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The resolve() function depends on it, but otherwise it is not used in the semantics. All variables must
be limited (see Section 2.3), although a stricter definition of limited is used than that defined for
datalog. Using this framework, it is possible to design taxonomies of ontologies, with high-level
generic ontologies at the top, and more specific ontologies at the bottom. This basic distinction
results in a fundamentally different perspective on how to approach storing, accessing, and
displaying data. When negated literals are allowed, a program may not have a unique, minimal
model, which is used to define the meaning of datalog programs. One form of negation that has
intuitive semantics is stratified negation, in which negated subgoals are not used recursively. These
activities are not particularly well supported by software tools. Categories may be grouped as
subcategories under one or more parent categories (superclasses), specifying the is-a relation that is
commonly used in semantic networks and frame systems. The use of categories allows taxonomies to
be built from the top down by subdividing known classes into smaller sets. The source of this
problem was that the sites occasionally use different URLs to refer to the same person, and thus the
SHOE assertions used different instance keys for the same entity. Since O2 2 anc(O1), then every r
such that C(r) 2 B2 is also in the fifth set of COPO1. In addition to asserting the statements, it
creates a collection of corresponding reified statements, and descriptions can use the value of the
bagId to describe these statements. However, in COPU (R), the answer is fbob; kateg because we
have the axiom from OU that tells us every Chair is a Person. Some pages are fairly static, others
change on a regular basis and still others change at unpredictable intervals. Using daml:equivalentTo,
content from these two sources can be effectively merged. Although the logic and knowledge
representation communities are distinct, the expressivity of FOL nevertheless makes it a powerful
knowledge representation language. The cardinality constraints state that there must exist at most (or
at least) n instances that have the value for the particular slot. Additionally, I demonstrate the
feasibility and potential use of SHOE as a semantic web language in two ways. In most existing
ontology work, reuse is handled by providing a mechanism that allows an ontology to extend another
ontology (see Section 2.2.3). Essentially, when 49 Page 64. Also, each variable has a data type that
can be determined from the rule. ? If the the variable appears in a category subclause, then it is of
instance type. ? If the variable appears in a relation subclause, then it is of the type given by the
relation’s definition for that argument position. A simple convention is to assign a sequence number
to each ontology and append this number to each term defined by the ontology. An important feature
of description logic systems is the ability to perform automatic classification, that is, automatically
insert a given concept at the appropriate place in the taxonomy. In this table, we ignore attributes that
have no semantics, such as SHORT and DESCRIPTION. For example, someone could make the
class WebDeveloper a subclass of OverpaidPerson, and anyone who stated that they were a
WebDeveloper, would now also be implicitly stating they were an OverpaidPerson. 192 Page 207. In
addition to the basic ones available in RDF, it adds a daml:inverseOf property and
daml:TransitiveProperty class, which are identical to elements of OIL. Second, instance types can
only be used with the equal and notEqual comparisons. We will say more on the usage of idioms in a
semantic web language in Chapter 4. 3.3.3 Extended Ontology Perspectives If we include ontology
extension in our semantic web language, then how does that affect interoperability. Another
important issue in distributed environments is the inability to preserve integrity constraints and the
likelihood of global inconsistency. Research Interests: Design and evaluation of systems,real time
systems, networks. As shown in Figure 6.4, the HTML used to describe each faculty member has a
standard format. Unlike, ontology extension, revision implies that a change has been authorized by
the ontology’s owner. You may also look up W3C's page titled Semantic Web Case Studies and Use
Cases for more examples.
Although this is easy in theory, in practice it requires a large list of pre-defined functions or a
complex language for defining functions. 3.5.2 Resolving Ontology Divergence Ontology
integration typically involves identifying the correspondences between two ontologies, determining
the differences in definitions, and creating a new ontology that resolves these differences. The class
also allows a default ontology to be specified, which is used to disambiguate query predicates and
identify the basis of the query’s perspective. This is because SHOE is order-independent but the
interpretation of some tags may depend on others in the 135 Page 150. The standard methods for
evaluating queries in logic are backward-chaining (or top-down) and forward-chaining (or bottom-
up). First, people will be able to conduct more accurate searches, and the answers they receive may
be based on the automatic integration of numerous sources. The character - indicates the tag is
required, while O indicates that it is optional. Here, “,” separates elements that must appear in
sequence, “j” separates 217 Page 232. When negated literals are allowed, a program may not have a
unique, minimal model, which is used to define the meaning of datalog programs. One form of
negation that has intuitive semantics is stratified negation, in which negated subgoals are not used
recursively. This approach seems to work well, even in the presence of major structural changes to the
ontology such as those described in Section 6.1.5. To deal with the quantity of information on the
Semantic Web, the language must be scalable. Two Cultures - One relationship: how does your
culture impact your relationship. In one case (when querying the members of the UMCP CS
department), Parka could not provide any answers, although XSB returned 480. For this purpose, the
specification defines a number of classes and properties that have specific semantics. Ontologies can
also help in finding logical inconsistencies, classes that cannot have instances, or different instances
that share the same names. As with the tag for ontologies, this tag specifies and identifier and version
number for an ontology. For this reason, RDF does not have to handle problems of polysemy. The
RDF data model does not rely on XML, but RDF has an XML-based syntax. The main objects of
interest are internet resources and entities that are described by them. These agents will be automated
personal secretaries that interact with each other over the Internet. The publication pages contain the
publication’s title, authors, year, links to online copies, and occasionally additional BibTex
information (BibTex is a common format for bibliographic information). We chose to give SHOE
both an HTML and an XML syntax, thus allowing it to be used by the entire web community,
regardless 86 Page 101. Regardless of how much you work around the assignments, your professors
always find flaws within the discussion, formatting, and structure of the papers. But unless it’s
tagged with a specific heading HTML code, Google might not know it’s actually a heading. Using
inheritance, therefore, could significantly reduce the amount of. Of course, ontologies that explicitly
include the base ontology are also free to use the prefixing mechanism defined above when referring
to components defined in the base ontology. I would also like to thank Ashok Agrawala, Benjamin
Bederson, Dana Nau, Dagobert Soergel, and V.S. Subrahmanian for being on my defense committee
and for their useful feedback and questions. Nextbio is accessible via a search engine interface.
Nevertheless, it is still easy to create different representations for a concept. In this DTD, the only
declared content is CDATA, which stands for character data and means the content is text that does
not include any tags. They may consist solely of SHOE tags, or may include additional summary
information in HTML. Although namespaces allow a document to reference terms defined in other
documents, it is unclear as to whether the definitions of these terms should be included.
Furthermore, if we restrict the language to datalog, which is a minor variant of Horn logic, then
polynomial reasoning algorithms such as the magic sets technique can be used. The Annotator can
open documents from the local disk or the Web. A different solution is to limit the language so that it
is not possible to express logical inconsistencies. Let us use an example to illustrate some of the
problems with contemporary web search. That is, a resource is well-formed if the theory given by the
knowledge function is well-formed with respect to the ontology given by the commitment function.
An antecedent may be either a relation subclause, a category subclause, or a comparison subclause,
but a consequent may only be a relation subclause or a category subclause. Additionally, software
which is XML-aware, but not SHOE-aware, can still use the information in more limited but
nevertheless powerful ways. This information is extremely valuable when trying to determine the risk
of contamination given the chance that a source material is contaminated. The rule base is intended to
provide additional axioms or global constraints for the ontology, but its structure is currently
undefined. To resolve the problem of accidental name conflicts, we will assume that the constants SC
of L are URIs. From the perspective of FOL, the world consists of objects and the relations that hold
between them. An ontology can be added by selecting it from a list of known ontologies, or by
specifying its identifier, version number, URL, and a desired prefix. Reification involves describing a
statement with four statements. The publication pages contain the publication’s title, authors, year,
links to online copies, and occasionally additional BibTex information (BibTex is a common format
for bibliographic information). Finally, the Semantic Web may allow users to organize and browse
the Web in ways more suitable to the problems they have at hand. When maintaining the autonomy
of the component databases is of chief importance, then the multidatabase language approach is
used. The advantage of a mapping ontology is that the domain ontologies are unchanged; thus, it can
be created without the approval of the owners of the original ontology. Usually, the reference
instance is the source document, but it can also be used to specify semantic content for other
resources. Some subset of these models are those intended by the ontology, and are called the
intended models of the ontology. In order to prevent SHOE Search queries from be restricted by
these kinds of representational decisions, a relation in which the class is a subclass of the second
argument is considered an inverse property and is included in the set available to the user. In other
words, it determines precisely which ontology element is being referred to. It is recommended that
this name follow the naming conventions that apply to the renamed component. When visiting web
pages, it follows standard web robot etiquette by not requesting pages that have been disallowed by
a server’s robot.txt file and by waiting 30 seconds 143 Page 158. Recall from Chapter 3 that a
resource is specified by a knowledge function K and a commitment function 124 Page 139.
Currently, XSB is not needed because the initial version of the TSE ontology 180 Page 195. This is
another difficult issue, and only future use of the Semantic Web will determine the right combination
of language features and query methods. OWL. However, OWL provides much larger set of
vocabularies that could. The specific knowledge base system used can vary depending on the needs
of the application, and multiple knowledge base systems can be used simultaneously. A sound
procedure only generates entailed sentences, while a complete procedure can find a proof for any
sentence that is entailed. This is not necessarily the case with SQL queries.