STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH

BSEE23 Midterm/Finals Lecture ni Jaja

BSED English 2-A

patterns
SYNTAX: PHRASES & CLAUSES
*determiner + noun
- the actress
SYNTAX
*determiner + single modifier + noun
● process of putting all words - the singer actress
together in a sequence of pattern
*determiner + series of modifiers +
● study of the principles, process, noun
word order that rules sentences in - the pretty, singer actress
a particular language
*modifier + noun
- pretty actress
PHRASE

● series of words that are put noun phrase can be

together in order *subject
- the girl keeps her room tidy
● necessary ingredients that add
flavor to the language *direct object
- i heard a beautiful music there
● each carries a meaning; strings of
phrases arranged systematically *object of a preposition
make meaning sentence - i left my things in the room
- the manager gave my sister a new
job |
indirect object
types

1. noun phrase noun phrase includes other phrases

2. verb phrase that function as a noun
3. adjective phrase *appositive phrase restates, defines,
4. adverb prase renames a noun
5. prepositional phrase - hugh jackman, a good actor,
6. conjuctive phrase portrays the character f wolverin in
7. interjectional phrase xmen

*infinitive phrase contains infinitive at the

beginning of phrase; combination of to
and base form of verb
★ noun phrase - to lie is a mistake
○ consists a single modifier &
noun / series of modifiers *gerund phrase starts w/ gerund
- baking cake is my hobby
○ noun is one of the lexical
units that is always present in *participial phrase starts w/ present or
every utterance past participle; verbs but function as noun
modifier & placed immediately after noun
- knowing what i learned, you should
not have asked

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STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH
BSEE23 Midterm/Finals Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

★ verb phrase functions

○ starts w/ verb & all cluster of *attributive ajective precedes the noun of
words that follow a noun phrase
- the girl, proud of her achievement..
○ complete verb phrase
functions as a predicate of
the subject

patterns
*main verb + modifier
- he sits alone

*auxiliary verb + main verb

- i am amazed

*modal + main verb

- i can do that

*modal + auxiliary + main verb *predicative adjective follows a linking

- they might be leaving soon verb & defines the preceding subject
- the girl is proud of her achievement
*auxiliary verb + main verb + modifier
complement
- it has repreesnted ingenuity

types
*finite verb phrase contains a single
verb; head verb is in present / past form
- only few students enroll this sem

*nonfinite verb phrase contains 2 or 3

verbs; head verb is participle / base form
- i have waited for you
- they might need your help

★ adjective phrase
○ adjective as the head of the ★ adverb phrase
phrase & all that modifies a ○ adverbs & all functioning as
noun or pronoun one unit in describing a verb,
adjective, adverb
adjective phrase can
*initiate the sentence ○ show the how, when, where,
- the highly suspicious man is why
convicted for the crime
*adverb phrase of manner how
*appear at the middle something happened
- they are abosultely enticing to me - i danced quite surprisingly well
- i waited for you in total silence
*conclude the sentence
- you are nothing but amazing

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STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH
BSEE23 Midterm/Finals Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

*adverb phrase of place where *preposition + modifier + noun

something happened - we crossed paths along the narrow
- i waited just right there road
- i met you under the shade

*adverb phrase of reason why functions: preposition as

something happened *adverb modifier
- i did it for his sake - i waited for a while

*adverb phrase of time when something *adjective modifier

happened - please go easy on the eyes
- i waited yesterday morning
*noun modifier
*adverb phrase of frequency how often - the man with the mustache is a bit
- i watch korean drama twice a week scary

★ adverbials ★ conjuctional phrase

○ words / phrases presented in ○ conducts the function of a
a form of a phrase or clause conjuction

○ explain the meaning of the ○ includes

verb in a sentence a. either—or
b. both—and
*adverb individual word c. neither—nor
- the players arrived here d. not only—but also
e. not—but
*adverbial phrase phrase f. as—as
- the players arrived at the oval g. such—that
h. as many as
*adverbial clause clause i. scarcely / barely
- when it rains, i stay home j. no sooner—than
k. rather—than
an adverb can be adverbial but an l. as well as
adverbial cannot be entirely an adverb m. as soon as

★ prepositional phrase ★ interjectional phrase

○ preposition & its subject ○ express feelings, reactions,
exclamations, greetings
patterns
*preposition + noun ○ hurrah! wow! awesome!
- i left the package at home

*preposition + pronoun
- he is commended by you

*preposition + gerund
- we progress by acting

*preposition + clause
- you’re interested in what i do?

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STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH
BSEE23 Midterm/Finals Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PARALLELISM

ADJECTIVE CLAUSE PARALLELISM IN GRAMMAR

● aka relative clause ● 2 or more phrases / clauses in a

● a group of words that modify or sentence that have the same
describe a noun grammatical structure

PURPOSE
REDUCED ADJECTIVE CLAUSE
● makes writing effective, classy,
● we reduce sentences when we certain to impress anyone who
have the same subject in the reads your work
main clause & adjective clause

● becomes an adjective phrase - olympic athletes usually like

which does not have a subject practicing, competing, and eating
ice cream sandwiches
● adjective clauses have who,
which, that - for dinner, we like lamb chops and
brussels sprouts

- mary likes to hike, swim, and ride a

bicycle

- the production manager was asked

to write his report quickly,
accuratey, and thoroughly

- initial trials showed that exposure

to the chemical caused memory
problems, intermittent dizziness,
and insomnia
adjective clause reduction steps
- the teacher said that he was a poor
*omit relative pronoun (who, that, which) student becuase he waited until
- the words that are underlined in the last minute to study for the
red have errors exam, completed his lab problems
in a careless manner, and lacked
*omit the be form of the verb is there is motivation
- the words are underlined in red
have erros - mainstream economists have
attributed the recession to several
*change the verb to its present key causes: deregulation policies,
participle form for active voice; past high interest rates, low
participle for passive voice manufacturing orders, and asset
- the words underlined in red have bubbles
errors (passive)
- students needing extra help should
see a tutor (active)

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STRUCTURE OF ENGLISH
BSEE23 Midterm/Finals Lecture ni Jaja
BSED English 2-A

RULE 6
PHRASE STRUCTURE RULES: TREE
DIAGRAMMING
● pred = aux + vp (advl-n)

RULE 1 *aux auxiliary verb

*vp verbial phrase
● s = sm *adverbial
= subj + pred

*s sentence RULE 7
*sm sentence modifier
*subj subject ● aux = t
*pred predicate = mc / pm / perf / prog
= -imper

RULE 2 *t tense
*mc modal clause
● s = np *pm phrasal modal
*perf perfect
*np noun phrase *prog progressive
*-imper imperative

RULE 3
RULE 8
● np = (det3) (ap2) n (prepp)
= pro ● t = -pres / -past

*det determiner *-pres present

*ap adjective phrase
*n noun
*prepp prepositional phrase RULE 9
*pro pronoun
● perf = have… -en

RULE 4
RULE 10
● ap = (adv-n) adj (prepp)
● proh = be… -ing
*adv adverb
*adj adjective
RULE 11

RULE 5 ● vp = cop + ap
= cop + prepp
● prepp = (prep) (np)
= v (np2) (prepp)
*prep preposition = v (np1)

*cop copula