3/16/24, 5:31 PM IB Mathematics AA HL Questionbank - Topic 5 - Calculus

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IB MATHEMATICS AA HL - QUESTIONBANK
Topic 5 - Calculus
Differentiation, Integration, Kinematics, Differential Equations, Maclaurin Series...
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Question 1
HARD

[Maximum mark: 25]

This question asks you to investigate some properties of even and odd functions.

5
Consider the functions f1 (x) = and f2 (x) = 3x2 + 8.
x3
​ ​ ​

(a) Determine whether:

(i) The function f1 (x) is an even function or an odd function,

​

(ii) The function f2 (x) is an even function or an odd function.

​ [4]

Suppose g(x) is a function with domain R and let h and j be the functions

g(x) + g(−x) g(x) − g(−x)

h(x) = , j(x) =
​

2 2
​ ​

(b) (i) Show that g(x) = h(x) + j(x).

(ii) Hence, show that g(x) is the sum of an even and an odd function. [4]

(c) Using the results from part (b), find the even part and the odd part of

g(x) = x4 + 4x3 + 5x2 − 2x [3]

Let f (x) be a function that is differentiable for all x ∈ R.

(d) Show that:

(i) if f (x) is an even function, then f ′ (x) is an odd function

(ii) if f (x) is an odd function, then f ′ (x) is an even function. [4]

(e) Show that if f (x) is an even function defined and differentiable at x = 0, then:

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′
(i) f (0) = 0,

(ii) f 2k+1 (0) = 0 for k ∈ Z+ ,

(iii) its Maclaurin series expansion contains only even powers of x. [5]
(f) Show that if f (x) is an odd function, then its Maclaurin series expansion contains only odd powers
of x. [5]

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HARD
Question 2

[Maximum mark: 27]

This question asks you to investigate some properties of cubic functions and their tangents.

Consider the cubic function q(x) = x3 − 6x2 − x + 30.

(a) (i) Show that x = 5 is a root of q(x) = 0.

(ii) Hence, factorise q(x) as a product of linear factors.

(iii) Find the equation of the tangent to y = q(x) at x = 4.

(iv) Sketch y = q(x) and the tangent to x = 4 on the same set of axes. [9]

Consider the cubic function f (x) = ax3 + bx2 + cx + d, a =  0, and the line L(x) = mx + 1.
With the point (x∗ , f (x∗ )) being a point of inflection on f (x).
​ ​

Let x1 , x2 , x3 be the roots of the equation f (x) − L(x) = 0.

​ ​ ​

(b) (i) Show that the sum of the roots is a constant which is independent of the choice of line L.

x1 + x2 + x3 [5]
(ii) Show that y = f (x) has an inflection point at x∗ = .
​ ​

3
​ ​

Suppose y = L(x) is a tangent to y = f (x) at the point x = x1 . ​

(c) (i) Show that f ′ (x) − L′ (x) = 3a(x − x1 )(x − β) for some β .
​

a
(ii) Hence show that f (x) − L(x) = (x − x1 )2 (2x + x1 − 3β).
2
​ ​ ​

(iii) Assuming it exists, find the x-coordinate of the other point of intersection between the cubic
and the line, in terms of x1 and x∗ .
​ ​

(iv) Sketch the functions f (x) and L(x) on the same axes identifying the x-coordinate of the points
of intersection and inflection.

(v) In the case that L(x) = 0, interpret the result in (c)(iii) in terms of the graph of the cubic
function and its x-intercepts. [13]

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HARD
Question 3

[Maximum mark: 26]

In this question you will investigate a method to express the sum of a sine and cosine
function in terms of only one sine and solving related problems.

Consider the sum sin x − 3 cos x for 0 < x ≤ 2π . This sum can be expressed as a single sine function of
​

the form A sin(x + B). Where A > 0 and − π2 ≤ B ≤ π2 . ​ ​

(a) (i) Find the value of A.

(ii) Find the value of B .

(iii) Hence, express the sum sin x − 3 cos x in the form A sin(x + B).
​ [4]

π 5π
Consider the function f (x) = sin x − 3 cos x for − <x≤ .
6 6
​ ​ ​

(b) (i) Find the root of the function.

(ii) By using a sketch of f describe why it has an inverse.

π x
(iii) Show that f −1 (x) = + arcsin ( ). [6]
3 2
​ ​

1
c
2 π
Now, consider the equation ∫ dx = ∫ f −1 (x) dx where c > .
f (x) 2
​ ​ ​ ​

π/2 0

1
(i) Show that ∫
π
(c) f −1 (x) dx = + 3 − 2.
2
​ ​ ​

(ii) Hence, by considering the integral ∫ cosec x dx = − ln ∣cosec x + cot x∣ + C show that

∣ π π ∣ 2+ 3
cosec (c − ) + cot (c − ) = /2+ −2
​

∣ 3 3 ∣ eπ 3
​ ​ ​ ​ ​ ​

(iii) Find the value of c correct to 4 significant figures. [15]

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Question 4
HARD

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3/16/24, 5:31 PM IB Mathematics AA HL Questionbank - Topic 5 - Calculus

[Maximum mark: 30]

This question will investigate power series, as an extension to the

Binomial Theorem for negative and fractional indices.

A power series in x is defined as a function of the form

f (x) = a0 + a1 x + a2 x2 + a3 x3 + …
​ ​ ​

where the ai ∈ R.
​

(a) Expand (1 − x)5 using the Binomial Theorem. [3]

Consider the geometric series

S = 1 − x + x2 − x3 + x4 − x5 + ⋯

(b) (i) State for which values the geometric series is convergent.

(ii) Show that, for this set of values, the sum of the series is (1 + x)−1 . [4]

(c) By differentiating the series S , show that

(1 + x)−2 = 1 − 2x + 3x2 − 4x3 + 5x4 − ⋯ [2]

(d) By differentiating the equation obtained in part (c), show that

(1 + x)−3 = 1 − 3x + 6x2 − 10x3 + ⋯ [2]

(e) Hence by recognising the pattern, deduce that for n ∈ Z+ ,

n(n + 1) 2 n(n + 1)(n + 2) 3 [4]

(1 + x)−n = 1 − nx + x − x +⋯
2! 3!
​ ​

Now, we will determine how to generalize the expansion of (1 + x)q for q ∈ Q.

Suppose (1 + x)q with q ∈ Q can be written as the power series

a 0 + a 1 x + a 2 x2 + a 3 x3 + a 4 x4 + ⋯
​ ​ ​ ​ ​

(f) By substituting x = 0, find the value of a0 . ​ [1]

(g) By differentiating the series of (1 + x)q and evaluating at x = 0 find the value of a1 . ​
[2]

(h) By repeating the procedure of part (g) find the value of a2 and a3 . ​ ​ [4]

(i) Hence, write down the first four terms of the series expansion for (1 + x)q called the Extended
Binomial Theorem. [1]

1 [3]
(j) Write down the power series for , including the first four terms.
1 − x2
​

(k) Hence, integrating the series found in part (j), find the power series for arcsin x, including the first
four terms. [4]

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3/16/24, 5:31 PM IB Mathematics AA HL Questionbank - Topic 5 - Calculus

Question 5
HARD

[Maximum mark: 30]

In this question you will investigate methods for finding definite integrals of power of
trigonometrical functions.
π
Let In = ∫ ​ ​ 2 sinn x dx, n ≥ 0.
0

(a) Find the exact values of I0 , I1 and I2 . ​ ​ ​ [6]

π
In can be rewritten as In = ∫
​ ​ ​
2 sinn−1 x sin x dx, n ≥ 0.
0

n−1 [5]
(b) Hence, use integration by parts to show that In = ​ In−2 , n ≥ 2.
​ ​

(c) Explain where the condition n ≥ 2 was used in your proof. [1]

(d) Hence, find the exact values of I3 and I4 . ​ [2]

π/2
Let Jn = ∫ ​ ​ 4 cosn x dx, n ≥ 0.
0

π
(e) Using that cos is an even function, and the substitution x = u − to show that Jn = In . [4]
2
​ ​ ​

(f) Hence, find the exact values of J5 and J6 . ​ ​ [2]

π/2
Let Kn = ∫ ​ ​ 2 cotn x dx, n ≥ 0.
π/4

(g) Find the exact values of K0 and K1 . ​ ​ [3]

π/2
Kn can be rewritten as Kn = ∫
​ ​ ​ 2 cotn−2 x cot2 x dx, n ≥ 2.
π/4

2 [5]
(h) Hence, by using the identity cot2 x = cosec2 x − 1 to show Kn = − Kn−2 , n ≥ 2.
n−1
​ ​ ​

(i) Find the exact values of K2 and K3 . ​ ​

[2]

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Question 6
HARD

[Maximum mark: 30]

This question asks you to investigate some properties of differential equations to modelling
population growth.

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3/16/24, 5:31 PM IB Mathematics AA HL Questionbank - Topic 5 - Calculus
A general model for population growth is given by the differential equation

dP
= (β(t) − δ(t)) P
dt
​

where β(t) is the number of births per month, while δ(t) is the number of deaths per month.

(a) First, suppose that β(t) and δ(t) are constant. Show that the solution to the differential equation is
P = P0 ekt where k = β(t) − δ(t) and P0 is the population at time t = 0.
​ ​ [5]

Suppose a population of rabbits has an initial population of 150 and the constant k = 0.04.

(b) (i) Using the result of part (a), find the population of rabbits after 9 months.

(ii) Find the number of months it will take for the population of rabbits to double.

(iii) Find lim P (t). ​

[5]
t→∞

Now consider the case where β is a function of t and δ is constant.

Suppose that a turtle population has a death rate of δ = 0 and a birth rate of β = 0.001P .

1
(c) (i) Show that the solution to the differential equation is P = − , where C is the
C + 0.001t
​

constant of integration.

(ii) If the initial population was 40 turtles, find the number of months required for the population
to double. Round your answer to the nearest month. [4]

It is often observed that the birth rate of a population decreases as the population increases. This
happens for example if the food supply is limited. This situation can be modelled by letting β = β0 − β1 P ​ ​

, where β0 and β1 are positive constants. Let's assume the death rate δ = δ0 remains constant.
​ ​ ​

(d) (i) By using appropriate substitutions show that the differential equation to model the situation
dP
described above is = k(M − P )P for some constants k and M .
dt
​

M
(ii) Hence, show that the solution to the differential equation is P = where A is a
1 + Ae−M kt
​

constant.

(iii) Find lim P (t). This value is known as the carrying capacity of the population.
​ [12]
t→∞

Consider a population of rabbits with initial population of 1250 rabbits, carrying capacity of 150000
rabbits and a constant k = 3 × 10−7 per month.

(e) Using the model from part (d), find the number of years it will take for the population to triple.
Round your answer to the nearest year. [4]

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HARD
Question 7

[Maximum mark: 31]

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3/16/24, 5:31 PM IB Mathematics AA HL Questionbank - Topic 5 - Calculus
This question ask you to investigate the relationship between the number of sides and the
area of an enclosure with a given perimeter.

A farmer wants to create an enclosure for his chickens, so he has purchased 28 meters of chicken coop
wire mesh.

(a) Initially the farmer considers making a rectangular enclosure.

(i) Complete the following table to show all the possible rectangular enclosures with sides of at
least 4 m he can make with the 28 m of mesh. The sides of the enclosure are always a whole
number of metres. [3]

(ii) What is the name of the shape that gives the maximum area? [1]

The farmer wonders what the area will be if instead of a rectangular enclosure he uses an equilateral
triangular enclosure.

196 3 [3]
(b) Show that the area of the triangular enclosure will be .
​

9
​

Next, the farmer considers what the area will be if the enclosure has the form of a regular pentagon.

The following diagram shows a regular pentagon.

Let O be the centre of the regular pentagon. The pentagon is divided into five congruent isosceles
triangles and angle AOB is equal to θ radians.

(c) (i) Express θ in terms of π .

14
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3/16/24, 5:31 PM IB Mathematics AA HL Questionbank - Topic 5 - Calculus
14 π
(ii) Show that the length of OA is cosec ( ) m.
5 5
​ ​

196 π
(iii) Show that the area of the regular pentagon is cot ( ) m2 . [6]
5 5
​ ​

Now, the farmer considers the case of a regular hexagon.

(d) Using the method in part (c), show that the area of the regular hexagon is [5]

196 π
cot ( ) m2 .
​

6 6
​ ​

The farmer notices that the hexagonal enclosure has a larger area than the pentagonal enclosure. He
considers now the general case of an n-sided regular polygon. Let An be the area of the n-sided regular
​

polygon with perimeter of 28 m.

196 π
(e) Show that An = ​ cot ( ) .
​ ​
[5]
n n
(f) Hence, find the area of an enclosure that is a regular 14-sided polygon with a perimeter of 28 m.
Give your answer correct to one decimal place. [2]

(g) (i) Evaluate lim An . ​ ​

n→∞

(ii) Interpret the meaning of the result of part (g) (i). [6]

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