energies

Review
A State-of-the-Art Review of Smart Energy Systems and Their
Management in a Smart Grid Environment
Hafiz Abdul Muqeet 1 , Rehan Liaqat 2 , Mohsin Jamil 3, * and Asharf Ali Khan 3, *

1 Department of Electrical Engineering Technology, Punjab Tianjin University of Technology,

Lahore 54770, Pakistan
2 Department of Electrical Engineering and Technology, Government College University Faisalabad,
Faisalabad 38000, Pakistan
3 Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Faculty of Engineering and Applied Science,
Memorial University of Newfoundland (MUN), St. John’s, NL A1C 5S7, Canada
* Correspondence: [email protected] (M.J.); [email protected] (A.A.K.)

Abstract: A smart grid (SG), considered as a future electricity grid, utilizes bidirectional electricity
and information flow to establish automated and widely distributed power generation. The SG
provides a delivery network that has distributed energy sources, real-time asset monitoring, increased
power quality, increased stability and reliability, and two-way information sharing. Furthermore, SG
provides many advantages, such as demand response, distribution automation, optimized use of
electricity, economical energy, real-time grid status monitoring, voltage regulation or VAR control,
and electricity storage. In this survey, we explore the literature on smart Grid enabling technologies
until 2022. We dig out four major systems: (1) the smart grid’s prominent features and challenges;
(2) the smart grid standard system and legislations; (3) smart grid energy subsystem; and (4) the
smart grid management system and protection system for new researchers for their future projects.
The research challenges and future recommendations are also presented in the conclusion section to
explore the new paradigm.

Keywords: smart grid; bidirectional communication; controllers; distributed energy resources;

monitoring and measurement; security; prosumer; energy storage; protection system
Citation: Muqeet, H.A.; Liaqat, R.;
Jamil, M.; Khan, A.A. A
State-of-the-Art Review of Smart
Energy Systems and Their 1. Introduction
Management in a Smart Grid The electricity grid is a network that generates, transmits, distributes and controls
Environment. Energies 2023, 16, 472. electric power. The traditional power grid mainly has a central generation system, limited
https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010472 control over frequency and voltage, a central control, limited grid status monitoring and
Academic Editor: Andrey V. Savkin a manual distribution system with the absence of a smart load. Smart Grid (SG) is a
developed or smart form of the conventional grid having a bidirectional flow of information
Received: 7 December 2022 and electricity, creating an automated and highly advanced energy supply system [1].
Revised: 24 December 2022
A SG delivers energy more efficiently, facilitates enhanced customer utility interac-
Accepted: 24 December 2022
tion, provides pervasive voltage control, reliable frequency control, modern management
Published: 1 January 2023
techniques and responds to wide-ranged events occurring in the system [2]. For example,
in response to the failure of a distribution feeder or transformer, the SG automatically
recovers the power flow to load using its self-healing capability [3–6]. Similarly, the grid
Copyright: © 2023 by the authors.
automatically responds to overloading or injection of the distributed generator [7]. Consid-
Licensee MDPI, Basel, Switzerland. ering another example of customer load shaping through smart meters, this load shaping
This article is an open access article reduces the peak demand on the power system, as well as energy bills [8]. Reduction in
distributed under the terms and load triggers a chain of benefits, such as energy loss minimization, smoothing of load on
conditions of the Creative Commons the network and reduction in capital investment on the system [9–11].
Attribution (CC BY) license (https:// A SG is comprised of an energy generation, transmission, and distribution network
creativecommons.org/licenses/by/ equipped with a bi-directional exchange of both electricity and information supported by
4.0/). secure communication technologies having effective control that is friendlier to customers,

Energies 2023, 16, 472. https://doi.org/10.3390/en16010472 https://www.mdpi.com/journal/energies

Energies 2023, 16, 472 2 of 23

utilities and the environment [12–14]. This description contains almost every aspect of
the SG [15]. It is imperative to mention that s conventional grid can be changed into a
SG, and the level of smartness can be limited to a certain extent according to the limits of
investment and requirements of the consumer and the utility [16–18]. A SG is a combination
or integration of energy infrastructure, communication technologies, functions and services
with effective control [19]. This survey explores three major systems:
A. Smart grid main features. The main features and challenges along with some stan-
dard SG systems are presented.
B. Smart infrastructure system. It explains advanced electric power generation, energy
storage, transmission, distribution, and usage;
C. Smart protection system. Enhances grid reliability, protection against failure of
equipment, security, and privacy to the customer and grid-related information.
In the past, various surveys on SGs were conducted, discussing fundamental concepts
and technologies applied in the SG. The authors in [20–25] surveyed the existing SG
standards and pointed out solid recommendations for next-generation SG standards. The
author in [26] highlighted the advantages of smart meters and gave a summary of the
judicial framework related to smart metering objectives and policies. The authors in [27]
discussed the industrial aspects for a smartly running distribution grid. The authors also
mentioned the possible technological options to be used in the future SGs. In another work
based on the surveyed electric vehicle (EV) related topics such as industrial informatics
systems, namely (1) intelligent electrical energy management, (2) charging infrastructure
and batteries of plug-in hybrid EVs/plug-in Evs, (3) information transmission requirements,
and (4) vehicle-to-grid (V2G) [28]. The emerging SG supports electrification of other sectors
as well. Authors in [29] provide a survey of electrification of transport sector in SG
environment. A survey intending to find a comprehensive definition of smart distribution
system is presented in [30].
Some research works have targeted various research and development activities
related to SG. Oyetoyan et al. [31] have presented SG development activities in Norway.
This survey provides data that can aid in research work. In [32,33], SG projects from
various points of view are surveyed, analyzing the endeavors that scientific groups in
Europe are making for implementing this infrastructure. The statistic that this review has
revealed is that numerous solutions exist already. Various management schemes have
been tested and are ready to be deployed [34]. There is evidence that many standards for
information transmission and protocols exist, but quite a few of them are widely accepted
energy networks. The goal in [35] is the survey of several security susceptibilities and
countermeasures for the information system of the transmission grid. Another focal area
that is surveyed is the wide area measurement system (WAMS) technology and phasor
measurement units (PMUs).
Most of the market share of existing SG network installations are wireless mesh
networks. The authors in [36] start by justifying the selection of wireless mesh network
(WMNs) as opposed to any other communication technology based on quantifying the
bandwidth/latency/quality of service constraints for applications of SGs. The main pur-
pose of the paper, however, is to discuss some optimization techniques [37] that are found in
the literature and can be implemented to overcome some of the challenges currently faced
by WMN deployment in SGs. Cognitive radio is investigated as an optimization technique
on the physical level. The paper also explores the feasibility of using wireless software
defined networks (WSDN) to improve the overall visibility and manageability of WMNs.
Wang et al. [38] presented a survey on bad data injection and their countermeasures. In [39],
the effects of a large-sized wind energy farm connected with a SG has been studied by
presenting a wind farm model, operational performance, wind farm output forecasting,
power flow, voltage and reactive power balance, steady-state stability, large-signal stability,
failures, and reliability. The SG can only be realized based on the achieved results of 5G
communication, including extremely high throughput and extremely low delay. A com-
prehensive study of the real-time energy consumption, privacy and security is presented
 achieved results of 5G communication, including extremely high throughput and ex
tremely low delay. A comprehensive study of the real-time energy consumption, privacy
and security is presented in [21]. The survey in [40] focuses on communication technolo
gies for a low-voltage distribution grid. Three technologies, namely power line carrier
Energies 2023, 16, 472 wireless mesh network and radiofrequency, are studied and it is concluded3that of 23 the firs
two offer the best compromise between bit rate, range, and cost. Dufour et al. [41] dis
cussed the research and development of SG. Aspects such as renewable energy penetra
tion
in inThe
[21]. the survey
SG, micro-grids, wide-area
in [40] focuses measurement
on communication systems,
technologies for scheduling
a low-voltageofdistri-
load, powe
balance,
bution information
grid. transmission
Three technologies, namelychallenges,
power linebehavior, energymesh
carrier, wireless distribution
network control,
and and
radiofrequency,
fault protection, arehave
studied
beenand it is concluded
worked on. Thisthat the first
paper two offeron
elaborates the
thebest compromise
solution of challenges
between bit rate, range,
using real-time and cost.
simulation. Dufour
Our et al.reviews
survey [41] discussed the research
the literature and
until development
2022 on the main sys
of SG. Aspects such
tems mentioned above. as renewable energy penetration in the SG, micro-grids, wide-area
measurement systems, scheduling of load, power balance, information transmission chal-
This review is arranged as follows. In Section II, prominent features of the SG are
lenges, behavior, energy distribution control, and fault protection, have been worked on.
presented. In Section
This paper elaborates on III,
the legislations, standards,
solution of challenges and
using the programs
real-time simulation. areOur
presented,
survey while
Section the
reviews IV literature
is comprised
until of theonsmart
2022 energy
the main system
systems discussing
mentioned above.generation, storage, trans
mission,
This review is arranged as follows. In Section 2, prominent featuresmanagement
distribution and utilization. Section V presents the smart of the SG are system
while Section
presented. VI presents
In Section the smart
3, legislations, protection
standards, and system. Section
the programs are VII concludes
presented, whilethe study
Section 4 is comprised
with brief discussions. of the smart energy system discussing generation, storage, trans-
mission, distribution and utilization. Section 5 presents the smart management system,
while Section 6Features
2. Advanced presents the smart protection
of Smart Grid system. Section 7 concludes the study with
brief discussions.
The demands and expectations of stakeholders grow with time. Therefore, new de
mands
2. and Features
Advanced requirements have
of Smart convinced the industry and government to think abou
Grid
modernizing
The demandsthe and
grid.expectations
This opensofnew opportunities
stakeholders for jobs
grow with time.for professionals,
Therefore, new de-research
and development
mands activities
and requirements havein energy generation
convinced the industrytransmission,
and government distribution, automation
to think about
modernizing the grid. This opens new opportunities for jobs for professionals,
electronics, battery manufacturing, cybersecurity, privacy and communication technolo research
and
gies,development
etc. SGs have activities in energy
also opened generation
business transmission,
opportunities. distribution,
However, automation,
an exact and thorough
electronics, battery manufacturing, cybersecurity, privacy and communication technologies,
definition of a SG is yet to be proposed. The National Institute of Standards and Technol
etc. SGs have also opened business opportunities. However, an exact and thorough defini-
ogies (NIST) [42] reports the benefits as well as requirements of SGs, as shown in Figure
tion of a SG is yet to be proposed. The National Institute of Standards and Technologies
1.
(NIST) [42] reports the benefits as well as requirements of SGs, as shown in Figure 1.

Enhancing Reliability customer-

Reduces
grid quality, utility
emissions
stability efficiency interaction

Requirements of Smart
Grid

Smart Grid
Aspects

Roadmap to Implement
the Smart Grid

Reliable
Interoperab
Customer Trained communica
ility
awareness manpower tion
standards
networks

Figure1.1.Requirements
Figure Requirementsandand roadmap
roadmap of a of a smart
smart grid system.
grid system.

Table
Table1 1differentiates between
differentiates conventional
between and SGs,
conventional and while Figure Figure
SGs, while 2 shows2 the SG the SG
shows
NIST model.
NIST model.
Energies 2023,
Energies 16,16,
2023, 472472 4 of 23 4 of 23

1. Comparison
Table 1.
Table Comparisonbetween conventional
between and and
conventional smartsmart
grids grids
[43]. [43].

ExistingGrid
Existing Grid Smart
SmartGrid
Grid
Electromechanical
Electromechanical Digital
Digital
Unidirectional
Unidirectional communication
communication Bidirectional communication
Bidirectional communication
Central
Central generation
generation Distributed/scattered generation
Distributed/scattered generation
Small No. ofofsensors
Small No. sensors Large No. of sensors
Large No. of sensors
Manual
Manual monitoring
monitoring Self/automated
Self/automated monitoring
monitoring
Manual
Manual restoration
restoration Self-healing
Self-healing
Failures/faults
Failures/faults andblackouts
and blackouts Highly Adaptive
Highly Adaptive and intelligent
and islanding
intelligent islanding
Limited/restricted
Limited/restrictedcontrol
control Pervasive control
Pervasive control
Small No.No.
Small of of
customer
customer choices
choices Large
Large No.No.ofof customer
customer choices
choices

2. NIST
Figure 2.
Figure NISTModel
Modelfor SG.
for SG.
To understand the advanced grid, NIST provides a model (Figure 2), which can be used
To understand
as a reference. the segregates
This model advancedthe grid, NIST
SG into provides
seven a model each
areas (domains), (Figure 2), which can be
encompassing
used
one or more SG actors, having systems, equipment or programs [44]. The short accounteach en-
as a reference. This model segregates the SG into seven areas (domains),
compassing
of domains and oneactors
or more SG actors,
is shown in Tablehaving
2. For a systems, equipment
more elaborate or programs
discussion, please refer [44]. The
short account of domains and actors is shown in Table 2. For a more elaborate discussion,
to [45].
please Our present
refer survey splits SG into some major systems, such as smart infrastructure
to [45].
systems, smart management, and smart protection systems.
Table
A. 2. Domains
Smart and actorssystem.
infrastructure in the NIST SG model
It consists [42]. generation, transmission, infor-
of energy
mation measurement, monitoring, and communication infrastructure. The SG has a
Domain/Area Actors/Participants in the Domain
bidirectional flow of electricity and information. Distributed energy sources (DES)
Customer/Consumer Load
increase the efficiency of the power network. Small scaled DES (e.g., a solar panel on
a rooftop) feed the customer and the remaining energy canand
Markets System operator participants
be put back into the power
Service Providers
grid [46]. This happens when DES Provide different
run in coupledservices to consumers
mode with the macroand
grid,utility
giving
Operations Managers of transmission/distribution
rise to the concept of “microgrid”. DES can also provide power to a certain load in
an “islanded”
Bulk Generationmode where it cannotGenerators
exchange energy with power
of electrical the macro-grid
in bulk either
Transmission Carriers of the large amounts of electrical power over long distances
Distribution Distributors of electrical power to and from customers

Our present survey splits SG into some major systems, such as smart infrastructure
Energies 2023, 16, 472 5 of 23

intentionally or during a fault. Bi-directional flow of information from customers to

the utility and from the utility to customers results in useful information exchange,
providing remote status monitoring of the customer, disconnection, reconnection,
and demand profile shaping. This survey further divides a smart infrastructure
system into several subsystems:
• The smart energy subsystem provides a modern setup of a smart energy genera-
tor, smart transmission and smart distribution medium, and utilization [47].
• The smart information subsystem provides information or data metering, moni-
toring and ways to manage it.
• The smart communication subsystem provides an information transmission medium.

Table 2. Domains and actors in the NIST SG model [42].

Domain/Area Actors/Participants in the Domain

Customer/Consumer Load
Markets System operator and participants
Service Providers Provide different services to consumers and utility
Operations Managers of transmission/distribution
Bulk Generation Generators of electrical power in bulk
Transmission Carriers of the large amounts of electrical power over long distances
Distribution Distributors of electrical power to and from customers

We separated information and communication subsystems to handle the involved

structural and operational complexity of a SG as a system of systems. This also makes our
survey of SG technologies comply with IEEE P2030 [48] for meeting requirements such as
interoperability. IEEE P2030 is discussed in Section 3.
B. Smart management system. Provides managerial services and functionalities. The
management objectives relate to an enhancement of efficiency of energy, equality of
supply and demand, CO2 emission reduction, and reduction in operational cost.
C. Smart protection system. Provides grid reliability, stability analysis, protection against
system failures, energy and data network security and privacy.

3. Smart Grid Standards, Legislations and Projects

The U.S. Department of Energy (DOE) serially started a Communications and Controls
Workshops on the penetration of DER in the power system in 2001 [49]. Different aspects of
transformation, from conventional to SGs, are widely discussed in the DOE’s workshop [50].
The United States Federal Government developed a policy for SGs and in Congress Acts
described namely the Individuality and Security Act of 2007 and the American Recovery
and Reinvestment Act of 2009 [27].
International standard IEC 61850 describes the automation model for electrical grids
and presents a standards-compliant approach that enables optimization of SG control
capability at field level. Some latest standards of IEEE are IEEE PC37.240 Standard for Cyber
Security Requirements for Substation Automation, Protection and Control Systems, IEEE
P2030.5 (Revision) Standard for Smart Energy Profile Application Protocol [51,52]. Lu et al.
studied architecture-related issues associated with information communication in SG and
showed that ETSI M2M Standards can solve such problems [53]. A services- and application-
oriented approach of standards, such as ETSI M2M, supports device interoperability and
SG system scalability ETSI M2M standards also facilitate device management, demand
response, and efficient information security implementation [54]. The work in [55] presents
novel standards for enhanced SG incorporation and computerization based on semantic
services. IEC 61850 and OPC Unified Architecture (OPC UA) express a value-added
service-oriented integration framework for the SG.
Energies 2023, 16, 472 6 of 23

Roadmaps of the SG (e.g., UK [56], Austria [57], and Spain [58]) are found for its
practical implementation. For the development of new standards and upgradation of
existing ones, a cooperative road map/program has been required between different coun-
tries at the international level [59]. This survey discusses IEEE standards, such as IEEE
P2030 [60]. Instructions and approaches for information communication and electrical sys-
tem interoperability are provided in IEEE P2030. The interoperability of devices provides
organizations with the capability of effectively communicating with each other and transfer-
ring meaningful data. P2030 takes the SG as a system of systems, i.e., a complex system [61].
Governments, industries, and academia have put a huge amount of money into academic
research, pilot programs, and field trials. The projects cover advanced metering infrastruc-
ture (AMI), power transmission and distribution networks, smart meters, virtual power
plants (VPPs), distributed energy resources, domestic applications, microgrids, and Evs.
In [62], the authors discussed that in most countries, a significant amount of investment is
dedicated to the projects. SGs are opening many research and job opportunities in various
parts of the world. Since a SG is a complicated system representing a loose integration of
energy, electronics, software, and communication technologies, cross-technology research
opportunities, therefore, exist.

4. Smart Energy Subsystem

The SG has bi-directional information and electricity flow, unlike the conventional
grid. The smart infrastructure system consists of a smart energy subsystem, a smart
communication subsystem, and a smart information subsystem. The conventional power
grid has been unidirectional [63].
The electrical system historically has been central. The power produced by hydro and
thermal generators is increased from 11.5 kV to 220/500/700/1000 kV and injected in the
central power pool of an extra high voltage (EHV) transmission corridor (primary transmis-
sion grid). Power flows to long distances at this EHV medium. The switchyard in service
for increasing the power is called the primary transmission grid station. Power enters the
secondary transmission grid station where it decreases to the 138/132/66 kV level and is in-
jected into a secondary transmission grid (network). High voltage secondary transmission
lines feed the primary voltage distribution substations that decrease the voltage from 132
kV and 66 kV to 11.5 kV. At this juncture, voltage leaves the transmission grid and enters
the distribution grid. The distribution grid consists of 11.5 kV networks called the primary
distribution grid which ends at the pad-mounted or pole-mounted transformer (secondary
distribution substation (SDS)). The secondary distribution grid emanates from the SDS and
carries voltage at a 440 V, three-phase, four-wire, star-connected system. Figure 3 shows
a traditional power grid. The central power system suffers from many problems. If any
type of instability occurs, such as angle, frequency or voltage instability, it can spread to all
parts of the power system, resulting in a national blackout. Additionally, the transmission
network proves a bottleneck to route centralized generation resulting in overloading of
transmission media, energy losses, and performance degradation.
In contrast to the traditional grid, small-scale wind, solar, diesel, furnace oil, and
residual furnace oil generation can be injected into the primary, as well as secondary,
voltage distribution grid, depending on its size. The consumer generates power, consumes
it and feeds extra power into the macro-power grid, giving rise to the concept of the
prosumer. Figure 4 gives the areas of the smart energy subsystem.
Energies 2023, 16, 472 7 of 23
Energies 2023, 16, 472 7 of 23

Figure 3. Traditional energy grid.

In contrast to the traditional grid, small-scale wind, solar, diesel, furnace oil, and re
sidual furnace oil generation can be injected into the primary, as well as secondary, volt
age distribution grid, depending on its size. The consumer generates power, consumes i
and feeds extra power into the macro-power grid, giving rise to the concept of the
Figure 3.
Figure Traditional energy
3. Traditional grid.
prosumer. Figure 4energy
givesgrid.
the areas of the smart energy subsystem.

In contrast to the traditional grid, small-scale wind, solar, diesel, furnace oil, and re-
sidual
Smartfurnace
Power oil generation
Smart can be injected intoSmart
Smart the primary, as well as secondary, volt-
Smart
ageGeneration
distribution grid, depending
Storage on its size. The
Transmission consumer generates
Distribution
Utilization
power, consumes it
System extra power
and feeds Systeminto the macro-power
Grid Network
grid, giving rise to the concept of the
prosumer. Figure 4 gives the areas of the smart energy subsystem.

Smart Power SmartSmart Energy

Smart Subsystem
Smart
Smart
Generation Storage Transmission Distribution
Utilization
System System Grid Network

Figure4.4.Smart
Figure Smartenergy
energysubsystem.
subsystem.
4.1. Smart Power Generation System
4.1. Smart Power Generation System
Smart power generation Smart Energy
system Subsystem
consists of conventional electricity sources integrated
Smart communication
with digital power generation system Wind
technologies. consistsand of
solarconventional electricityenergy
energies are renewable sources inte
grated with
resources digital
(RERs) communication
of electricity. technologies.
Power generation fromWind
RERs forandBrazil,
solar OECD
energiesandare renewable
other
parts
energyof the world is(RERs)
resources presentedof in [64]. FossilPower
electricity. fuels pollute the atmosphere,
generation from RERs getfor
depleted
Brazil,and OECD and
Figure
become 4. expensive
Smart energy subsystem.
other parts of thewithworldtime.isThe running in
presented cost of fossil
[64]. fuels
Fossil is very
fuels high.the
pollute However, coal is get de
atmosphere,
the only option that is relatively cheaper in power production.
pleted and become expensive with time. The running cost of fossil fuels is very high. HowHydroelectricity sources
4.1.
alsoSmart
have Power
problems. Generation System dams take too much time and money to construct.
Large reservoir
ever, coal is the only option that is relatively cheaper in power production. Hydroelectric
SuchSmart
projects have environmental consequences in the form of waterlogging, turning the inte-
ity sourcespower
surrounding also
landhave
generation
problems.
into barren
system
land. Large
consists
reservoirofprojects
The run-of-river
conventional
dams take
doestoo
electricity
notmuch
requiretime
sources
and
significant money to
grated with
construct. digital communication technologies. Wind and solar energies are renewable
capital cost Such projects have
and construction timeenvironmental consequences
[65]. It can be suggested in the form
that coal-fired steamof power
waterlogging
energy
turning
plants
resources
and the (RERs)
thesurrounding
of electricity.
land projects
small run-of-river
Power
into barren
are two
generation
land. from
Theofrun-of-river
types
RERs
power sources
for
projectsBrazil,
doesOECD
that require
and
not require
less
other parts of
significant capital
construction the world is
costcapital
time, less presented
and construction in
and operational [64]. Fossil
timecosts. fuels pollute
[65]. ItDeveloping
can be suggested the atmosphere,
countries,that coal-fired
having get
an steamde-
pleted
acute
power and become
shortage
plants of
and expensive
electricity
the small with time.
andrun-of-river
soaring perThe unitrunning
price,are
projects cancost
useofthis
two fossil
types fuels
strategy
of is very
as
power high.that
a possible
sources How- re
ever, coal
short-term is the only
low-priced option
solutionthat is
[66]. relatively
Unfortunately, cheaper in
however, power
the
quire less construction time, less capital and operational costs. Developing countries, hav production.
power sector Hydroelectric-
has been
hijacked
ity
ingsources by also
an acute a powerhave
shortagegeneration
problems. mafia
Large
of electricity controlled
andreservoir by independent
soaring dams
per unit power
takeprice,
too much
canproducers
time
use and
this (IPPs)
moneyastoa
strategy
that hinderSuch
construct. such projects
steps towardhave cheap electricity generation
environmental consequences[67]. in the form of waterlogging,
possible short-term low-priced solution [66]. Unfortunately, however, the power sector
To survive
turning thehijackedthe power sector
surrounding land in developing
into barren land.countries,
The its dependenceprojects
run-of-river on thermal
does power-
not require
has been
producing IPPs must bybea reduced.
power generation
It must optmafia controlled
small hydro- by independent
and coal-based projects power
in the produc
significant
ers (IPPs) capital cost and construction time [65]. It can be suggested that coal-fired steam
short term that hinder such
and large-scale steps toward
reservoir type dams cheap electricity
in the long term generation
with more[67].penetrations
power
of RERs.
plants and the small run-of-river projects are two types of power sources that re-
quire less construction time, less capital and operational costs. Developing countries, hav-
ing an acute shortage of electricity and soaring per unit price, can use this strategy as a
possible short-term low-priced solution [66]. Unfortunately, however, the power sector
has been hijacked by a power generation mafia controlled by independent power produc-
ers (IPPs) that hinder such steps toward cheap electricity generation [67].
Energies 2023, 16, 472 8 of 23

4.2. Smart Storage System

In SG environment, RERs reduce the dependence on conventional generation sources
but they are extremely fluctuant. The unpredictable nature of RERs can even jeopardize the
grid stability; therefore, more robust controllers and an enhanced transient and dynamic
stability of the system would be required. Modelling RERs is a challenge due to their
stochasticity [68]. Energy storage systems are commonly employed to tackle the fluctuant
renewables [69–72]. Various high-performance batteries such as Li-ion, super capacitors,
and flywheels have been widely used. Authors of [71] presented a review on Super
capacitor based hybrid energy storage system for photovoltaic (PV) integration. Authors
of [68] presented economic and environmental benefits of energy storage for a prosumer
microgrid. H.A. Muqeet et al. [72] presented cost benefits of battery-based energy storage
systems in SG environment where consumer can exchange its surplus energy with grid
network. Authors in [69] studied life degradation impacts of battery storage for an islanded
microgrid. A comprehensive review of modern storage trends for EV charging stations is
presented in [4].
The power electronic systems play a pivotal role while integrating renewable and
energy storage in SG [70]. In [73], the authors review power quality issues associated with
intermittent power source integration in the electrical network and point out the effects
of electronic devices, such as transistors, diodes and flexible AC transmission systems
(FACTs), on such problems. Solar and wind power penetration challenges are discussed.
Bhutto et al. [74] identified both the challenges and progress for PV energy and the area-
wise potential of PV energy and its existing status. Small scale hydro (1–30 MW) and
run-of-the-river micro-hydro plants (1–100 kW) can play a great role. Their construction
requires less time and money, and they can consequently play a vital role in bringing cheap
electricity within a smaller period. Unfortunately, this water gets wasted due to the absence
of large dams. The construction of reservoir-type dams has been politicized. Under such
circumstances, many small and micro-hydroelectric plants can be installed along the rivers
and canals to meet the country’s dire need of energy [75]. However, the importance of
reservoir-type dams cannot be overlooked as they play a pivotal role in bringing cheap
energy in the long run.

4.3. Smart Transmission System

This grid is responsible of carrying power to long distances. Real challenges are
quickly ageing components, ever-increasing demand infrastructure and the use of enabling
technologies to modernize the grid. A healthy transmission grid is extremely crucial in
maintaining system stability. The smart transmission grid consists of three parts: the smart
control center, the smart power transmission network, and the smart substation [76]. The
future smart control centers enable new features, such as metering and grid status-related
data collection through meters, sensors and communication channels, analytical capabilities
for analysis and state estimation, status monitoring of grid, and visualization [77].
The smart transmission network is the advancement of the existing network by adding
sensors, communication technologies, computational engines, and signal processors that
can bring improvement in energy use, power quality, system reliability, and security. The
basic structure of a high-voltage substation did not alter with time, but the system moni-
toring, measurement, and controllers changed [78]. Advancements of a smart substation
include data metering and transmission, state estimation, visualization, digitalization of
displays, automated functioning, coordination, and self-healing.

4.4. Smart Distribution Network

The distribution grid serves the end-users; therefore, its importance in rendering
quality service is quite high. The distribution system will have DER(s) that make the system
more flexible, stable, qualitative and efficient, but make power flow more complicated.
In [79], Takano et al. presented two domestic energy distribution systems that distribute
electricity by the information added to the energy. The first proposed setup is a circuit
Energies 2023, 16, 472 9 of 23

switching system based primarily on the alternating current (AC) power distribution,
whereas the other is a direct current (DC) power distribution system through energy
packets. Power packetization is a challenging but interesting method, based on high power
switching devices. It is proved that silicon carbide junction gate field-effect transistors can
provide packets of electric power [80]. The authors in [79] discussed an intelligent power
router which divides energy into packets. Headers and footers are linked with an energy
unit to create a power packet. At the receiving side, each packet is steered by a router to
the address described in the header and then dispatched to the concerned load, making
in-house power delivery efficient.
The major purpose of distribution automation is real-time adjustments to changing
loads, control over generation connected to the power distribution system, switching,
self-healing or recovery during a fault or abnormal conditions and automatic energy flow
control without operator involvement. This necessitates control of field devices through
central or distributed control. Information gathered from meters and its transmission to
controllers is realized by the communication medium.

4.5. Smart Utilization

In the SG, the utilization sector is very important. Different entities such as the
prosumer [68,72], demand responsive smart homes, smart buildings [11,66], flexible loads,
etc. provide smart features in power utilization. The energy management system is used
to manage the available energy by demand response and various techniques [2,14,19].
Meanwhile the smart energy storage system plays vital role in smart utilization. Different
types of storage systems are used to store the energy as backup. This stored energy is
used for various purposes, such as energy arbitrage, energy exchange program, and power
system stability purposes [81].

4.6. Prominent Features of Smart Grids

In this section, we discuss three new grid paradigms, namely microgrid, vehicle-to-
grid (V2G) and grid-to-vehicle (G2V).
(1) Microgrid: Distributed generation gives a cornerstone idea of the SG called mi-
crogrid [82]. The SG has the plug-and-play interconnection of small microgrids [63]. A
microgrid is a group of generators, storage, and customers [83]. The microgrid can run in
either coupled mode with a macro–grid or islanded mode. In the first mode, it can feed
extra power to the macro-grid, or it can take power from a macro-grid. In the second mode,
it serves its load in isolation with the macro-grid. A microgrid can be disconnected at the
Energies 2023, 16, 472 10 of 23
point of common coupling from the macro-grid working independently. Figure 5 shows
a microgrid.

Figure
Figure5.5.Different
Differentlayers
layersofofaamicrogrid.
microgrid.

Multiple distributed generator environments and the capability of isolating the

macro-grid from the microgrid during fault will result in a trustworthy power supply.
This deliberate isolation increases reliability in local vicinity compared to that obtained
from the power system as a whole [84]. In islanded mode, power exchanges do not take
Energies 2023, 16, 472 10 of 23

Multiple distributed generator environments and the capability of isolating the macro-
grid from the microgrid during fault will result in a trustworthy power supply. This
deliberate isolation increases reliability in local vicinity compared to that obtained from the
power system as a whole [84]. In islanded mode, power exchanges do not take place, but
information exchange takes place with a microgrid. This information gives a picture of the
microgrid to take a timely decision to reconnect back.
(2) G2V and V2G: EV uses an electric motor for propulsion purposes. Fossil fuels are
being depleted and become costly with time; therefore, EVs are gaining popularity. There
are different types of EVs, such as plug-in EV, hybrid EVs, on/off-road EVs, rail borne EVs,
airborne and seaborne EVs and electrically powered spacecraft.
The widespread use of EVs mainly has two concepts, named grid-to-vehicle (G2V)
and vehicle-to-grid (V2G). In G2V, the vehicle gets charged from the grid after its battery
gets depleted. Charging of EV(s) puts a significant load on the distribution grid. In [43],
a grid-to-vehicle charging interface, charge scheduling, vehicle-to-grid (V2G) control,
operation algorithm and radio-frequency identification reader are developed. It is shown
that charging has been optimized. Additionally, the peak load of the grid thereby reduces,
relieving the grid. The paper in [85] proposes a EV charging infrastructure that reduces the
charging time as well as power quality issues. In [86], the authors indicated that the present
distribution network in the Pacific Northwest can support a 50% penetration of EVs in the
grid, having a 120 V smart charging. This amounts to 21.6% of the vehicle fleet of light
duty. This penetration level of EV(s) has been exceeding the known capacity of present
generation resources by approximately 18%. Serious problems such as system degradation,
reduction inefficiency, and even network overloading can occur because of uncoordinated
charging [87].
The overloading and subsequent performance degradation can be avoided by co-
ordinated charging. Clement et al. [88] showed that coordinating the charging of EV(s)
reduces system energy losses and VAR/volt variations by smoothing the network load. In
vehicle-to-grid, EVs offer a new method to store and then inject energy back. EV(s) supply
the energy back to the power grid in case they are parked and have a connection with the
electrical network. In the United States (US), an EV is usually driven for only an hour in
a day on average [89] and it is parked for most of the day. There are three methods to
deliver power:
1. The EV produces energy from stored fuel and generates electric power from the
generator for an electric company at peak hours. Such vehicles can act as a distributed
energy source.
2. An EV supplying power to the grid uses a rechargeable battery during peak electricity
hours. EVs recharge back at cheap rates in off-peak hours. Such a vehicle fleet acts as
DGs increasing system reliability.
3. Solar vehicles can use excess charging to provide energy to the electric network. These
types of vehicles act as small distributed renewable energy sources.
Until now, researchers have worked on the grid battery connection [90,91], possible
services [90], and its emerging market [92]. Companies are conducting V2G trials. EV plays
an important role in peak shaving by injecting power back into the energy grid during
peak hours and in valley filling by charging back the EV during off-peak hours, thereby
optimizing the use of an asset. Hutson et al. [93] use a binary PSO algorithm to obtain
optimal solutions that maximize profit to owners by satisfying the system as well as the
vehicle owner’s constraints. PSO is an iterative stochastic optimization procedure applied
to nonlinear, complex, non-differentiable, large-sized and discontinuous problems. Yannick
et al. defined the possible action of public policy towards EVs. Additionally, the barriers to
EV deployment and their remedies are studied in [94].

5. Smart Energy Management System

In a SG, the bidirectional flow of electrical energy and data are supported, which
provides an improvement of energy efficiency, a reduction of running cost, demand–supply
Energies 2023, 16, 472 11 of 23

equality, control of carbon emission, and utility resource maximization. Some people think
that if the infrastructure only becomes smart, this will be enough. However, this is not true.
The new management methodologies are also essential to improve the overall performance
of the power grid [95].
Let us take as an example demand response, the most valuable concept of SG. In
conventional electric companies, efforts are made to match generation to demand [72].
However, this is quite expensive in the long run because the load is unpredictable and
keeps on increasing seasonally, requiring spare generating capacity. Additionally, there
should be powerhouses that can respond to rapid changes in energy consumption. The
last 10% of generating capacity (spinning reserve) on bars could be needed in less than 1%
of the time [96]. Failure in matching supply to demand can result in cascaded tripping of
different branches and even in blackouts (i.e., electrical power outage). In a SG, demand
response handles the consumer usage of energy against supply conditions quite smartly.
A SG does not need to match the generation to load; instead, it equalizes the demand to
supply by convincing the consumers or by using control technology [66].
For instance is the twenty-four-hour energy consumption on a high-temperature day
in California (1999) [97]. In a SG, the smart meter reduces energy consumption by switching
off less important devices during peak hours.

5.1. Main Energy Management Objectives

There are different management objective tools discussed in this section:
1. Energy efficiency;
2. Demand profile improvement;
3. Utility optimization;
4. Cost optimization;
5. Price stabilization;
6. Emission control;
7. Consumer comfort enhancement;
8. A hybrid of the above.
The first and foremost step is the demand profile shaping. It shapes load and matches
load with available generation. The way to achieve demand response is to shift, schedule
and reduce demand through, for example, smart meters [98–107]. If the peak demand is
reduced, the system’s life span, losses, emissions and investment to augment, upgrade and
install new powerhouses and equipment will reduce. The authors in [98] proposed a control
and optimization method and concentrated on the control algorithms for reshaping the
demand profile. Caron and Kesidis [100] designed a pricing method to benefit customers
to attain a utility-suited load profile.
They developed demand energy response algorithms to attain equilibria. Ibars
et al. [102] smoothed the load curve and tried to avoid network overloading. Kishore
and Snyder [103] proposed an optimization model to take advantage of low energy prices
during off-peak periods. Afterwards, they proposed a scheme to lessen the peak demand
for domestic customers. They finally presented a powerful model for optimization of
energy management by using dynamic programming, which considers electricity capacity
constraints. Niamh Ó Connel et al. discussed the benefits and challenges of demand re-
sponse [108]. The benefits are the reduction of network loss and carbon emission, reduction
in generation capacity and pricing. The challenges are devising a control strategy. The
authors in [104] discovered that pricing tariffs help to achieve improved performance.
O’Neill et al. [105] presented an online learning algorithm to decrease domestic energy
costs and reshape the energy profile. The authors in [106] developed a generalized measure
of dispatch ability of electrical energy, working on two main categories of dispatchable
electrical load, and proposed models for power requirement to match consumption to the
energy source.
Ghosh et al. [101] presented a scheme to incentivize consumers. According to this,
consumers who are willing to decrease their demand receive a greater incentive, and vice
Energies 2023, 16, 472 12 of 23

versa. The second article of energy efficiency and demand profile is the minimization of
energy loss [68]. The use of DGs in SGs makes matters more intricate. To reduce energy loss,
the authors in [109] developed the optimized positioning and amount of renewable DGs to
minimize power loss. Atwa et al. [110] minimized the loss of energy by optimally mixing
stochastically modelled fluctuant resources. The authors in [111] proposed a decentralized
optimization algorithm to reduce electrical power losses in the distribution grid. The
improvement of utilities, increasing profit and reducing production and operational costs
are important management objectives. Researchers understand these aims from different
angles, such as customer bills or profit [100,104,105,112–117], energy bills of an individual
or those of a group of customers [118,119], and electrical energy system and industry
cost [99,101,104,116,120–126].
Price stability is also an active research area in SGs because real-time wholesale mar-
ket prices to users form a closed-loop feedback system that can result in price instability.
Roozbehani et al. [127] proposed a mathematical model to characterize the dynamic evo-
lution of demand–supply, clearing prices of the energy market, and presented a price
stabilization algorithm. Controlling the emission of gases is a highly mandatory SG man-
agement purpose in the power market, which has a meaningful impact on the environment.
However, the maximization of the utility’s profit or minimization of the production cost is
not directly associated with emission reduction using green energy. The cost of energy gen-
erated from renewable energy sources will not always be the lowest. Therefore, as proposed
by Gormus et al. [128], the atmospheric effect of power generated from fossil fuel should
be taken as a cost parameter in the demand scheduling algorithm. However, consumers
should accept their load to be scheduled following the low carbon scheduling requirements.
Researchers have focused on the reduction of CO2 . Saber and Venayagamoorthy [126]
discussed a way to seek advantages of EVs and green resources for emission reduction.
Bakker et al. [98] suggested a control scheme for the optimization of energy efficiency and
increased generation from green sources. Bu et al. [112] modelled the fluctuant energy
loads as a Markov-modulated Poisson process problem. Liu and Xu [129] mathematically
analyzed the wind power effects on emission.
Microgrids: Guan et al. [89] came up with the result that microgrids can decrease the
cost of electrical energy while pleasing constraints such as demand and supply balance
and operational constraints of equipment. Vandoorn et al. [130] proposed a scheme for
load control in the microgrid, working in islanded mode with a consequent decrease in
energy loss and optimal use of renewables. A survey on the challenges of microgrid power
management is investigated in [131].
G2V/V2G: System performance and network overloading can occur due to the high
penetration of uncoordinated EV charging [132]. Coordinated charging can be achieved
by particle swarm optimization (PSO) [126], quadratic optimization [133], dynamic pro-
gramming [115] and stochastic programming [88,134]. PSO solves intricate, constrained
and non-differentiable optimization problems rapidly, with greater precision. In the realm
of EV charging, the authors in [135] devised a coordinated charging scheme for EVs and
established a relation between line loss, load factor, and variations in load. They concluded
that their proposed formulation reduces computation time and complexity. Authors in [136]
developed a queuing theory based mathematical model to handle charging of priority as-
signed vehicles. Their main aim was to reduce the plug-in waiting time while maintaining
the grid stability. Another work carried out by Pan et al. [137] reported the placement of
EV infrastructure, for example battery exchange stations, to support the transportation
and electrical system. In V2G, the battery is discharged to the grid during peak hours and
then it recharges back during off-peak hours at a low price. Now the question is how to
find out proper charging and discharging time of a day, to benefit both utilities and EV
owners. Hutson et al. [93] investigated this area by using binary PSO (BPASO) to locate
an optimal solution to maximize the owner’s profit while keeping within the system and
owner’s bounds. Lund and Kempton [138] provided an analysis of the health impact of
 transportation and electrical system. In V2G, the battery is discharged to the grid during
peak hours and then it recharges back during off-peak hours at a low price. Now the ques-
tion is how to find out proper charging and discharging time of a day, to benefit both
utilities and EV owners. Hutson et al. [93] investigated this area by using binary PSO
Energies 2023, 16, 472 (BPASO) to locate an optimal solution to maximize the owner’s profit while keeping 13 of 23
within the system and owner’s bounds. Lund and Kempton [138] provided an analysis of
the health impact of V2G on the penetration of renewable in power grid. V2G technology
also
V2Gprovides storage and
on the penetration can reducein
of renewable CO 2 emission
power grid. [139].
V2G technology also provides storage
and can reduce CO2 emission [139].
5.2. Energy Management Methods and Tools
5.2. Energy Management
Different Methods and Tools
tools for management problems are mentioned in Figure 6, while Figure 7
shows the various
Different tools tools used for energy
for management management.
problems For optimization,
are mentioned the classical
in Figure 6, while Figure 7
shows the various tools used for energy management. For optimization,
mathematical algorithms are convex programming [116] and dynamic programming the classical
mathematical
[140]. algorithms
Stochastic are convex
programming programming
[88] and [116] and dynamic
robust programming programming
[113] are also used due[140].
to
Stochastic
the programming
unpredictable nature of[88] and robust
intermittent programming
sources. Moreover,[113] are also used
the well-known due to the
metaheuristic
unpredictable
algorithm PSOnature of intermittent
[141] can solve highlysources. Moreover,
complicated the well-known
constrained metaheuristic
optimization problems
algorithm
[142] PSO
rapidly in[141] can solve
a precise highly
manner, complicated
without constrained
the curse optimization
of dimensionality [93].problems [142]
rapidly in a precise manner, without the curse of dimensionality [93].

Classical Algorithms

Optimization Metaheuristic
Algorithms Algorithms

Machine Learning
Hybrid Algorithms
Based Algorithms

Management Game Theory Based

Algorithms Algorithms

Auction Based
Algorithms
Deterministic Rule
Based Algorithms
Rule Based
Algorithms
Fuzzy Rule Based
Energies 2023, 16, 472 Algorithms 14 of 23

Figure 6. Energy management methods and tools.

Figure 6. Energy management methods and tools.

MATLAB/
Modelica Simulink DOE-2

TRNSYS
eQuest

Next24h
EnergyPlus
Energy

Commercial
CRAN
BEMS
Software Tools for
Energy
IES Virtual
Management
LabVIEW
Environment

GAMS Gurobi

Homer
CPLEX
Pro
Building
CTSM-R Virtual
LORD Testbed

Software
Figure 7. tools
Figure 7. Software tools commonly
commonly used for
used for energy energy management.
management.

Machine learning concentrates on developing algorithms that enable any controller

to evolve its behavior using empirical data, gathered from sensors and PMUs [143–146].
O’Neill et al. [105] calculated the influence of decisions of consumers and energy prices
on cost using online learning applications to control domestic energy use. Fang et al. [114]
Energies 2023, 16, 472 14 of 23

Machine learning concentrates on developing algorithms that enable any controller

to evolve its behavior using empirical data, gathered from sensors and PMUs [143–146].
O’Neill et al. [105] calculated the influence of decisions of consumers and energy prices
on cost using online learning applications to control domestic energy use. Fang et al. [114]
analyzed renewable energy use in a microgrid in islanded mode by applying online machine
learning. Game theory [147] is a brilliant tool for SG management. All users cannot be
cooperative. Game theory helps to develop schemes to tackle these cases. For example,
Ibars et al. [102] developed a network congestion game-based distributed solutions to
obtain a local optimum for every self-centered customer. This solution is also a global
optimum. In [104], the authors calculated the global optimum by using pricing tariffs at
the Nash equilibrium. The oligopolistic power market having microgrids [100] can be
modelled by game theory. Auction [148] can play an important role in the SG. Microgrids
and DGs will be used extensively in SGs. Microgrid customers create their small market to
trade energy; therefore, auction and bidding will play an effective role. In [149], a demand
reduction bidding method is proposed.

6. Smart Electrical Power Protection System

This system should be able to protect the grid against faults due to human error,
equipment failure, and natural disasters. It should also safeguard against cyber-attacks. A
smart protection system is the lifeline of the power system [150].

6.1. Smart Failure Protection

The system’s ability to perform desired functionalities while satisfying a set of condi-
tions is reliability. Reliability depends on many factors, such as information gathering from
field devices, routing them to controllers, routing the control directives back to switches
and adopting standard equipment maintenance procedures [151]. The total revenue loss
due to the outage was $79B in 2002 in the US, whereas the total revenue of electricity was
$249B [152]. During 2003, the East Coast blackout in the America–Canada joint power sys-
tem affected 50 million people for many days [153]. A review of cascaded failure analysis
in the energy network is presented in [154].

6.2. Smart System Reliability

DGs will be heavily used in SGs. The use of some renewables may reduce the grid
stability [155–157]. Therefore, controllers and interfaces of new architectures and designs
are essential to improve stability. When solar energy is added, the cumulative inertia
of the power system reduces, thereby reducing both steady-state and dynamic stability.
Chen et al. [156] suggested the benefit of using distributed RERs in mitigating cascade
failures in SG. Intuitively, due to the presence of microgrids, less power flows from the
macro-grid, thereby increasing grid reliability and stability. They concluded that the
introduction of a small number of DGs can decrease the possibilities of cascaded failure.
Moslehi and Kumar [152] proved that a proper SG resource mix gives a smoother load that
improves reliability.
The stability and reliability also depend on measurement and control devices, such as
sensors, PMUs, governors, exciters, power system stabilizers, relays and circuit breakers,
etc. [158–160]. Today, PMU-based wide area measurement systems (WAMSs) [161] are
becoming increasingly popular. State enumeration techniques and Markov modelling
are combined to evaluate reliability [162]. Bou Ghosn et al. [163] used an incremental
scheme and developed a simulator in which the system can be designed in a scalable way
to emulate the grid behavior. Godfrey et al. [164] developed a model to study the effects of
communication failure on the power system.
Prediction of failures and remedial measures (prevention) holds a key place in grid
stability. If failure occurs, then its identification, diagnosis and recovery are important [151].
The weak aspects of the system should be identified to predict the faults and necessary steps
should be taken to prevent them. Chertkov et al. [165] proposed a method that identifies
Energies 2023, 16, 472 15 of 23

the weak node, thus helping in predicting fault. Vaiman et al. [166] used data gathered
from PMU for computation of the stability region and operational margin. Wide-area
situational awareness (WASA) [167] can be developed by combining sensors, meters, PMUs
and communication media for failure prediction.

6.3. Smart Failure Identification

When faults occur, the initial step is to rapidly locate, identify and diagnose the reason
and recover the failure to avoid cascaded events [168]. The authors of [169] took advantage
of PMU data for fault detection. Tate and Overbye [170] proposed an algorithm that
used network topology and PMU angle measurements to detect line outage. In [170], the
authors developed a method for double line outage detection. This method uses re-outage
topology and PMU angle measurements. Zhu and Abur [169] proved that the limitation
of conventional data can be overcome by PMU data. Other research on outage detection
and diagnosis includes [171–174]. Cai et al. [171] proposed algorithms used to trace out
the information from large data. He and Zhang [174] used a probability-based graphical
method to model the PMU data. Calderaro et al. [172] proposed a Petri net to model the
distribution system and identify outage. Russell and Benner [173] showed the way to detect
the incipient faults from waveforms.
During faults, the power grid can be segmented into islands to protect it from black-
out [175]. These islands can be stabilized and re-synchronized back later. By appropriately
controlling the system configuration and impact of disturbance, the system efficiency can be
enhanced [176]. Smart meters may fail when either some bad data is injected into it, or the
meter is tempered. Chen et al. [177] proposed a B-spline smoothing and kernel smoothing
method to cleanse corrupted data. Overman and Sackman [178] proposed that distributed
intelligence (control) is better rather than central. This helps in enhancing system reliability.

6.4. Security and Privacy of Information

Digitalization of power grid at all levels originate big data. Security and privacy of
this data is of utmost importance for reliable and secure operation of the SG. If data are
not secured, the complete system could be hijacked. In [179], the authors discussed the
background of communication infrastructures, their main features, challenges and needs.
Among various challenges, secure information is categorized as one the major challenges.
Yan et al. summarized the cybersecurity needs and threats in SG communication [180].
The authors suggest that securing the SG requires the use of state-of-the-art protocols.
Authenticity and protection of data needs to be maintained at all levels. A survey of various
issues related to cyber security and their probable solutions in smart transmission systems
are presented in [35].

7. Conclusions
The SG is the modern power system that facilitates both utilities and the end user
in a secured way. In this paper, various aspects of SGs are reviewed, considering the
upcoming challenges and solutions. From a SG development efforts viewpoint, we have
learned four lessons. First, the construction projects of a SG should be analyzed well before
starting. Second, ongoing projects are led by electric companies. They may not have enough
design and deployment experience. However, SG evolution may require more experienced
organizations to be involved. Third, the term smart in “smart grid” means that the grid
realizes modern management aims and functions. The objectives focused on are load
and generation equality, energy efficiency improvement, operation cost reduction, utility
maximization, and emission control. This does not mean that experience and research in
other sectors, such as consumer electronics and software development, is less important.
Fourth, the protection part provides two lessons. The first lesson is to study the behavior
of energy utility and should not underestimate security and privacy. The second lesson is
that we should assess the possible risks of the introduction of new technologies. In short,
Energies 2023, 16, 472 16 of 23

SG will lead to an environmentally friendly electric network, an improved energy supply

service capable of revolutionizing our everyday life.

Funding: This research received no external funding.

Data Availability Statement: No data is used for the article except the references.
Acknowledgments: The authors are thankful to our institutes for providing the facilities to complete
this work. Hafiz Abdul Muqeet would also like to thank Aamir Raza for his support and guidance.
Conflicts of Interest: The authors declare no conflict of interest.

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