VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY

“JNANA SANGAMA” , BELAGAVI-590018, KARNATAKA

DBMS Mini-Project Report (21CSL55)

On
S

“HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”

Submitted in the partial fulfillment of the requirement for the award of degree of

BACHELOR OF ENGINEERING
in
Computer Science & Engineering

Submitted By

Neha C G 1VA21CS037

Under the Guidance of

Dr. Varun E
Associate Professor

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY

Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to VTU, Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka.
Accredited by NBA, New Delhi (CSE, ECE, ISE, MECH & CIVIL), NAAC – “A” Grade
Rajanukunte, Bengaluru – 560 064

2023-2024
SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY
 (Approved by AICTE, New Delhi, Affiliated to VTU, Recognized by Govt. of Karnataka.
Accredited by NBA, New Delhi (CSE, ECE, ISE, MECH & CIVIL), NAAC – “A” Grade
Rajanukunte, Bengaluru- 560 064

DEPARTMENT OF COMPUTER SCIENCE & ENGINEERING

CERTIFICATE
This is to Certify that the DBMS Mini-Project(21CSL55) work entitled “HOSPITAL
MANAGEMENY SYSTEM” carried out by Ms. Neha C G (1VA21CS037), a bonafide students
of SAI VIDYA INSTITUTE OF TECHNOLOGY, Bengaluru, in partial fulfillment for
the award of Bachelor of Engineering in Department of Computer Science & Engineering of
VISVESVARAYA TECHNOLOGICAL UNIVERSITY, Belagavi during the year 2023-
24. It is certified that all corrections/suggestions indicated for Internal Assessment have
been incorporated in the report. The Mini-Project report has been approved as it satisfies the
academic requirements in respect of DBMS Mini-Project work prescribed for the said
Degree.

Dr. Varun E Dr. Shantakumar B Patil Dr. M S Ganesha Prasad

Associate Professor Professor & HOD Principal
Department of CSE, SVIT Department of CSE, SVIT SVIT

External Viva

Name of the examiners Signature with date

1.
2.
 CONTENTS

ACKNOWLEDGEMENT I

ABSTRACT II

LIST OF FIGURES III

LIST OF TABLES IV

Chapter No Chapter Name Page No

1 INTRODUCTION 1

2 SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SEPECIFICATION 3

3 DATABASE DESIGN 6

4 IMPLEMENTATION 9

5 RESULTS & SNAPSHOTS 21

6 CONCLUSION 24

7 REFRENCES 26
 ACKNOWLEDGEMENT

The completion of project brings with and sense of satisfaction, but it is never
completed without thanking the persons who are all responsible for its successful
completion. First and foremost, I wish to express our deep sincere feelings of gratitude to
my Institution, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, for providing me an opportunity to do
our education.

I would like to thank the Management and Prof. M R Holla, Director, Sai Vidya
Institute of Technology for providing the facilities.

I extend my deep sense of sincere gratitude to Dr. M S Ganesha Prasad,

Principal, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology, Bengaluru, for having permitted to carry out
the DBMS Mini-project work on “HOSPITAL MANAGEMENT SYSTEM”
successfully.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Shantakumar B Patil, Professor and HOD,

Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Sai Vidya Institute of Technology,
Bengaluru, for the constant support.

I express my sincere gratitude to Dr. Varun E, Associate Professor, DBMS Mini-

Project Guide, Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Sai Vidya Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru, for his constant support.

Finally, I would like to thank all the Teaching, Technical faculty and supporting
staff members of Department of Computer Science & Engineering, Sai Vidya Institute of
Technology, Bengaluru, for their support.

Neha C G 1VA21CS037

II
 ABSTRACT

The purpose of the project entitled as “Hospital Management System” is to

computerize the Front Office Management of Hospital to develop a software which is
user-friendly, simple, fast and cost effective. It deals with the collection of patient’s
information, diagnosis details, etc. Traditionally it was done manually. The main function
of the system is to register and store details of Patients and Doctors and retrieve the
details as and when required and also to manipulate these details meaningfully. System
input contains Patient details and diagnosis details while system output is to get these
details on the screen. The Hospital Management System can be entered using email,
username and password. It is accessible by doctor or patient. The data is well protected
for personal use and makes the data processing fast.

III
 LIST OF FIGURES

Fig No. Figure Name Page No.

1.1 DBMS Architecture 2
3.1 E-R Notation 6
3.2 Sample E-R Diagram 7
3.3 Sample Hospital Management Schema 8
5.1 Login Page 21
5.2 Home Screen 22
5.3 Booking Details(Doctors) 22
5.4.1 Booking Details(Patients) 23
5.4.2 Booked details(Patients) 23

IV
 LIST OF TABLES

Table No. Table Name Page No.

4.1 Sample Table 9
4.1.1 Login Details 9
4.1.2 Doctor Details 10
4.1.3 Patient Details 10
4.1.4 Test Details 11
4.1.5 Trigger Details 11
4.1.6 User Details 12

V
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Chapter 1

INTRODUCTION

The data is scattered across multiple transactional systems, so we have to extract it from those
systems, transform it into a standardized format and finally load it into a central repository called a
data warehouse. The data has to be reorganized so that it is presented to the users in an understandable
way.
“The database Management System” is a system that manages databases and organizes the data, so
that it can be easily retrieved by the users. This system can be used to manage transactional databases,
such as HR systems, banking systems, hospital systems and so on. This project is typically optimized
for performing transactions and it provides discrete pieces of information for the users.
The database management system organizes the files to give user more control over their data. The
system makes it possible for users to create, edit and update data in database files. Once created, the
system makes it possible to store and retrieve data from those database files. It provides functions
such as concurrency, security, backup, integrity and data description. It also provides reliability.
Database administrators are responsible for creating backups of databases, controlling access and, in
general, making sure it works the way it was intended.
The system provides automated methods to create, store and retrieve data and also can make tedious
manual tasks a thing of the past. A data base system reduces data redundancy and inconsistency. It
allows for concurrent access by multiple users, each with their own specific role. Some users only
need to view the data, some contribute to adding new data, while others design and manages the
database- all at the same time.

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1.1 Database Management System Architecture

The architecture of a database management system is influenced by its design, which can be
centralized, decentralized, or hierarchical. It can also be categorized as single-tier or multi-tier, where
an n-tier architecture breaks down the system into interconnected modules that can be individually
modified or replaced.

Figure 1.1: The Database Management System Architecture.

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Chapter 2

SOFTWARE REQUIREMENT SEPECIFICATION

Software Requirement Specifications (SRS) is an important part of software development

process. SRS includes overall description, functional requirements, supportability, performance
requirement, design constraints, etc. for any applications. These contents are very much useful in
fulfilling the goals while implementing software projects.

2.1 Overall Description

This project is to help the organizations to organize the huge amount of data and manipulate it
as required. . The requirement Specification is a document that describes the external and internal
requirements for any system. The Requirements analyst has to identify the requirements by talking to
the clients and understanding their needs. The inputs are to be gathered from different resources to
build the system based on the different requirements. The Requirements phase translates the ideas of
the clients into a formal document. This software helps in tracking details in various sectors such as
banks, library, universities, hospitals, shops etc. The main goal of the software is manage the data
efficiently

2.2 Specific Requirements

Many requirements represent stakeholder-defined characteristics the absence of which will
result in a major or even fatal deficiency. Others represent features that may be implemented if time
and budget permits. The requirements must specify a level of importance. The specification may
include a set of use cases that describe interactions the users will have with the software. It should also
include the specifications of hardware and software that are used for building the software.

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2.2.1 Software Requirements

As previously mentioned there are many software that will be part of this project and all of
them are required for development.

2.2.1.1 MySQL

It is an open source Relational Database Management System (RDBMS) that is under the
GNU GPL and is one of the most widely used. It also allows to scale the project without much
overhead. It also has many features such as high availability, query caching, cross platform support
and security make it a good candidate for deployment. We will be using MySQL version 5.7.14 which
is the latest version.

2.2.1.2 HTML

HTML is a markup language used for structuring and presenting content on the World Wide
Web.HTML includes detailed processing models.HTML5 would be used to design front-end.

 Operating System : Linux.

 Back End : MySQL.

 Front End : HTML.

 Database Connectivity : Pearl Home Page (PHP).

 Server : Apache.

2.2.2Hardware Requirements

Most of the current computer have enough specification to implement a database. But we need
to mention some minimal requirement. These would be the minimum specifications to run the DBMS
project. Use cases that describe interactions the users will have with the software.

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2.2.2.1 Processor Requirement

A basic fast processor is essential for efficient handling of load during server time and
development time. A processor with minimum 2 cores can handle the workload. Minimum
requirement processor is a Pentium 4(P4). Recommended processor is one with 4 cores like core i5
Sandy Bridge with larger L3 cache.

2.2.2.2 Memory Requirements

The RAM memory will be needed to efficiently run the server and the front end, hence at least 2GB of
DDR3 RAM would be necessary.

2.2.2.3 Disk Requirement

Python require 100MB of disk space. MySQL requires 1.3GB for Enterprise running. So in
total a minimum of 2GB disk space is required.

 Intel I3 or Above

 2GB RAM

 2GB disc space

 Microsoft controllable 101 or more keyboard

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Chapter 3

DATABASE DESIGN
3.1 E-R Diagram

An entity–relationship model (ER model) describes inter-related things of interest in a

specific domain of knowledge. An ER model is composed of entity types (which classify the things of
interest) and specifies relationships that can exist between instances of those entity types.

ER diagram should have mainly 3 components namely, entity, attribute, relationship. The
following notations can be used for drawing an ER diagram.

Figure 3.1: E-R Diagram Notations.

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Figure 3.2 shows the sample ER diagram which consists of Two entities Doctors, patient, tests related
by the relations treats, log. Each entity consists of attributes.

Figure 3.2: Sample E-R diagram.

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3.2 Relational Schema

The relational schema diagram gives the relation of one entity with another as well as the
information about the key constraints. The below figure is a sample relational schema diagram in
which the attributes that are underlined are the primary key and the arrow line is used to represent the
mapping.

In figure 3.3. The Name in Doctor is the primary key , Type is primary key of Patient, Type is
primary key of Tests

Figure 3.3: Sample Hospital Management Schema

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Chapter 4

IMPLEMENTATIONS
4.1 RDBMS Tables and their Description

Below table shows the list of tables used in implementation of the database management system.

Sample tables:

mysql> use HMS

Database changed
mysql> show tables;
+-----------------------+
| Tables_in_HMS |
+-----------------------+
| Patients |
| Doctors |
| Departments |
| Patients_Booking |
| Booking_Details |
| Authentication |
| Email_Address |
| Password |
| |
+-----------------------+

tbl_user (login):

This table is used to authenticate the user who is logging into the system. Attribute’s and their
description of this table is:

Table4.1.1: LOGIN Details.

mysql> desc tbl_user;

+-----------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+-----------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------------+
| email_id | varchar(50) | NO | PRI | NULL | NULL |
| Patient_name | varchar(45) | YES | | NULL | |
| Patient_username| varchar(45) | YES | | NULL | |
| Patient_password| varchar(45) | YES | | NULL | |
+-----------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------------+

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Doctors:

This table holds the Doctor details who are working in the Hospital Attribute’s and their description of
this table is:

Table 4.1.2: Doctor Details.

mysql> desc Doctor;

+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| did | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| email | varchar(20) | YES | | NULL | |
| doctorname | varchar( | YES | | NULL | |
| dept | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

Patients:

This table holds the information about the Patients and their appointments in the hospital. Attribute’s
and their description of this table is:

Table 4.1.3: Patients Details.

mysql> desc patients;

+--------------+-------------+------+-----+-------------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+-------------+----------------+
| pid | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(30) | YES | UNI | mobilephone | |
| email | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| gender | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| slot | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| disease | int(11) | YES | | 0 |
| time | time | YES | | NULL | |
| date | date | YES | | NULL | |
| dept | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
| number | int(11) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+-------------+----------------+

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Test:

This table holds the information about the tests to be done or been done by the patients. Attribute’s
and their description of this table is:

Table 4.1.4: Test Details.

mysql> desc test;

+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+
| id | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | auto_increment |
| name | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| email | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+----------------+

Trigger:

Table that holds the information about the Trigger. Attribute’s and their description of this table is:

Table 4.1.5: Trigger Details.

mysql> desc Trigger;

+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| tid | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| pid | int(11) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| email | varchar(50) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| name | varchar(50) | YES | MUL | NULL | |
| action | varchar(50) | YES | | NULL | |
| timestamp | datetime | NO | PRI | NOT NULL| |
+--------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

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User:

Table that holds the information about the User using HMS. Attribute’s and their description of this
table is:

Table 4.1.6: User Details.

mysql> desc user;

+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| Field | Type | Null | Key | Default | Extra |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+
| id | char(10) | NO | PRI | NULL | |
| username | varchar(30) | YES | | NULL | |
| usertype | varchar(10) | YES | | not | |
| email | varchar(10) | YES | | not | |
| password | varchar(10) | YES | | not | |
+------------+-------------+------+-----+---------+-------+

MySQL Procedure to Store Data from Front End

Sample procedure:

SET SQL_MODE = "NO_AUTO_VALUE_ON_ZERO";

START TRANSACTION;

SET time_zone = "+00:00";

CREATE TABLE `doctors` (

`did` int(11) NOT NULL,

`email` varchar(50) NOT NULL,

`doctorname` varchar(50) NOT NULL,

`dept` varchar(100) NOT NULL

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

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--

-- Dumping data for table `doctors`

INSERT INTO `doctors` (`did`, `email`, `doctorname`, `dept`) VALUES

(1, '[email protected]', 'anees', 'Cardiologists'),

(2, '[email protected]', 'amrutha bhatta', 'Dermatologists'),

(3, '[email protected]', 'aadithyaa', 'Anesthesiologists'),

(4, 'anees@gmail', 'anees', 'Endocrinologists'),

(5, '[email protected]', 'aneekha', 'corona');

-- --------------------------------------------------------

--

-- Table structure for table `patients`

--

CREATE TABLE `patients` (

`pid` int(11) NOT NULL,

`email` varchar(50) NOT NULL,

`name` varchar(50) NOT NULL,

`gender` varchar(50) NOT NULL,

`slot` varchar(50) NOT NULL,

`disease` varchar(50) NOT NULL,

`time` time NOT NULL,

`date` date NOT NULL,

`dept` varchar(50) NOT NULL,

`number` varchar(12) NOT NULL

) ENGINE=InnoDB DEFAULT CHARSET=utf8mb4;

--

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-- Dumping data for table `patients`

INSERT INTO `patients` (`pid`, `email`, `name`, `gender`, `slot`, `disease`, `time`, `date`, `dept`, `number`)
VALUES

(2, '[email protected]', 'anees1 rehman khan', 'Male1', 'evening1', 'cold1', '21:20:00', '2020-02-02',
'ortho11predict', '9874561110'),

(5, '[email protected]', 'patien', 'Male', 'morning', 'fevr', '18:06:00', '2020-11-18', 'Cardiologists',

'9874563210'),

(7, '[email protected]', 'anees', 'Male', 'evening', 'cold', '22:18:00', '2020-11-05', 'Dermatologists',

'9874563210'),

--

-- Triggers `patients`

--

DELIMITER $$

CREATE TRIGGER `PatientDelete` BEFORE DELETE ON `patients` FOR EACH ROW INSERT INTO trigr
VALUES(null,OLD.pid,OLD.email,OLD.name,'PATIENT DELETED',NOW())

$$

DELIMITER ;

DELIMITER $$

CREATE TRIGGER `PatientUpdate` AFTER UPDATE ON `patients` FOR EACH ROW INSERT INTO trigr
VALUES(null,NEW.pid,NEW.email,NEW.name,'PATIENT UPDATED',NOW())

$$

DELIMITER ;

DELIMITER $$

CREATE TRIGGER `patientinsertion` AFTER INSERT ON `patients` FOR EACH ROW INSERT INTO trigr
VALUES(null,NEW.pid,NEW.email,NEW.name,'PATIENT INSERTED',NOW())

$$

DELIMITER ;

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4.2 Connecting To MySQL Using PHP Code

Sample PHP Code:

<html>

<body>

<?ph
echo “this is first print\n”;
$aa=mysql_connect(“localhost”,”apache”,”lamp”);
$bb=mysql_select_db(“HMS”);
$cc=”select * from Patients”;
$dd=mysql_query($cc);

Echo “this is second print\n”

While($res=mysql_fetch_row($dd))
{
Echo “$res[0] $res[1] $res[2]”;
}
</body>
</html>

4.3 HTML Code to Create Web Page

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<!doctype html>

<html lang="en">

<head>

<!-- Required meta tags -->

<meta charset="utf-8">

<meta name="viewport" content="width=device-width, initial-scale=1, shrink-to-fit=no">

<!-- Bootstrap CSS -->

<link rel="stylesheet" href="static/css/virtualregister.css">

<link rel="stylesheet"
href="https://cdn.jsdelivr.net/npm/[email protected]/dist/css/bootstrap.min.css" integrity="sha384-
TX8t27EcRE3e/ihU7zmQxVncDAy5uIKz4rEkgIXeMed4M0jlfIDPvg6uqKI2xXr2"
crossorigin="anonymous">

{% block css %}

{% endblock css %}

<title>

{% block title %}

{% endblock title %}

</title>

</head>

<body>

<nav class="navbar navbar-expand-lg navbar-dark bg-dark">

<a class="navbar-brand" href="/">H.M.S</a>

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<button class="navbar-toggler" type="button" data-toggle="collapse" data-

target="#navbarSupportedContent" aria-controls="navbarSupportedContent" aria-expanded="false" aria-
label="Toggle navigation">

<span class="navbar-toggler-icon"></span>

</button>

<div class="collapse navbar-collapse" id="navbarSupportedContent">

<ul class="navbar-nav mr-auto">

<li class="nav-item active">

<a class="nav-link" href="/">Home <span class="sr-only">(current)</span></a>

</li>

{% if current_user.usertype=="Doctor" %}

<li class="nav-item">

<a class="nav-link" href="/doctors">Doctors</a>

</li>

<li class="nav-item">

<a class="nav-link" href="/bookings">Booking Details</a>

</li>

<li class="nav-item">

<a class="nav-link" href="/details">Patients Details</a>

</li>

{% else %}

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<li class="nav-item">

<a class="nav-link" href="/patients">Patients Booking</a>

</li>

<li class="nav-item">

<a class="nav-link" href="/bookings">Booking Details</a>

</li>

{% endif %}

{% if current_user.is_authenticated %}

<li class="nav-item dropdown">

<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown" role="button" data-

toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">

Welcome {{current_user.username}}

</a>

<div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown">

<a class="dropdown-item" href="/logout">Logout</a>

</div>

</li>

{% else %}

<li class="nav-item dropdown">

<a class="nav-link dropdown-toggle" href="#" id="navbarDropdown" role="button" data-

toggle="dropdown" aria-haspopup="true" aria-expanded="false">

Authentication

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</a>

<div class="dropdown-menu" aria-labelledby="navbarDropdown">

<a class="dropdown-item" href="/signup">Signup</a>

<a class="dropdown-item" href="/login">Login </a>

</div>

</li>

{% endif %}

</ul>

<form class="form-inline my-2 my-lg-0" action="/search" method="post">

<input class="form-control mr-sm-2" type="search" placeholder="Department" name="search" aria-

label="Search">

<button class="btn btn-outline-light my-2 my-sm-0" type="submit">Search</button>

</form>

</div>

</nav>

{% block body %}

{% endblock body %}

<div class="card text-white bg-dark">

<div class="card-header">Done By:</div>

<div class="card-body">

<h5 class="card-title">Aneeqah</h5>

<h5 class="card-title">Astha</h5>

<p class="card-text">Some quick example text to build on the card title and make up the bulk of the
card's content.</p>

</div>

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</div>

</body>

</html>

4.4 Query to Retrieve Data From DB to Display

Sample Query:

SELECT did, email, doctorname, dept

FROM doctors;
SELECT pid, email, name, gender, slot, disease, time, date, dept, number

FROM patients;

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Chapter 5
RESULTS

5.1 Output 1

View of Login Page:

Figure 5.1: Snapshot Login Page

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5.2 Output 2

Doctor Login views:

Figure 5.2: Snapshot of Home Screen

Booking details:

Figure 5.3: Snapshot of Booking details in Doctors Login

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5.3 Output 3

Patient Booking view in Patient Login:

Figure 5.4.1: Snapshot of Booking details

Patient booked details view:

Figure 5.4.2: Snapshot of Booked details

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Chapter 6

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

6.1. Conclusion

Implementing a hospital database management system offers numerous benefits, including

efficient data organization, streamlined patient care, improved decision-making, and enhanced
security. By centralizing and automating various administrative and clinical processes, hospitals can
optimize resource utilization, reduce errors, and ultimately provide better healthcare services to
patients. However, it's crucial to ensure proper planning, implementation, and maintenance to
maximize the system's effectiveness and mitigate potential challenges. Overall, a well-designed
hospital database management system is essential for modern healthcare institutions to thrive in
today's digital era.

In this mini project we have studied database management system and presented a database
application with the help of that study. We have learnt a lot about the entities and relation during this
progression. The necessity of reducing the redundancy also became clear. The fact that introduction of
the database management has reduced the manual work that can’t be denied. It has helped us in
understanding the overall architecture of the database and its working.

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6.2 Future Enhancement

Several potential future enhancements can be made to hospital database management

systems to further improve efficiency, data accessibility, and patient care :

1. Integration with IoT Devices: Integrating the system with Internet of Things (IoT) devices
can enable real-time monitoring of patient vital signs, medication adherence, and equipment status.
This integration can facilitate proactive interventions and automate data collection, leading to better
patient outcomes.
2. Predictive Analytics and Machine Learning: Incorporating predictive analytics and
machine learning algorithms can help identify patterns and trends in patient data, aiding in early
disease detection, personalized treatment plans, and resource allocation optimization.
3. Enhanced Data Security Measures: Continuously updating and strengthening data security
measures to safeguard sensitive patient information from cyber threats, such as encryption, access
controls, and regular security audits.
4. Telemedicine Integration: Integrating telemedicine functionalities into the system can
enable remote consultations, follow-ups, and monitoring, expanding access to healthcare services and
improving patient engagement.
5. Interoperability with External Systems: Enhancing interoperability with external systems,
such as electronic health record (EHR) systems and public health databases, to facilitate seamless data
exchange and collaboration among healthcare providers, leading to better continuity of care.
6. Mobile Application Development: Developing mobile applications for patients and
healthcare providers to access medical records, schedule appointments, receive alerts, and
communicate with healthcare teams, enhancing convenience and patient engagement.
7. Advanced Reporting and Visualization Tools: Implementing advanced reporting and
visualization tools to generate comprehensive analytics reports, dashboards, and data visualizations,
enabling stakeholders to gain insights and make data-driven decisions more effectively.

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REFERENCES

[1] Elmasri, Nawathe, Fundamentals of Database Systems, Pearson Education, 5 th Edition, 2006,
ISBN- 978-81-317-1625-0.

[2] Raghu Ramakrishnan and Johannes Gehrke, Database Management Systems, Tata McGraw-Hill,
3rd Edition, 2003, ISBN- 0-07-123151-X.

[3] Silberschatz, Korth and Sudarshan, Database System Concepts, Tata McGraw-Hill, 5 th Edition,
2002, ISBN- 007-124476-X.

[4] H.P. Mooney, J.W. Evans, ‘A complete relational DBMS for an EMS product’, IEEE Transactions
on Power Systems, Volume: 3, Issue: 1, Feb 1988.

[5] Andreas Lubcke , Martin Schaler , Veit Koppen , Gunter Saake, ‘Relational on demand data
management for IT-services’ ,2014 IEEE Eighth International Conference on research Challenges
in Information Science (RCIS), 28-30 May 2014.

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