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525/1

S6 CHEMISTRY
Exam 2

PAPER 1

DURATION: 1 HOUR

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INSTRUCTIONS TO CANDIDATES

Attempt All questions

1. (a) Name three radiations emitted by radioisotopes (1 ½ marks)

Alpha particles, Gamma rays, Beta particles

(b) What is meant by the following terms?

(i) Decay constant. (1 mark)

This is a constant ratio of the number of radioactive atoms disintegrating in any specified short
unit interval of time to the total number of atoms of the same kind still intact at the beginning
of that interval

Or

It is the average probability per nucleus of decay occurring per unit time

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(ii) Half life (1mark)

Half- life is the time taken for radioactive substance to decay to half its original mass.

(c) The half-life for 223

88𝑅𝑎 is 1620 years. Calculate the time taken for 90% of radium to
disintegrate. (2 ½ mark)
𝐼𝑛2 𝐼𝑛 2
Radioactive constant, K = = yr-2
ℎ𝑎𝑙𝑓−𝑙𝑖𝑓𝑒 1620

𝑁𝑜
In = Kt
𝑁

100 𝐼𝑛 2
In = t
10 1620

100 𝐼𝑛 2
t = In / =5376 years
10 1620

2. (a) What is meant by the term first electron affinity. (1mark)

Electron affinity is the enthalpy change when 1mole of electrons are added to gaseous atoms or
anions to form gaseous anions.

(b) The first electron affinities of some elements of period 3 are given below

Element Al Si P S
First electron -44 -134 -71.7 -200
affinity (kJmol-1)

(i) State how the electron affinities vary (1mark)

It generally increases from Al to Si to S. the electron affinity of P is abnormally low.

(ii) Explain your answer in (i) (3marks)

Electron affinity generally increase from Al to S due to increase in electronegativity. The

electron affinity of Sulphur is abnormally low because it has relatively stable half shell electron
configuration that opposes addition of electron.

3. Complete the following reactions and name the main product.

(a) CH3CH2COOH Soda lime CH3CH3, ethane (2marks)

heat

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 (b) CaC2 (s) + H2O(l) HC ≡CH. Ethyne (2marks)

H2
(c) CH3C≡CH CH3CH=CH2, propene (2marks)
Lindlar’s catalyst

4. (a) What is meant by the term boiling point elevation constant . (1marks)

Boiling point elevation constant is an increase in boiling point of solution caused by 1 mole of
solute in 1000g of solvent.

(b) (i) The boiling point of benzene under certain pressure condition is 80.00C. Calculate the
boiling point of a solution containing 5g of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol ( HOC6H2(NO2)3 in 100g
of benzene under these pressure conditions. Kb = 2.60C per 1000g of benzene) (3mks)

Solution

Formula mass of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol (HOC6H2(NO2)3 = 229

5 𝑥 1000
Mass of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol ( HOC6H2(NO2)3 in 1000g of benzene = = 50g
100

Boiling point elevation

229g of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol (HOC6H2(NO2)3 cause 2.60C

2.6 𝑥 50
50g of 2, 4, 6-trinitrophenol (HOC6H2(NO2)3 cause =0.560C
229

Boiling point of solution = 80 + 0.56 = 80.560C

(iii) State any three assumptions made in the calculation (1 ½ mark)

- solution is dilute
- the solute does not associate
- the solute does not react with the solvent

5. (a) When prop-1-ene was reacted with hydrogen chloride in the presence of a peroxide, 1-
chloropropane is formed but when the reaction occurs in absence of a peroxide, 2-
chloropropane is the main product. Write the mechanisms leading to the formation of the
two products.

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CH3CH=CH2 + HCl peroxide CH3CHCH2Cl

Mechanism H

RO OR RO + OR

RO + HCl ROH + Cl

CH3CH=CH2 + Cl CH3CH-CH2Cl

CH3CH-CH2Cl + HCl CH3CH-CH2Cl + Cl

CH3CH=CH2 + HCl peroxide CH3CH CH2

Mechanism Cl H

H H

CH3C CH2 CH3C CH2 CH3CH CH2

+
H Cl :Cl- H Cl H

(b) Explain why the products are different in (a) (2marks)

1-Chloropropane is formed by free chain reaction mechanism whereas 2-chloropropane is

formed by electrophilic addition reaction mechanism.

6 State what’s observed and write equation for the reactions when

(a) Dilute sodium hydroxide is added drop wise to a solution of chromium (III) sulphate (3mks)
A green precipitate soluble in excess is formed
Cr3+(aq) + 3OH-(aq) → Cr(OH)3(s)
Then
Cr(OH)3(s) + OH-(aq) → Cr(OH)4-(aq)

(b) Potassium iodide is added to aqueous copper (II) sulphate (2 ½ marks)

White precipitate and brown solution

2Cu2+(aq) + 4I-(aq) → 2CuI(s) + I2(aq)

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7 (a) (i) Explain what is meant by the term electronic configuration; (01mark)

Electron configuration is the placement of electron in electron shells within an atom.

(ii) State two deductions that can be made from electronic configurations (2marks)

Electron configuration enable us to tell the group and period into which an atom of an element
exist.

(iv) Write electronic configuration of copper (Cu atomic number 29) (2marks)

1s22s22p63s23p63d104s1

8. Name one reagent(s) that can be used to differentiate between the following species. In each
case state what is observed if each species is separately treated with the reagent.

(a) H2C=CH2 and HC≡CH

Reagent: ammoniacal silver nitrate

Observations

H2C=CH2: no observable change

HC≡CH: white precipitate

Al3+ and Pb2+

Reagent: potassium iodide

Observations

Al3+ : no observable change

Pb2+: yellow precipitate

9. 100cm3 of concentrated hydrochloric acid were diluted to 1dm3 with distilled water. 26.8cm3
of the diluted solution required 25cm3 of 0.5M sodium carbonate solution, with methyl
orange indicator for complete neutralization. Calculate the molar concentration of the
concentrated hydrochloric acid. (3 marks)

Solution

Mole of sodium carbonate

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 1000cm3 contain 0.5moles of sodium carbonate
0.5 𝑥 25
25cm3 contain = 0.0125moles
1000

Moles of hydrochloric acid in 26.8cm3 that reacted = 2 x 0.0125 = 0.025moles

Moles hydrochloric acid in 1000cm3 of dilute acid

26.8cm3 of dilute acid contain 0.025moles

0.025 𝑥 1000
1000cm3 of dilute acid contains = 0.93mole
26.8

Molarity of concentrated acid

100cm3 contain 0.93 moles

0.93 𝑥 1000
1000cm3 contain = 9.3M
100

10. (a) Explain what is meant by the term colligative property. (2marks)

Colligative property is a property of dilute solution that depend on the number rather
chemical nature of the solute particles.

(c) 0.72g of a compound M was dissolved in 80g of water and the resultant solution had a
freezing point of -0.140C. When 2.9g of the same compound was dissolved in 111g of
benzene the freezing point was depressed by 0.60C.
(Kf for water =1.860Cmol-1kg-1 and Kf for benzene is 5.50Cmol-1kg-1)
(i) Calculate the apparent molecular mass of M in
Water (2 ½ mark)

Solution

Freezing point depression = 0 – (-0.14) = 0.14

Mass of M in 1000g of water

80g of water contain 0.72g

0.72 𝑥 1000
1000g of water contain = 9g
80

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Formula mass of M

0.140C is caused by 9g of M

1.860C is causes by RFM of M

1.86 𝑥 9
RFM of M = = 120
0.14

Benzene (2 ½ marks)

Solution

Freezing point depression = 0.60C

Mass of M in 1000g of benzene

111g of benzene contain 2.9g

2.9 𝑥 1000
1000g of benzene contain = 26.13g
111

Formula mass of M

0.60C is caused by 26.13g of M

5.50C is causes by RFM of M

5.5 𝑥 26.13
RFM of M = = 240
0.6

(ii)Explain why the molecular mass of M differs in the solvents. (2 mark)

M is associated in benzene or dissociated in water

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