Legal and Political Framework on Gender Gender Mainstreaming or Gender and Development (GAD)

 mainstreaming is the major global strategy for

CEDAW (Convention on the Elimination of All ensuring that the government pursues gender
Forms of Discrimination against Women) equality in all aspects of the development process to
achieve the vision of a gender-responsive society
where women and men equally contribute to and
benefit from development.
 Its importance has been extensively discussed since
governments committed to this concept in the Beijing
Platform for Action during the Fourth United Nations
World Conference on Women in 1995.

What is CEDAW?
 Convention on the Elimination of All Forms of
Discrimination against Women
 Basic principle (UN): Equality of rights for
women
 UN GOAL: "faith in fundamental human rights,
in the dignity and worth of the human person, 1. Women and the environment
in the equal rights of men and women“ 2. Violence against women
3. The girl child
 Article 1 proclaims that one of the purposes of
4. Women and the economy
the United Nations is to achieve international 5. Institutional mechanisms
cooperation in promoting and encouraging 6. Woman and armed conflict
respect for human rights and for fundamental 7. Human rights of women
freedoms for all without distinction as to, inter 8. Education and training of women
alia, sex. 9. Women and poverty
 The status of human rights, including the goal 10. Women in power and decision-making
of equality between women and men, is 11. Women and health
12. Women and the media
thereby elevated: a matter of ethics becomes a
contractual obligation of all Governments and
of the UN.
Reason:
The 1960s saw the emergence, in many parts of the
world, of a new consciousness of the patterns of Republic Act 9710 or the Magna Carta of Women
discrimination against women and a rise in the
number of organizations committed to combating the The Magna Carta of Women (MCW) is a comprehensive
women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate
effect of such discrimination
discrimination through the recognition, protection,
fulfillment, and promotion of the rights of Filipino women,
Ched Memorandum Order. No 01 Series of especially those belonging to the marginalized sectors of
2015 society.

The Magna Carta of Women (MCW) is a comprehensive

women’s human rights law that seeks to eliminate
discrimination through the recognition, protection,
fulfillment, and promotion of the rights of Filipino women,
especially those belonging to the marginalized sectors of
society.

Why is this law entitled the Magna Carta of Women and not
Magna Carta for Women?

In the process of national consultation during the 13th

Congress, it was decided to rename the bill to Magna Carta
of Women to highlight women’s participation and
ownership of the bill.
What is discrimination against women? women’s equitable participation and
representation in the third level civil service,
 any gender-based distinction, exclusion, or restriction development councils and planning bodies, as
which has the effect or purpose of impairing or
well as political parties and international
nullifying the recognition, enjoyment, or exercise by
women, irrespective of their marital status, on a basis bodies, including the private sector.
of equality of men and women, of human rights and  Equal treatment before the law, including the
fundamental freedoms in the political, economic, State’s review and when necessary amendment
social, cultural, civil or any other field; or repeal of existing laws that are
discriminatory to women;
 any act or omission, including by law, policy,  Equal access and elimination of discrimination
administrative measure, or practice, that directly or against women in education, scholarships and
indirectly excludes or restricts women in the
training. This includes revising educational
recognition and promotion of their rights and their
access to and enjoyment of opportunities, benefits, materials and curricula to remove gender
or privileges; stereotypes and images, and outlawing the
 a measure or practice of general application that fails expulsion, non-readmission, prohibiting
to provide for mechanisms to offset or address sex or enrollment and other related discrimination
gender-based disadvantages or limitations of women, against women students and faculty due to
as a result of which women are denied or restricted in pregnancy outside of marriage;
the recognition and protection of their rights and in
their access to and enjoyment of opportunities,
benefits, or privileges; or women, more than men are
shown to have suffered the greater adverse effects of
those measures or practices; and
 discrimination compounded by or intersecting with
other grounds, status, or condition, such as ethnicity,
age, poverty, or religion.

What are the rights of women guaranteed under the Magna

Carta of Women?

 All rights in the Philippine Constitution and those

rights recognized under international instruments
duly signed and ratified by the Philippines, in
consonance with Philippine laws shall be rights of
women under the Magna Carta of Women.
 These rights shall be enjoyed without discrimination
since the law prohibits discrimination against women,
whether done by public and private entities or
individuals.

The Magna Carta of Women also spells out

every woman’s right to:

 Protection from all forms of violence, including

those committed by the State. This includes the
incremental increase in the recruitment and
training of women in government services that
cater to women victims of gender-related
offenses. It also ensures mandatory training on
human rights and gender sensitivity to all
government personnel involved in the
protection and defense of women against
gender-based violence, and mandates local
government units to establish a Violence
Against Women Desk in every barangay to
address violence against women cases;
 Protection and security in times of disaster,
calamities and other crisis situations, especially
in all phases of relief, recovery, rehabilitation
and construction efforts, including protection
from sexual exploitation and other sexual and
gender-based violence.
 Participation and representation, including
undertaking temporary special measures and
affirmative actions to accelerate and ensure
 Swyer syndrome
1. The Sex-determining Region Y gene (SRY gene) in
BIOLOGICAL THEORIES OF GENDER the Y chromosome carries the gene that causes the
embryo to develop testes.
If the embryo does not have a Y chromosome, it will
BIOLOGICAL Theories not have the SRY gene and the embryo would
the earliest approach in explaining the physical and develop an ovary
behavioral development of man and a woman 2. Sywer syndrome is a condition when the Y-
Gender development begins at fertilization and is a chromosome does not carry the SRY gender or that
result of biological processes mainly in two ways: SRY gene does not activate.
 chromosomes 3. This condition affects 1 in 80, 000 people
 hormones

Study results of biological theorists in relation to

gender development is inconsistent, the theory still
provides interesting insights on the possible effect of
genes and hormones on one’s femininity and  People with Swyer syndrome have a typical
masculinity. female reproductive system but the gonads are
underdeveloped.
The Role of Chromosomes in Gender  They are typically raised as females, and based
Development on physical appearance their community would
46 chromosomes-human body composition typically identify them as females, However, clinically,
arranged in 23 pairs their chromosomes are XY
23rd pair determines the biological sex ad either Klinefelter’s syndrome
female (XX chromosomes) or male (XY chromosomes)  This condition affects 1 in 500 to 1,00 men
Biological approach:  The person is biologically male and has the
 XY chromosome contains genes responsible for physical appearance of a male,
masculine traits such as aggressiveness,  However, this person carries an extra X
competitive, risk takers among others chromosome in his chromosomal pairing, XX’/.
( McLeod, 2014)  Although physical appearance is male, the extra
 XY chromosome is not as stable as the XX (Y X chromosome cause less body hair,
chromosome is fragile while the X chromosome underdeveloped genitals, and shows breast
is sturdy). development
Conclusion:  Men with XX’/ chromosomes are described as
Men: Aside from behaviors that would cause high having a mild temperament, passive and
mortality rate in men, they also tend to have more cooperative
health problems.  aggression level has a biological component
Women: have different chromosomal structures and
these are said to enjoy better health than the men. The Role of Hormones in Gender Development

Biological theory posited that masculine and feminine  Biological theory claims:
traits are already coded in the chromosomes -Hormones determine the how girls and boy behave
 These coded traits manifest in a person’s looks Example: In most cultures, males are more aggressive
and behavior that explain the physical and in their behavior than females
psychological differences between male and -Linking aggressive behavior to androgen in males
females.  Androgen
-There are instances when chromosomes deviate -A hormone present in both men and women
from the usual XX/XY pairing However, androgen is typically assigned as a male
 condition is called a typical sex chromosome hormone because it is present in much higher levels
 Typical sex chromosome: the person’s body and in men
behavior looks like a typical male or female, but -Male traits: aggression, competitiveness, spatial
their chromosomes do not align to their births ability, and higher sexual drive
sex.
 They have distinct and psychological Clinical findings also claimed that a female child
manifestations exposed to high levels of androgen while in her
mother’s womb tend to be as physically active as
boys (Hines & Spencer, 2015)
The researchers attributed this difference to prenatal
exposure on higher presence of androgen
Hormones believed to highly influence gender and
development are testosterone and estrogen

TESTOSTERONE

 major androgen hormone in males

 produced predominantly by males
 controls the development of male sex organs
 Claimed to influence specific areas in brain
development associated with masculine
behavior such as competitiveness, spatial skills,
and aggressiveness among other.
 Some studies claimed that when an XX
chromosome was exposed to high level of
prenatal testosterone, the female child
prevalently developed into a female adult who
generally did not identify with the female
gender and whose sexual orientation was
towards other females.
-The impact of testosterone levels on a person
behavior and that testosterone has a key role in
gender development (Balburg, et al.2008)

ESTROGEN
 primarily a female hormone
 Determines female sexual characteristics
 Linked in the development of feminine body
shapes and facial features
 Found to enhance feelings of intimacy,
attachment, and the desire to have more
children

G1. Psychodynamic Theory

G2. Cognitive developmental theory
G3. Kolberg’s Stages Of Gender And Development
G4. Socialization Theory
G5. Social Cognitive Theory
G6. Structural Functionalist Perspective
G7. Conflict Perspective
G8. Symbolic Interaction Perspective
 Cognitive development theory
Interpersonal influences
 first proposed by American psychologist
Lawrence Kolberg (1927-1987)
Psychological perspectives
 Child’s gender development is driven by their
cognitive understanding of gender
-Psychodynamic Theory
 A child develops an understanding of gender as
-Cognitive Development Theory (Kolberg’s Stages of
he or she actively seeks information from his or
Development)
her environment and organizes gathered
-Socialization Theory
information based on his or her cognitive
-Social-Cognitive Theory
understanding of gender groups (Martin, et.al.,
2002)
Psychodynamic theory
 human behavior explains that human behavior
is the result of a person’ unconscious
psychological processes.
 The adult personality is crucially shaped by
childhood experiences (Thorton, 2019)
 associated with Sigmund Freud “psychoanalytic
approach”

Freud Theories
Socialization theory

 Socialization is responsible for gender

development not biological influences (Biovin
and Martin, 2014)
 Gender schema-
- children learn about male and female from
the culture that they are part of, and that children
2 kinds of drives
align their behavior with their culture’s gender norms
right at the earliest stages of their development (Bem
Life drive
1981)
-feelings of love or affection that drives us to connect
to other
Four (4) Potential Sources Of Gender Development
Death Drive
In Children As A Result From Socialization
-Controls risky behaviors such as aggression,.

FIXATION

Result of either frustration or over-indulgence (it

could be both)
 Some part of a person’s libido was stuck at a
particular phase .
Emergence of behavior of one’s gender
1. observing the environment
2. experiences resulting from one’s behavior
3. Direct instructions from people who the child
considers as primary influences how to believe