES OF MEDICINE, SURGERY, AND ANESTHESIA Section Editor: Peter E. Larsen, DDS
Section Editor: Peter E. Larsen, DDS
15. Principles of Management of Odontogenic Infections
1. Wound Healing Thomas R. Flynn, DMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 277
Vivek Shetty, DDS, Dr.Med.Dent.;
16. Sinus Infections
Charles N. Bertolami, DDS; D.Med.Sc.. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 3
Rakesh K. Chandra, MD; David W. Kennedy, MD . . . . . . . . . . 295
2. Medical Management of the Surgical Patient
17. Osteomyelitis and Osteoradionecrosis
James R. Hupp, DMD, MD, JD, MBA;
David N. Duddleston, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 17 George M. Kushner, DMD, MD; Brian Alpert, DDS . . . . . . . . . 313

3. Perioperative Considerations PART 4: MAXILLOFACIAL TRAUMA

Noah A. Sandler, DMD, MD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 47 Section Editor: Peter E. Larsen, DDS
4. Preoperative Patient Assessment 18. Initial Management of the Trauma Patient
Joel M. Weaver, DDS, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 65 Michael P. Powers, DDS, MS; Michael S. Scherer, DDS, MD . . . . 327
5. Pharmacology of Outpatient Anesthesia Medications 19. Soft Tissue Injuries
M. Cynthia Fukami, DMD, MS; Alan S. Herford, DDS, MD; G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD . . . . . . . . . 357
Steven I. Ganzberg, DMD, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 83
20. Rigid versus Nonrigid Fixation
6. Pediatric Sedation Edward Ellis III, DDS, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 371
Jeffrey D. Bennett, DMD; Jeffrey B. Dembo, DDS, MS;
Kevin J. Butterfield, DDS, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 103 21. Management of Alveolar and Dental Fractures
Richard D. Leathers, DDS; Reginald E. Gowans, DDS . . . . . . . 383
PART 2: DENTOALVEOLAR SURGERY
22. Principles of Management of Mandibular Fractures
Section Editor: Peter D. Waite, MPH, DDS, MD Guillermo E. Chacon, DDS; Peter E. Larsen, DDS . . . . . . . . . . 401
7. Management of Impacted Teeth Other than Third Molars 23.1 Management of Maxillary Fractures
Deborah L. Zeitler, DDS, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 131 Larry L. Cunningham Jr, DDS, MD;
8. Impacted Teeth Richard H. Haug, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 435
Gregory M. Ness, DDS; Larry J. Peterson, DDS, MS† . . . . . . . . . . . . . 139 23.2 Management of Zygomatic Complex Fractures
9. Preprosthetic and Reconstructive Surgery Jonathan S. Bailey, DMD, MD;
Daniel B. Spagnoli, DDS, PhD; Michael S. Goldwasser, DDS, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 445
Steven G. Gollehon, DDS, MD; Dale J. Misiek, DMD. . . . . . . . 157 24. Orbital and Ocular Trauma
10. Osseointegration Mark W. Ochs, DMD, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 463
Michael S. Block, DMD; Ronald M. Achong, DMD, MD . . . . . 189
25. Management of Frontal Sinus and Naso-orbitoethmoid
11. Soft Tissue Management in Implant Therapy Complex Fractures
Anthony G. Sclar, DMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 205 Larry L. Cunningham Jr, DDS, MD;
Richard H. Haug, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 491
12. Bone Grafting Strategies for Vertical Alveolar Augmentation
Ole T. Jensen, DDS, MS; Michael A. Pikos, DDS; 26. Gunshot Injuries
Massimo Simion, DDS; Tomaso Vercellotti, MD, DDS . . . . . . . 223 Jon D. Holmes, DMD, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 509

†
Deceased

v
vi Contents

27. Pediatric Craniomaxillofacial Fracture Management 41. Microneurosurgery

Jeffrey C. Posnick, DMD, MD; Bernard J. Costello, DMD, MD; Michael Miloro, DMD, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 819
Paul S. Tiwana, DDS, MD, MS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 527
42. Cleft Lip and Palate: Comprehensive Treatment Planning
28. Management of Panfacial Fractures and Primary Repair
Patrick J. Louis, DDS, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 547 Bernard J. Costello, DMD, MD;
Ramon L. Ruiz, DMD, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 839
PART 5: MAXILLOFACIAL PATHOLOGY
43. Reconstruction of the Alveolar Cleft
Section Editor: G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD Peter E. Larsen, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 859
29. Differential Diagnosis of Oral Disease 44. Reconstruction of Cleft Lip and Palate: Secondary Procedures
John R. Kalmar, DMD, PhD; Carl M. Allen, DDS, MSD . . . . . 563 Ramon L. Ruiz, DMD, MD;
30. Odontogenic Cysts and Tumors Bernard J. Costello, DMD, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 871
Eric R. Carlson, DMD, MD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 575 45. Nonsyndromic Craniosynostosis
31. Benign Nonodontogenic Lesions of the Jaws G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD; Douglas P. Sinn, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 887
M. Anthony Pogrel, DDS, MD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 597 46. Craniofacial Dysostosis Syndromes: Staging of Reconstruction
32. Oral Cancer: Classification, Staging, and Diagnosis Jeffrey C. Posnick, DMD, MD; Ramon L. Ruiz, DMD, MD;
Paul S. Tiwana, DDS, MD, MS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 901
G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD; M. Scott Connor, DDS, MD. . . . . . . . . 617
33. Oral Cancer Treatment PART 7: TEMPOROMANDIBULAR JOINT DISEASE
Jon D. Holmes, DMD, MD; Eric J. Dierks, DMD, MD . . . . . . . 631 Section Editor: G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD
34. Lip Cancer 47. Anatomy and Pathophysiology of the Temporomandibular Joint
James W. Sikes Jr, DMD, MD; G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD . . . . . . . 659 Mark C. Fletcher, DMD, MD; Joseph F. Piecuch, DMD, MD;
Stuart E. Lieblich, DMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 933
35. Salivary Gland Disease and Tumors
Robert A. Ord, MD, DDS, MS; Alex E. Pazoki, MD, DDS . . . . . . 671 48. Nonsurgical Management of Temporomandibular Disorders
Vasiliki Karlis, DMD, MD; Robert Glickman, DMD. . . . . . . . . 949
36. Management of Mucosal and Related Dermatologic Disorders
Michael W. Finkelstein, DDS, MS; 49. Temporomandibular Joint Arthrocentesis and Arthroscopy:
Steven D. Vincent, DDS, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 679 Rationale and Technique
Jeffrey J. Moses, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 963
37. Head and Neck Skin Cancer
Michael F. Zide, DMD; Yan Trokel, MD, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . 697 50. Surgery for Internal Derangements of the
Temporomandibular Joint
Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 723 Leslie B. Heffez, DMD, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 989
51. Management of the Patient with End-Stage
VOLUME 2 Temporomandibular Joint Disease
Stephen B. Milam, DDS, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1015
PART 6: MAXILLOFACIAL RECONSTRUCTION 52. Hypomobility and Hypermobility Disorders of the
Section Editor: G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD Temporomandibular Joint
Meredith August, DMD, MD; Maria J. Troulis, DDS, MSc;
38. Local and Regional Flaps
Leonard B. Kaban, DMD, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1033
Alan S. Herford, DDS, MD; G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD . . . . . . . . . 769
39. Bony Reconstruction of the Jaws PART 8: ORTHOGNATHIC SURGERY
Randall M. Wilk, DDS, PhD, MD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 783 Section Editor: Peter D. Waite, MPH, DDS, MD
40. Microvascular Free Tissue Transfer 53. Craniofacial Growth and Development: Current
Joseph I. Helman, DMD; Understanding and Clinical Considerations
Remy H. Blanchaert Jr, MD, DDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 803 Peter M. Spalding, DDS, MS, MS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1051
 Contents vii

54. Database Acquisition and Treatment Planning 63. Surgical and Nonsurgical Management of
Marc B. Ackerman, DMD; David M. Sarver, DMD, MS. . . . . 1087 Obstructive Sleep Apnea
B. D. Tiner, DDS, MD; Peter D. Waite, MPH, DDS, MD . . . . 1297
55. Orthodontics for Orthognathic Surgery
Larry M. Wolford, DMD; Eber L. L. Stevao, DDS, PhD; PART 9: FACIAL ESTHETIC SURGERY
C. Moody Alexander, DDS, MS;
Section Editor: Peter D. Waite, MPH, DDS, MD
Joao Roberto Goncalves, DDS, PhD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1111
64. Blepharoplasty
56. Principles of Mandibular Orthognathic Surgery
Heidi L. Jarecki, MD; Mark J. Lucarelli, MD,
Dale S. Bloomquist, DDS, MS; Jessica J. Lee, DDS . . . . . . . . . 1135
Bradley N. Lemke, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1317
57. Maxillary Orthognathic Surgery
65. Basic Principles of Rhinoplasty
Vincent J. Perciaccante, DDS; Robert A. Bays, DDS . . . . . . . . 1179
James Koehler, DDS, MD; Peter D. Waite, MPH, DDS, MD. . . . 1345
58. Management of Facial Asymmetry
66. Rhytidectomy
Peter D. Waite, MPH, DDS, MD;
G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD; T. William Evans, DDS, MD . . . . . . . 1365
Scott D. Urban, DMD, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1205
67. Forehead and Brow Procedures
59. Soft Tissue Changes Associated with Orthognathic Surgery
Angelo Cuzalina, MD, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1383
Norman J. Betts, DDS, MS;
Sean P. Edwards, DDS, MD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1221 68. Liposculpting Procedures
Milan J. Jugan, DMD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1407
60. Prevention and Management of Complications in
Orthognathic Surgery 69. Skin Rejuvenation Procedures
Joseph E. Van Sickels, DDS . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1247 Gary D. Monheit, MD. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1419
61. Orthognathic Surgery in the Patient with Cleft Palate 70. Alloplastic Esthetic Facial Augmentation
Timothy A. Turvey, DDS; Ramon L. Ruiz, DMD, MD; Bruce N. Epker, DDS, MSD, PhD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1435
Katherine W. L. Vig, BDS, MS, D. Orth.;
71. Otoplastic Surgery for the Protruding Ear
Bernard J. Costello, DMD, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1267
Todd G. Owsley, DDS, MD . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1449
62. Distraction Osteogenesis
Suzanne U. Stucki-McCormick, MS, DDS. . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1277 Index . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 1461
 PREFACE

The Second Edition of Peterson’s Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery,

reflects the efforts of many people made in a very short period of time. The time
from the decision to undertake a second edition until publication release totaled
less than 2 years. This is a monumental accomplishment considering the current
state of affairs in the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery and the difficul-
ties in pursuing scholarly activity, even for the academic practitioner. Although it
is certainly not a simple task to assemble an author list as extensive as the one in
this text, it was perhaps made easier because editors and authors were inspired by
feelings of tribute to Larry Peterson to deliver on short notice.
When Larry Peterson decided to publish the first edition of this book over a
decade ago, he recognized the need in our specialty for a comprehensive and
complete reference textbook in oral and maxillofacial surgery that was practical
and readable. Oral and maxillofacial surgery encompasses an ever-expanding
range of diverse topics that makes it unique among the medical and dental
specialties. There was no concise textbook that dealt with the full scope of the
specialty that was available for residents and surgeons to use as a reference for
clinical practice. The textbook Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
appropriately covers the requisite information for the dental student and general dental practitioner, but Peterson’s Princi-
ples of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery provides an organized and systematic approach to the specialty for residents and clin-
icians practicing full-scope oral and maxillofacial surgery. The first edition of this text was the only reference of its kind. It
is now continued with the second edition, which is unique in many respects, among them the inclusion of contributions
from more than 100 oral surgeons and other dental and medical specialists, 500 pieces of original artwork, and a CD-ROM.
The clear purpose of this textbook is to provide a concise, authoritative, easy-to-read, currently referenced, contempo-
rary survey of the specialty of oral and maxillofacial surgery that contains the information that a competent surgeon should
possess and understand. Although some of the information may be outside of the scope of the individual practitioner, the
material contained in this text is definitely within the scope of the specialty. This textbook should be considered a reference
for the oral and maxillofacial surgeon during residency and into clinical practice. It will be an excellent resource for exam-
ination preparation purposes as well; in fact, the first edition was adopted in some European countries as a required text-
book for oral surgery board certification.
As with the first edition, the authors, primarily oral and maxillofacial surgeons, were chosen because of their broad ex-
perience and expertise in each specific area of the specialty. The contributions from these national and international authors
certainly reflect their knowledge and specialization. Whenever appropriate, each chapter attempts to review etiology, diag-
nosis, patient assessment, treatment plan development, surgical and nonsurgical treatment options, and recognition and
management of complications. The information contained in this textbook is based upon a thorough evaluation of the cur-
rent literature, as well as clinical expertise, and is free from commercial and personal bias. If additional information is
required, references have been provided so that other specialty textbooks may be consulted. Considering the rapid advance-
ments and developments in the fields of medicine and surgery, a nearly constant survey of the current published literature
is required to maintain a working knowledge of the standards of diagnosis and treatment. Future editions of this text will
reflect these changes in clinical practice.
This text would not have been possible without the help and support of many people, including Ghali, Pete, and Peter;
the outstanding authors who contributed their practice-defining knowledge; and the group at BC Decker Inc, including
Catherine Travelle, Susan Cooper, and Paula Presutti, who sent a seemingly endless number of e-mails in an attempt to
ensure deadlines were met. Certainly a debt of gratitude is owed to Brian Decker for his vision, dedication, and commit-
ment to publish this textbook.
Peterson’s Principles of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery is the authoritative textbook for the specialty of oral and maxillo-
facial surgery.
MICHAEL MILORO, DMD, MD

ix
 ENCOMIUM

Dr. Larry J. (“Pete”) Peterson is easily the smartest person I have ever known, and I do not mean with regard to medicine
and surgery alone. Pete certainly forgot more information in his life than most people ever know. He made everyone around
him want to be better than they were, and he helped them to reach their potential. Peterson’s Principles of Oral and Maxillo-
facial Surgery, Second Edition, is dedicated to this man. Unfortunately, the majority of readers will never have had the
opportunity to meet him and to experience his imposing presence. The fact that this book will continue to educate many
surgeons for years to come would have pleased him very much since his greatest passion in life was, perhaps, teaching.
Pete obtained his doctor of dental surgery degree at the University of Missouri, Kansas City, in 1968. He completed his
training in oral and maxillofacial surgery at Georgetown University, where he also received his masters of science degree.
Pete served on the faculty at the Medical College of Georgia and, subsequently, at the University of Connecticut as the direc-
tor of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Residency Training. However, he is best known for his academic accomplishments at
Ohio State University, where he served as chairman of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Pathology, and Anesthesiology from
1982 through 1999. To experience the full range of our specialty, Pete entered private practice in 1999 and continued in that
area until his death on August 7, 2002.
Pete’s professional and personal accomplishments and his contributions to our specialty are innumerable. In 1993 Pete
assumed the role of editor-in-chief of Oral Surgery, Oral Medicine, Oral Pathology, Oral Radiology and Endodontics, upon
the retirement of Dr. Robert Shira. Pete demanded excellence in the manuscript submissions and maintained high standards
for this journal during his tenure. Pete also edited Contemporary Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, which, like its predecessor
from his mentor Dr. Gustav O. Kruger, defined dental undergraduate education in oral and maxillofacial surgery nation-
wide. Pete’s dedication to education was further demonstrated in his role as chair of the American Association of Oral and
Maxillofacial Surgeons Committee on Residency Education and Training. He lectured and published extensively both
nationally and internationally, with a particular emphasis on the topics of odontogenic infections and dental implantology,
and his contributions to the literature are many and varied.
Pete was a loving husband and father and enjoyed life to the fullest at each and every opportunity. To Pete, life was a
journey. The answer to any problem was inconsequential; the long arduous path from question to answer was the only pur-
pose for the question in the first place. Dr. Peter Larsen and I had the privilege of working closely with Pete and experienc-
ing his talents and benefiting from his wisdom and guidance at Ohio State University for several years. We had the unique
opportunity to observe Pete in and out of the hospital—the phrase “work hard, play hard” epitomizes the Peterson philos-
ophy. Peter Larsen remembered Pete at his funeral; here is a portion of that eulogy:

x
 Encomium xi

When I tried to decide what to say about this amazing man, I started by making a list. What I discovered was a man of what I like to call
“wonderful contradiction.”
Pete was perhaps one of the most successful men I have known, yet he would have listed his Eagle Scout Award as being more important than
many of the prestigious professional honors he received.
He was our most vigorous critic and yet our strongest advocate.
He was the teacher of teachers but also the perpetual student.
He was not an OSU alumnus but bled scarlet and gray.
He demanded hard work but taught me that it isn’t really work if you love what you do.
He was a teacher who, when honored, thanked his students for teaching him.
Although surrounded by personal success, he found the greatest satisfaction in the success of others.
He was our boss but was more comfortable as our partner in a raft on the New River.
He would argue with you, not to get you to agree, but to get you to disagree and defend.
He trained many to reach great financial success but placed the reward gained by teaching higher than any financial reward.
He had much of which to boast and be proud, but instead practiced humility.
He was perhaps the smartest man I have ever known but was always first to admit when you had a good idea, and was gracious enough not
to point out that he had thought of it himself, perhaps even years prior.
I never heard him speak on a topic when I was not totally impressed with the insight and knowledge he seemed to have, but he was often
more content listening to what others had to say.
He was more interested in finding the truth than about being right himself.
He was 15 years older than me but looked younger.
He would often tell residents, much to their dismay, I might add, that it is not the answer that is important, but the question.
Many of his accomplishments could easily be ranked on a 1-to-10 scale as a “10.” Yet, I can still hear him say, “There is no such thing as a ‘10.’”
He had the same enthusiasm for a giant rope swing as he did for a new operation.
He knew more than many of the speakers at the lectures he attended, but he always took notes.
He built what is perhaps the best Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department in the country, but, for me, his finest hour as our leader was
when he tenderly took care of Vicki, Arden Hegtvedt’s wife, when Arden died.
He was a man most deserving of a long and wonderful life, yet we are here today because this wonderful life has been tragically cut short.
If, as said by William James, “the greatest use of life is to spend it for something that will outlast it,” then Pete spent his life well. For, as I look
around, I see scores of us who owe so much of what we are to this one life well spent.

Pete died too young, and he will be missed, but through this textbook his teachings will continue.

MICHAEL MILORO, DMD, MD

 CONTRIBUTORS

Ronald M. Achong, DMD, MD Norman J. Betts, DDS, MS Larry L. Cunningham Jr, DDS, MD
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral Health Science
Louisiana State University School of Dentistry University of Michigan School of Dentistry University of Kentucky, College of Dentistry
New Orleans, Louisiana Ann Arbor, Michigan Lexington, Kentucky

Marc B. Ackerman, DMD Remy H. Blanchaert Jr, MD, DDS Angelo Cuzalina, MD, DDS
Private Practice Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Orthodontics Kansas City Schools of Dentistry and Medicine University of Oklahoma Health Science Center
Bryn Mawr, Pennsylvania University of Missouri Oklahoma City, Oklahoma
Kansas City, Missouri
C. Moody Alexander, DDS, MS Jeffrey B. Dembo, DDS, MS
Department of Orthodontics Michael S. Block, DMD Department of Oral Health Science
Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Kentucky College of Dentistry
University System Louisiana State University School of Dentistry Lexington, Kentucky
Dallas, Texas New Orleans, Louisiana
Eric J. Dierks, DMD, MD
Carl M. Allen, DDS, MSD Dale S. Bloomquist, DDS, MS Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Oregon Health Sciences University
Pathology, and Dental Anesthesiology University of Washington School of Dentistry Portland, Oregon
The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry Seattle, Washington
Columbus, Ohio David N. Duddleston, MD
Kevin J. Butterfield, DDS, MD Department of Medicine
Brian Alpert, DDS, FACD Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Mississippi Medical Center
Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry University of Connecticut Jackson, Mississippi
University of Louisville School of Dentistry Farmington, Connecticut
Louisville, Kentucky Sean P. Edwards, DDS, MD
Eric R. Carlson, DMD, MD Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Meredith August, DMD, MD Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Michigan School of Dentistry
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Tennessee Graduate School of Ann Arbor, Michigan
Harvard University Medicine
Boston, Massachusetts Knoxville, Tennessee Edward Ellis III, DDS, MS
Department of Surgery
Jonathan S. Bailey, DMD, MD Guillermo E. Chacon, DDS University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Department of Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Center
University of Illinois College of Medicine at The Ohio State University Medical Center Dallas, Texas
Urbana-Champaign Columbus, Ohio
Urbana, Illinois Bruce N. Epker, DDS, MSD, PhD
Rakesh K. Chandra, MD Aesthetic Facial Surgery Center
Robert A. Bays, DDS Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Weatherford, Texas
Department of Surgery Neck Surgery
Emory University School of Medicine University of Tennessee Health Science Center T. William Evans, DDS, MD, FACS
Atlanta, Georgia Memphis, Tennessee Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
The Ohio State University
Jeffrey D. Bennett, DMD M. Scott Connor, DDS, MD Columbus, Ohio;
Department of Oral Surgery and Hospital Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Dentistry Louisiana State University Health Sciences University of Michigan
Indiana University School of Dentistry Center Ann Arbor, Michigan
Indianapolis, Indiana Shreveport, Louisiana
Michael W. Finkelstein, DDS, MS
Charles N. Bertolami, DDS, D.Med.Sc. Bernard J. Costello, DMD, MD Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology, and
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Medicine
University of California University of Pittsburgh University of Iowa, College of Dentistry
San Francisco, California Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Iowa City, Iowa

xiii
xiv Contributors

Mark C. Fletcher, DMD, MD Richard H. Haug, DDS Vasiliki Karlis, DMD, MD

Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Division of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Connecticut School of Dental University of Kentucky College of Dentistry New York University College of Dentistry
Medicine Lexington, Kentucky New York, New York
Farmington, Connecticut
Leslie B. Heffez, DMD, MS, FRCD David W. Kennedy, MD, FACS, FRCSI
Thomas R. Flynn, DMD Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Pennsylvania School of Medicine
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Illinois, College of Dentistry Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
Harvard School of Dental Medicine Chicago, Illinois
Boston, Massachusetts James Koehler, DDS, MD
Joseph I. Helman, DMD Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
M. Cynthia Fukami, DMD, MS Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Alabama
Section of Pediatric Dentistry University of Michigan Birmingham, Alabama
The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry Ann Arbor, Michigan
Columbus, Ohio George M. Kushner, DMD, MD
Alan S. Herford, DDS, MD Department of Surgical and Hospital Dentistry
Steven I. Ganzberg, DMD, MS Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Louisville
Section of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Loma Linda University School of Dentistry Louisville, Kentucky
Pathology, and Anesthesiology Loma Linda, California
The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry Peter E. Larsen, DDS
Columbus, Ohio Jon D. Holmes, DMD, MD, FACS Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry
G. E. Ghali, DDS, MD, FACS University of Alabama Columbus, Ohio
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Birmingham, Alabama
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Richard D. Leathers, DDS
Center James R. Hupp, DMD, MD, JD, MBA, FACS, Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Shreveport, Louisiana FACD Charles R. Drew University of Medicine and
Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery, Science
Robert Glickman, DMD Otolaryngology, and Surgery Los Angeles, California
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Mississippi Medical Center School
New York University College of Dentistry of Dentistry Jessica J. Lee, DDS
New York, New York Jackson, Mississippi Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Washington School of Dentistry
Michael S. Goldwasser, DDS, MD Heidi L. Jarecki, MD Seattle, Washington
Department of Surgery Department of Ophthalmology and Visual
University of Illinois College of Medicine at Sciences Bradley N. Lemke, MD
Urbana-Champaign University of Wisconsin School of Medicine Department of Ophthalmology and Visual
Urbana, Illinois Madison, Wisconsin Sciences
University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
Steven G. Gollehon, DDS, MD Ole T. Jensen, DDS, MS Madison, Wisconsin
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Colorado School of Dentistry
Louisiana State University Health Sciences Denver, Colorado Stuart E. Lieblich, DMD
Center Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
New Orleans, Louisiana Milan J. Jugan, DMD University of Connecticut School of Dental
Dental Department Medicine
Joao Roberto Goncalves, DDS, PhD Naval Medical Center Farmington, Connecticut
Departmento de Clínica Infantil San Diego, California
Faculdade de Odontologia de Araraquara-UNESP Patrick J. Louis, DDS, MD
Araraquara, Sao Paolo Leonard B. Kaban, DMD, MD Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Brazil Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Alabama
Harvard University Birmingham, Alabama
Reginald E. Gowans, DDS Boston, Massachusetts
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Mark J. Lucarelli, MD
Charles R. Drew University of Medicine John R. Kalmar, DMD, PhD Department of Ophthalmology and Visual
and Science Section of Oral Surgery, Oral Pathology, and Sciences
Los Angeles, California Dental Anesthesia University of Wisconsin School of Medicine
The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry Madison, Wisconsin
Columbus, Ohio
 Contributors xv

Stephen B. Milam, DDS, PhD, FACD Vincent J. Perciaccante, DDS Michael S. Scherer, DDS, MD
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Texas Health Science Center Emory University School of Medicine Case Western Reserve University School of
San Antonio, Texas Atlanta, Georgia Dental Medicine
Cleveland, Ohio
Michael Miloro, DMD, MD Larry J. Peterson, DDS, MS†
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Sterling R. Schow, DMD
The Nebraska Medical Center The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Omaha, Nebraska Columbus, Ohio Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M
University System
Dale J. Misiek, DMD Joseph F. Piecuch, DMD, MD Dallas, Texas
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Louisiana State University Health Sciences University of Connecticut School of Dental Anthony G. Sclar, DMD
Center Medicine Department of Surgery
New Orleans, Louisiana Farmington, Connecticut University of Miami School of Medicine
Miami, Florida
Gary D. Monheit, MD Michael A. Pikos, DDS
Departments of Dermatology and Ophthalmology Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Vivek Shetty, DDS, Dr.Med.Dent.
University of Alabama University of Miami School of Medicine Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Birmingham, Alabama Miami, Florida University of California
Los Angeles, California
Jeffrey J. Moses, DDS, FACD, FICD, FAACS M. Anthony Pogrel, DDS, MD, FRCS, FACS
Department of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery James W. Sikes Jr, DMD, MD
University of California University of California Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Los Angeles, California San Francisco, California Louisiana State University Health Sciences
Center
Gregory M. Ness, DDS Jeffrey C. Posnick, DMD, MD, FRCS(C), FACS Shreveport, Louisiana
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Departments of Surgery and Pediatrics
The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry Georgetown University Medical Center Massimo Simion, DDS
Columbus, Ohio Washington, District of Columbia Department of Periodontology
University of Milan
Mark W. Ochs, DMD, MD Michael P. Powers, DDS, MS Milan, Italy
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Pittsburgh School of Dental Case Western Reserve University School of Douglas P. Sinn, DDS
Medicine Dental Medicine Department of Surgery
Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania Cleveland, Ohio University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Center
Robert. A. Ord, MD, DDS, MS, FRCS, FACS Ramon L. Ruiz, DMD, MD Dallas, Texas
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Departments of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Maryland and Pediatrics Daniel B. Spagnoli, DDS, PhD
Baltimore, Maryland University of North Carolina Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Chapel Hill, North Carolina Louisiana State University Health Sciences
Todd G. Owsley, DDS, MD Center
Carolina Surgical Arts, PA Thomas J. Salinas, DDS New Orleans, Louisiana
Greensboro, North Carolina Department of Otolaryngology
University of Nebraska Medical Center Peter M. Spalding, DDS, MS, MS
Stephen M. Parel, DDS, FACD, FICD Omaha, Nebraska Department of Growth and Development
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery University of Nebraska Medical Center College
Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Noah A. Sandler, DMD, MD of Dentistry
University System Department of Diagnostic and Surgical Sciences Lincoln, Nebraska
Dallas, Texas University of Minnesota
Minneapolis, Minnesota Eber L. L. Stevao, DDS, PhD
Alex E. Pazoki, MD, DDS Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery David M. Sarver, DMD, MS Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M Univer-
University of Maryland Department of Orthodontics sity System
Baltimore, Maryland University of North Carolina Dallas, Texas
Chapel Hill, North Carolina

†
Deceased
xvi Contributors

Suzanne U. Stucki-McCormick, MS, DDS Scott D. Urban, DMD, MD Joel M. Weaver, DDS, PhD, FACD, FICD
Pacific Center for Jaw and Facial Surgery Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Department of Anesthesiology
Encinitas, California University of Alabama College of Medicine and Public Health
Birmingham, Alabama The Ohio State University
B. D. Tiner, DDS, MD Columbus, Ohio
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Joseph E. Van Sickels, DDS
University of Texas Health Science Center Department of Oral Health Science Randall M. Wilk, DDS, PhD, MD
San Antonio, Texas University of Kentucky Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Lexington, Kentucky Louisiana State University Health Sciences Center
Paul S. Tiwana, DDS, MD, MS New Orleans, Louisiana
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Tomaso Vercellotti, MD, DDS
University of North Carolina Department of Ear, Nose, and Throat Larry M. Wolford, DMD
Chapel Hill, North Carolina University of Studies of Genova (Italy) Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Genova, Italy Baylor College of Dentistry, Texas A&M
Yan Trokel, MD, DDS University System
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Katherine W. L. Vig, BDS, MS, D. Orth, FDS(RCS) Dallas, Texas
University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center Department of Orthodontics
Dallas, Texas The Ohio State University, College of Dentistry Deborah L. Zeitler, DDS, MS
Columbus, Ohio Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Maria J. Troulis, DDS, MSc University of Iowa College of Dentistry
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery Steven D. Vincent, DDS, MS Iowa City, Iowa
Harvard University Department of Oral Pathology, Radiology, and
Boston, Massachusetts Medicine Michael F. Zide, DMD
University of Iowa, College of Dentistry Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
Timothy A. Turvey, DDS Iowa City, Iowa University of Texas Southwestern Medical
Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery School
University of North Carolina Peter D. Waite, MPH, DDS, MD, FACD Dallas, Texas
Chapel Hill, North Carolina Department of Oral and Maxillofacial Surgery
University of Alabama School of Dentistry
Birmingham, Alabama