See discussions, stats, and author profiles for this publication at: https://www.researchgate.

net/publication/373652190

Analyzing The Therapeutic Effects Of Sandalwood Powder (Santalum Album) In

Management Of Hypercholesterolemic Patients: An Experimental Trail

Article · September 2023

DOI: 10.47750/pnr.2023.14.04.89

CITATIONS READS

0 26

9 authors, including:

Amna Rasheed Nizwa Itrat

The University of Faisalabad The University of Faisalabad
2 PUBLICATIONS 0 CITATIONS 22 PUBLICATIONS 118 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

Anum Nazir Dr- Zain Mushtaq

The University of Faisalabad University of Agriculture Faisalabad
20 PUBLICATIONS 131 CITATIONS 18 PUBLICATIONS 69 CITATIONS

SEE PROFILE SEE PROFILE

All content following this page was uploaded by Anwaar Iftikhar on 04 September 2023.

The user has requested enhancement of the downloaded file.

Analyzing The Therapeutic Effects Of Sandalwood
Powder (Santalum Album) In Management Of
Hypercholesterolemic Patients: An Experimental
Trail
Amna Rasheed1,Nizwa Itrat1,Anum Nazir1,Muhammad Umar Zafar2,Zain Mushtaq3,
Huda Ismail4, Muhammad Mehmood Tariq5,Anwaar Iftikhar6

1
Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, the University of Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
2
Department of Sociology Government college university Faisalabad, Chiniot Campus
3
Department of Soil Science, University of the Punjab Lahore Pakistan
4
Kinnaird College for Women university ,Punjab Lahore Pakistan
5
Social Security Hospital Faisalabad, Punjab Pakistan
6
Centre for Applied Molecular Biology University of the Punjab Lahore, Pakistan
Corresponding author: [email protected]
DOI: 10.47750/pnr.2023.14.04.89

Cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), which significantly increase mortality, disabilities, and medical costs globally, are at risk to health
due to dyslipidemia. Components of Chinese medicine that can be used to cure illness and provide healthcare include medicinal
and culinary plants because of the similarity between their roles as food and medicine.
Primary prevention is critical in lowering the incidence of CVDs, breakthroughs in reducing dyslipidemia can significantly reduce
morbidity and mortality associated with CVDs. Sandalwood oil and its extract are traditionally used to treat different conditions
which include diabetes, cancer, dyslipidemia, and cardiovascular diseases. The current research was examined to evaluate the
cardio-protective effects of sandalwood powder as primary prevention in treatment of hyperlipidemia. For this purpose, sandalwood
powder was initially analyzed for chemical phytochemical analysis. Furthermore, to check its hypolipidemic effects Hyperlipidemic
females were selected from age 30 -50 years and divided into three equal groups in which Control group were not given any doses,
While the experimental group G1 and G2 were given 2g and 4g doses respectively along their regular medication. Biochemical test
of patients along with physical parameters like weight and height were also observed before the initiation and after the end of trial.
The results showed that wood powder contains 0.44% moisture content,15.94% ash content, 0.00% crude fat, 04.05% crude fiber,
3.625% crude protein and NFE 75.90%. Sandalwood powders also contain a certain amount of antioxidant Total phenolic content
(TPC) 315.33±11.51. Total flavonoids contents (TFC) 25.39±2.87. The patient's biochemical data revealed that the experimental
groups G1 and G2 had considerably (P 0.001) lower serum lipid profiles before the study ended, whereas HDL levels had increased.
Besides helping people lose weight and drink more water, sandalwood powder also has anti-hyperlipidemic properties.

Keywords: hyperlipidemia, sandalwood (Santalum album), Nutritional Facts, Antioxidant activity, Herbal Medicine

Introduction
Hyperlipidemia is a condition that includes several inherited and developed abnormalities that narrate high levels of
lipids in the human body. A great range of experiments has been done which gives the clear association of elevated
lipid profile with coronary heart diseases. Hyperlipidemia is very common throughout the world but especially in the
western countries. At present, over three million persons in the United States and Europe have been confirmed to have
Hyperlipidemia, and that figure is progressively increasing (AlshamiriM et al., 2018). Lipid profile typically includes

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 14 ¦ Issue 04 ¦ 2023 748

HDL, LDL, and VLDL. High levels of LDL are associated with the development of coronary artery diseases. While
HDL (high density lipoproteins) is identified to have cholesterol lowering effects. As a result, they inhibit the process
of vascular diseases by balancing the cholesterol in the body (Ballantyne CM et al., 2000). Indian sandalwood, also
known as Chandana in Sanskrit, is one of the world's most valued gifts from ancient India. In the perspective of
contemporary medicine, the scientific and therapeutic merits of Indian sandalwood are being rediscovered. Numerous
pharmacological benefits of sandalwood have been discovered, including anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, anti-
microbial, and anti-proliferative activities. The main component of SWO, alpha-santalol, has been shown to have
chemo preventive properties and may not be hazardous to normal cells (Dwivedi et al., 2003). Sandalwood trees are
sized in the middle. Its native land is the Malayan Peninsula. The Malayan Peninsula serves as its primary trading hub.
Before it was commercialized, it supplies most of the sandalwood in East Asia, the Arab world, and India. The best-
selling types of sandalwood (Santalum spicatum) are advertised as being Indian and Austrian. It is held by Pakistan,
Bangladesh, Sri Lanka, Australia, Indonesia, Nepal, and Hawaii. Santalum album (Sandalwood) contains
Sesquiterpenols: α-santalol, β-santalol, and sesquiterpenenes as an active component (Raghavendra, 2009).
Sandalwood oil reveals a secondary antioxidant action by enhancing the glutathione-S-transferase (GST) activity and.
The petroleum ether fraction of Santalum album has anti-diabetic and anti-hyperlipidemic qualities that could be used
to treat cardio vascular diseases and insulin resistance (Scartezzini and SperoniE, 2000).

Materials and methods

Research Area
Research was accompanied in the department nutrition and dietetics of The University of Faisalabad.

Collection and Preparation of Raw Material

The sandal wood powder was bought from the local pansar shop in Faisalabad. The powder was kept in a polythene
bag to avoid any contamination. The powder was subjected to numerous analyses defined as follows.

Chemical Characterization of Sandal Wood powder

Proximate analysis
The sandalwood powder was analyzed for moisture ash, crude fiber, crude protein and NFE according to the particular
methods as defined in AOAC 1990 (AOAC,1990).

Mineral analysis
The sandalwood powder was analyzed for the mineral determination. Calcium and iron was analyzed by using an
atomic absorption spectrophotometer (MillerRO,1998).

Phytochemical analysis of Sandal wood Powder (Santalum Album)

The total phenolic contents in sandalwood powder were determined by Folin-Ciocalteu (Nazetal., 2016).

Bio evaluation of sandal wood powder (Santalum Album) against hyperlipidemia in

human female subjects:
Inclusion criteria
All Hyperlipidemic females of age of 30 to 45 with no other disease were included in the study.

Exclusion criteria
No lactating women, pregnant women, Women with other disease then hyperlipidemia, no male patients were included

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 14 ¦ Issue 04 ¦ 2023 749

in the study.

Treatments group and treatment plan

The study was conducted for the period of 60 days.30 females were randomly selected from 40 years to 45 years of
age were divided into 3 equal groups each contained 10 patients describe in table.

Table1: Treatments plan

Groups Title Treatment

G0 Control group Placebo
G1 Treatment group Sandal wood capsule of 2g/kg/body weight
G2 Treatment group Sandal wood capsule of 4g/kg/body weight

Collection of blood samples

Before the trial began and after it ended, blood samples from the participants were taken to examine their lipid profiles
and hematological markers using the technique described by (Means et al., 2023).

RESULTS

Proximate composition of sandal wood powder (Santalum album)

A crucial factor in the quality of the raw materials used in an effective technique is the outcome determination of the
proximate composition.
In this analysis six attributes being observed were moisture content, ash content, crude fat, crude fiber, crude protein,
and nitrogen free extract. Sandal wood powder contained 0.46% moisture content, 15.94% ash content, 0%
crudefat,4.05%crudefiber,3.625%crudeproteinand75.92%nitrogenfree extract (NFE).

Table2: Mean±S.D of proximate analyses of sandal wood powder (Santalum album)

Proximate features Values(%)±S.D

Crude fat 00.00
Moisture content 00.46±0.02
Crude protein 3.625±0.98
Crude fiber 04.05±0.61
Crude ash 15.94±1.78
Nitrogen free extract 75.90±4.72

Mineral analysis
Minerals analysis of sandalwood powder was conducted by using the Atomic Absorption Spectrophotometer
(HitachiPolarizedZeemanAAS, Z8200, Japan) ensuing the conditions described in AOAC (1990).Calcium and iron
was analyzed in the powder. Calcium was present insufficient amount in the powder.

Table3: Mineral analysis of sandal wood powder

Minerals Amount(mg/kg) Amount(μg/g)
Calcium (Ca) 726±16.28 5.0±0.31
Iron (Fe) 175±7.56 0.0±0.0

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 14 ¦ Issue 04 ¦ 2023 750

Phytochemical Screening of Sandalwood Powder (Santalum Album)
Phenolic and flavonoids is the major photochemical that are responsible for the antioxidant activities of medicinal
plants and plants products. These are nonnutritive compounds that provide health benefits. The total phenolic contents
in sandalwood powder were determined by Folin-Ciocalteumethod.

Phytochemical attributes
400
300
315.3

200
100
25.3
0
TPC (μg GAE/mL) TFC (μg RE/mL)

Figure No.1: Phytochemical analysis of sandal wood powder

Investigation of Anti-hyperlipidemic Potential of Sandal wood (Santalum Album)

Effects on Cholesterol Levels
The investigation showed significant changes in the cholesterol levels of patients after one and two months as
compared to G0 (control group). In G0 the means values for cholesterol remain same while in G1 and G2 the values
decrease from 207.00b±16.95 to 203.40b±25.50 and 243.40a ±16.95 to 232.00a ±24.48 after one month respectively.
And again, after two months the mean values decrease from203.40b±25.50 to198.90ab±49.04in G2 group and
232.00a±24.48 to224.60ab±37.70 in G1 group.

Table4: The change in serum Cholesterol of control and treatment groups

Groups 0-day 1month 2month

G0 221.50ab±17.4 220.50ab±20 220.50ab±17.47

G1 207.00b±16.95 203.40b±15.0 198.90ab±19.04

G2 243.40a±16.95 239.00a±14.8 224.60ab±17.70

Effects on Triglycerides
Means for the triglycerides showed significant changes in the triglyceride’s levels of patients after one and two
months as compared to G0 (control group). In G0 the means values for triglycerides remains same while inG1 and
G2 the values decrease from270.50a ±90.22 to 265.90a±86.71 and 265.40a±90.22 to 254.60a±88.36. After one
month respectively. And again after two months the mean values decrease from 265.90a ±86.71 to 260.50a ±49.45
in G1 group and 25460a ±88.36 to 244.20a±48.59 in G2 group.
Table5: The change in serum Triglycerides of control and treatment groups
Groups 0-day 1month 2month
G0 258.20a±23.13 277.50a±17.31 277.50a±28.58

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 14 ¦ Issue 04 ¦ 2023 751

 G1 272.50a±20.22 268.90a±16.71 260.50a±29.45

G2 323.40a±20.22 315.60a±18.36 305.20a±28.59

Effects on Low Density Lipoproteins (LDL)

Low density lipoproteins levels are reduced significantly in both treatments’ groups. The mean values of LDL levels
decrease from 218.20abc±42.72to210.20bc±67.07after one month and from 210.20bc±67.07 to 200.60bc±27.16 in
G1. In G2 group the mean values of LDL decrease from 221.50a±45.80 to 210.00ab±67.16 after one month and values
further decreased from 210.00ab±67.16 to 190.50ab±27.86after two months. While in the control group the values of
LDL increased after one and two months respectively.

Table6: The change in serum LDL-c of control and treatment groups

Groups 0-day 1month 2month

G0 153.70c±20.59 159.70c±25.09 162.10c±17.47

G1 190.20abc±22.2 177.20bc±27.07 173.60bc±17.16

G2 221.50a±25.80 214.00ab±27.16 206.50ab±17.86

In comparative studies between the three groups the high-density lipoproteins levels are seen significantly high in G2
group as compared to G1 and G0. The mean values of HDL in G1group increase from 63.50ab±20.24 to 71.00b ±10.38
after one month and from 71.00b ±10.38 to 85.20b ±15.43 after two months. While in G2 group the mean values
increase from 0 day60.70b ±20.24 to 75.80b ±10.30 after one month and after two months HDL values further increase
from75.80b±10.30 to 89.00ab±15.81. While in G0 group the HDL values were seem decreased from 0 day to one
month and further decreased after two months.

Table No. 7: The change in serum HDL-c of control and treatment groups
Groups 0-day 1month 2month

G0 93.00a±17.14 54.00b±16.02 54.00b±14.91

G1 63.50ab±20.24 65.00b±10.38 69.20b±15.43

G2 50.70b±20.24 53.80b±10.30 57.00ab±15.81

Effects on the Physical Parameters (Weight Change &Water Intake):

Physical parameters of the patients of all three groups were measured before initiation of trail after month and again
after termination of trail after two months.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 14 ¦ Issue 04 ¦ 2023 752

 The change in weight of control and treatment groups

104
102 101.8
100.1 99.1
100
98 98.9 98.4
97.4
96 97 95.7
96
94
92
0-day 1-month 2-month
G0 G1 G2

Figure No.2: The change in weight of control and treatment groups

In comparative study among all three groups the patient in G2 group showed more weight loss and increased water
intake as compared to G1 and G0. In following graphs of weight changes the mean values of G0 group increased from
96 to 97.4, the mean values of G1decreased from 100.1 to 98.4, while in G2 group the mean value decreased from
101.8to95.7 which is high as compared to both G1and G0 group.

The change in water intake of control and treatment groups

2000

1500

1000

500

0 G0 G1 G2

0-day 1-month 2-month

Figure No.3: The change in water intake of control and treatment groups

DISSUUSSION:
For the determination of the nutritional profile the proximate analysis is a significant method. Proximate analysis
includes different parameters which are moisture content, ash content, crude fiber, crude protein, and crude fat. It also
includes nitrogen free extract of the sample. in the recent study the sandal wood powder was used while in the literature
sandalwood oil was used to determine it pharmaceutical properties (Bombarded et al., 2019). Any substance or object's
water content will show how much moisture it contains, which varies for different substances depending on how well
they can retain or consume moisture. Amount of Ash content that was15.94±1.78%. The body uses fats as a source of
energy and as building blocks for the absorption of vitamins A, D, E, and K. Long-standing health advantages include
a substantial decrease in cardiovascular diseases when the saturated fat is replaced with mono-and polyunsaturated
fats. The crude fat of my sample was about 0.002 ± 0.0 %while the while an investigation was directed by certain
analysts, they presumed that sandal wood powder contains 04.05±0.61 % substance of crude fat (Kumar et al., 2019).
The rough protein was dissected in every one of the medicines, the sandal wood powder leaves contains undo protein
that was about 3.625±0.98% (Thulasiram et al., 2022). The mineral requirements of the human body are substantial.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 14 ¦ Issue 04 ¦ 2023 753

However, their absence can lead to a variety of health issues in the body, including osteoporosis, arthritis, and issues
with the teeth. According to the recent research the amount of Calcium (Ca) in sandal wood was726±16.28mg/kg,
ppm and Iron (Fe) was175±7.56mg/ kg, μg/g (Umdale et al., 2020). Flavonoids and phenolic contents are very helpful
because they work as antioxidants and protect from different heart problems, cancers, and degeneration of cells.
According to recent research sandalwood powder was 56 contained the amount total
phenoliccontent315.33±11.51mgGAE/ml. in past research the sandalwood oil and berries were used. A berry of
sandalwood tree has a higher concentration of moisture content and total phenolic content. The moisture level
(82.390.32%) and ash content (30.60.17%) of the ripened berries were also quite high. It also has a good amount of
crude protein (8.66 g/100 g), total carbs (8.08 g/100 g), crude fat (1.79 g/100 g), and energy (67.87 g/100 g). Although
the aqueous extract of berries had more flavonoids (10.98 0.14 mg RE/100 g), the methanolic extract of berries
included higher concentrations of phenolic (4.97 0.07 mg GAE/100 g) and alkaloids (7.16 0.09mgCoE/100 g)
(UmdaleS et al.,2020).the aim of the study was to explore the Therapeutic potential of sandalwood (Santalum album)
against hyperlipidemia. 30 human female subjects were selected randomly. They were divided into 3 groups G0, G1
and G2. GO was the control group receiving 0g/day of sandalwood powder. While G1 and G2 were treatment groups
receiving 2g/day and 4g/day sandal wood powder in the form of capsules. The study was conducted for 60 days. A
biochemical investigation was done to check the efficacy of sandal wood powder against Hyperlipidemia. Lipid profile
of patients was done before initiation of trial, in the middle of trial (after 30 days) and again after the end of trial. The
physical parameters of the patients of all three groups were measured before the trial, after one month and again at the
termination of the trial. in comparative study among all three groups the patient in G2 group showed more weight loss
and increased water intake as compared to G1 and G0. Abroad inspection to determine the nutritional value of food is
part of the cycle of guarantee of debris content. It is the underlying advances for basic investigation in example
readiness my sample's overall analysis reveals significant effect.

CONCLUSION
Hyperlipidemia is a leading cause of cardiovascular diseases all over the world. The prevalence of hyperlipidemia has
been raised due to inactive lifestyle, food patterns and eating habits. In today’s modern era herbal medicines has gain
much popularity as compared to the drugs. Herbal medication probably has fewer side effects as compared to the
chemical drugs. Our research was conducted to explore the anti-hyperlipidemic potential of sandalwood powder
(Santalum album) on patients with elevated lipid profile. Two doses 2g and 4g doses of sandal wood powder were
selected for experimental groups G1 and G2 respectively and given orally in the form of gelatin capsules for the period
of 60 days. It was seen that Sandal wood capsules cause can significantly decrease in serum cholesterol, triglycerides,
and LDL.
In the beginning of trial, HDL levels start rising significantly. The use of sandalwood powder can prevent
hyperlipidemia. However, it is important that the physiological and nutritional effects are properly established through
carefully monitored clinical trials.

References
1. Alshamiri, M., Ghanaim, M. M. A., Barter, P., Chang, K. C., Li, J. J., Matawaran, B. J., ... & Yusof, A. K. (2018). Expert opinion on the
applicability of dyslipidemia guidelines in Asia and the Middle East. International journal of general medicine, 313-322.

2. Hill, M. F., & Bordoni, B. (2022). Hyperlipidemia. In StatPearls [Internet]. StatPearls Publishing.

3. Raghavendra HL, Yogesh HS, Gopalakrishna B, Chandrashekhar VM, Kumar SBP and Kumar V: An overview of herbal medicine. Int J Ph
Sci 2009; 1(1): 1-20

4. Dwivedi, C., Guan, X., Harmsen, W. L., Voss, A. L., Goetz-Parten, D. E., Koopman, E. M., ... & Matthees, D. P. (2003). Chemopreventive
effects of α-santalol on skin tumor development in CD-1 and SENCAR mice. Cancer Epidemiology Biomarkers & Prevention, 12(2), 151-
156.

5. Chao, C. Y. (2008). A microregional approach to the social dynamics in the late prehistoric Manatuto, East Timor, eleventh–eighteenth
century. University of Washington.

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 14 ¦ Issue 04 ¦ 2023 754

 6. Scartezzini, P., & Speroni, E. (2000). Review on some plants of Indian traditional medicine with antioxidant activity. Journal of
ethnopharmacology, 71(1-2), 23-43.

7. Misra, B. B., & Dey, S. (2013). Biological activities of East Indian sandalwood tree, Santalum album (No. e96v1). PeerJ PrePrints.

8. AOAC(1990).OfficialMethodsofAnalysis.Association of Official Analytical Chemists. Arlington,VA,USA.

9. Miller, R. O. (1998). Nitric-perchloric acid wet digestion in an open vessel. In ‘Handbook of reference methods for plant analysis’.(Ed. YP
Kalra) pp. 57–61.

10. Naz, S., Hanif, M. A., Bhatti, H. N., & Shahid, M. (2016). PARTITION, FRACTIONATION, ANTIOXIDANT POTENTIAL AND
PHENOLICS PROFILING OF Cannabis sativa GROWING IN PAKISTAN. Oxidation Communications, 39.

11. Means Jr, R. J., Rodgers, G., Glader, B., Arber, D. A., Appelbaum, F. R., Dispenzieri, A., ... & Leonard, J. P. (2023). Wintrobe's clinical
hematology. Lippincott Williams & Wilkins.

12. Bommareddy, A., Brozena, S., Steigerwalt, J., Landis, T., Hughes, S., Mabry, E., ... & Dwivedi, C. (2019). Medicinal properties of alpha-
santalol, a naturally occurring constituent of sandalwood oil. Natural product research, 33(4), 527-543.

13. Kumar, G. R., Chandrashekar, B. S., Rao, M. S., Ravindra, M., Chandrashekar, K. T., & Soundararajan, V. (2019). Pharmaceutical
importance, physico-chemical analysis and utilisation of Indian sandalwood (Santalum album Linn.) seed oil. Journal of Pharmacognosy
and Phytochemistry, 8(1), 2587-2592.

14. Thulasiram, H. V., Warrier, R. R., & Nataraja, K. N. (2022). Omics in Sandalwood. Indian Sandalwood: A Compendium, 363-384.

15. Umdale, S., Ahire, M., Aiwale, V., Jadhav, A., & Mundada, P. (2020). Phytochemical investigation and antioxidant efficacy of wild,
underutilized berries of economically important Indian Sandalwood (Santalum album L.). Biocatalysis and Agricultural Biotechnology,

Journal of Pharmaceutical Negative Results ¦ Volume 14 ¦ Issue 04 ¦ 2023 755

View publication stats