Nanotechnology and Nanotech Materials in

Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)
http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181

Vol. 8 Issue 06, June-2019
Nanotechnology and Nanotech Materials in Civil

Engineering
Arbaz Rahmany
Jamia Polytechnic,
New Delhi
Abstract- The development of nanotechnology in the material processes nanomaterials are build and then these materials
science is progressing rapidly. In last three decades, are used to improve the properties of construction
nanotechnology helped throughout globe to improve the materials.
performance of various fields like microbiology, medicine,
electronic, chemical, and materials sciences. The objective of
this paper is to presents the review and uses of
1.2 Nanotechnology in early ages
nanotechnology in Civil Engineering. The paper also includes Richard Feynman, a physicist and father of
applications and properties with which construction materials Nanotechnology, introduced the nanotechnology at first.
could be more affective, durable and high performing by During his lecture in 1959 named “There’s Plenty of Room
using nano-materials. Complex Structures made by Cement, at the Bottom” he first discussed about nanotechnology and
Concrete and Steel can be made at nano-level to improve their nanomaterials. But the term “Nanotechnology” was used by
performance. Using nanomaterials in construction will give Norio Taniguchi in 1974. Later in 1986, K. Eric Drexler got
lots of benefits such as behavior and mechanical properties inspired by Feynman’s concept and wrote a book “Engines
like durability, skid resistance of pavement used in highway of Creation: The coming Era of Nanotechnology” in which
work can be improved. Furthermore structures made by
nanomaterials give good aesthetics, glasses made by
he proposed an idea about nano-scale assembler. This
nanomaterials are self cleaning and improves many more device would be able to build a copy of itself and other
properties. These materials are eco-friendly as well as items of arbitrary complex with atomic control.
minimize the global warming as the emission of Carbon
Dioxide is very less. Structures made at nano-level will 1.3 Introduction to Nanomaterials
definitely change the new era of construction as there are fast On 18 October 2011, the European Commission
and durable results with lesser effort. adopted the following definition of a nanomaterial: "A
natural, incidental or manufactured material containing
Keywords- Nanotechnology, Nanoparticles, Nanomaterials, particles, in an unbound state or as an aggregate or as an
Supramolecular, Threshold, Electro chromic Window, Sandvik
nanoflex, MMFX2 Steel
agglomerate and for 50% or more of the particles in the
number size distribution, one or more external dimensions
1. INTRODUCTION is in the size range 1 nm – 100 nm. In specific cases and
1.1 Introduction to Nanotechnology where warranted by concerns for the environment, health,
Before getting started we should learn what safety or competitiveness the number size distribution
nanotechnology is. The word “Nano” is adopted from threshold of 50% may be replaced by a threshold between 1
Greek Language which means dwarf. One Nanometer to 50%."
(abbreviated as nm) is equals to one Billion times of Meter In ISO/TS 80004, nanomaterial is defined as the
1 "material with any external dimension in the nano-scale or
or 10-9 meters. Generally, one nanometer is times of a
80,000 having internal structure or surface structure in the nano-
human hair. Biologically, the Mycoplasma genus Bacteria scale". This includes both nano-objects, which are discrete
is about 200 nm in length. Chemically, the spacing of pieces of material, and nano-structured materials, which
Carbon-Carbon typical bond are in range 0.12 to 0.15 nm have internal or surface structure on the nano-scale; a
and diameter of double helix DNA is around 2 nm. nanomaterial may be a member of both these categories.
The manipulation of matter on an atomic, In general words, Nanomaterials or Nanoparticles
molecular and supramolecular scale is called as are nothing but the materials with morphological features
Nanotechnology. Description of nanotechnology was more on nano-scale that ranges from 1 to 1000 nm but generally
established by National Nanotechnology Initiative. They 1 to 100 nm is taken. These particles can be in liquids or
define as the manipulation of matter with at least one solids material. Those particles which have special
dimension sized from 1 to 100 nanometers. Functional properties stemming from nano-scale dimension are
systems of materials are engineered at molecular scale in specially referred as nanomaterials. Nanomaterials have
nanotechnology. The projected ability to construct items is become the commercialized and began to emerge as
referred by nanotechnology. The mentioned process is done commodities.
through various techniques and tools which make the
resultant products as complete and high performing. 1.4 Classification of Nanomaterials
Varieties of devices are made in nanotechnology to produce Nanomaterials can be classified mainly into two
nanomaterials. To build such materials we have to deal categories, Natural and artificially fabricated.
with atoms and molecules.
In simple words, using very small particles to
create new large scale materials is called as
nanotechnology. The particles are used either by
themselves only or by manipulation. By following these
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(This work is licensed under a Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License.)
Natural
Nanomaterials Carbon Based
Nanomaterials
Matal Based
Artificial
Nanomaterials
Dendrimers
Composites
Fig. 1: Classification of Nanomaterials
1.4.1 Natural nanomaterials Nanoparticles have magnetic property that is

Materials having biological systems helpful in imaging, bio-processing as well as in
e.g. viruses (capsid), substances in our bone refrigeration.
matrix, etc.
1.5.2 Optical properties
1.4.2 Artificial nanomaterials Changing in color and functional properties falls
These are the ones that are fabricated by different in category of optical property. Many metals and
experiments. They can further sub-divided into 4 classes: semiconductors show the optical property.
1.4.2.1 Carbon Based: 1.5.3 Electronic properties

Carbon is the main content of these nanomaterials. Owing to reduction in system length, changes
1.4.2.2 Metal Based: occur in electron which results in change in electronic
These nanomaterials contains quantum dots, properties like scarcity of scattering centers.
nanogold, nanosilver and metal oxides, such as titanium
dioxide. 1.6 Commonly used nanomaterials in Civil Engineering
These are some names of nanomaterials which are
1.4.2.3 Dendrimers: generally used in various fields such as Construction,
These are built from branched units. On the Medicine, Chemistry and Environment, Energy,
surface of Dendrimers there are number of chains present. Automobile Industries, Agriculture, Information and
These chains can be made to perform different chemical Communication, Heavy Industries, Consumer Goods,
properties. Telecommunication etc.
1.4.2.4 Composites: ➢ Carbon Nanotubes

Two or more than two nanoparticles are combined ➢ Iron Nanoparticles
together to get composite nanomaterial ➢ Copper Nanoparticles
➢ Silver Nanoparticles
1.5 Properties of nanomaterials ➢ Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles
Following are major three properties of ➢ Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles
nanomaterials ➢ Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles
1.5.1 Magnetic properties ➢ Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles
➢ Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles
➢ Wolfram Trioxide Nanoparticles etc

Now, let’s discuss each nanomaterial briefly unique electrical properties, and thermal conductivity. They
are also durable mechanically and have crack preventing
1.6.1 Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) ability that’s why it can be used in concrete. Their
Carbon nanotubes are in the shape of hollow enhanced mechanical and thermal properties can be used in
cylinder made up of carbon atoms having two dimensional ceramics. They are five times stronger than Young’s
hexagonal lattices. As they structurally belong to fullerene modulus and eight times stronger than steel.
family therefore they show the extraordinary strength,
Fig. 2(a) Structure of Carbon Nanotube Fig. 2(b) Carbon Nanotubes
1.6.2 Iron Nanoparticles

Iron Nanoparticles are sub-micrometer particles of iron metal. They are highly reactive as they have large surface area.
Their particle size ranges from 1 to 100 nm.
Iron Nanoparticles are mostly used for degradation of contaminants present in Environment such as Chlorinated
Organic Solvents, Organochlorine pesticides, Polychlorinated Biphenyls and Organic Dyes. In concrete, they increase
compressive strength and abrasion resistance.
Fig. 3(a) Structure of Iron Nanoparticles Fig. 3(b) Iron Nanopowder
1.6.3 Copper Nanoparticles

Copper Nanoparticles are particles of copper metal at nano-scale range of 1 to 100 nm. They can be formed naturally or
by chemical synthesis like other nanoparticles.
They are useful in welding work and formability in steel. They also show resistance against corrosion.

Fig. 4(a) Structure of Copper Nanoparticles Fig. 4(b) Copper Nanopowder
1.6.4 Silver Nanoparticles

Silver Nanoparticles are powdered particles of Silver having the dimension ranges from 1 to 100 nm. Silver
nanoparticles have long lasting resistance against bacteria as compared to bigger silver particles. Due to Silver particles it gives
good aesthetic look when used in coatings and paints.
Fig. 5(a) Structure of Silver Nanoparticles

Fig. 5(b) Silver Nanopowder
1.6.5 Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles (Al2O3)

Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles are the particles of alpha aluminium oxide nano-powder that range from 40 nm to 10
m.
In addition in concrete, Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles can improve the split tensile strength and flexural strength.
Depending upon the area of surface reaction, the pezzolanic reaction occurs. In concrete, it can replace cement upto 2%.
Fig. 6(a) Structure of Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles Fig. 6(b) Aluminium Oxide Nanopowder

1.6.6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO)

Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles are the nanoparticles having diameter less than 100 nm. They are basically semiconductors
with energy gap of 3.37eV at room temperature. Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles are also piezoelectric materials.
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles can be added into different Civil Engineering materials like cement, ceramics, glass, plastic,
rubber, adhesives, sealant, pigments and fire resistant materials.
Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles, when added to cement, improves processing time as well as resistance of concrete against
water.
Fig. 7(a) Structure of Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles Fig. 7(b) Zinc Oxide Nanopowder
1.6.7 Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles (ZrO2)

Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles are powder shaped nanoparticles of Zirconium having diameter of 5 to 100 nm. Their
surface area is high (25 to 50m2/g).
As it looks white in color so it is beneficial to aesthetics. Also, they show hardness, flexibility, durability, chemical
resistance and are very good insulators.
Fig. 8(a) Structure of Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles Fig. 8(b) Zirconium Oxide Nanopowder
1.6.8 Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles (SiO2)

Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles or silica powder or nano-silica is the powdered shaped material which contains fly ash.
As they contain fly ash particles, they significantly increase the compressive strength by filling the voids between large
fly ash particles and cement particles. Setting time of mortar, bleeding and segregation in concrete can be decreased by
improvement in cohesiveness.

Fig. 9(a) Structure of Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles Fig. 9(b) Silicon Dioxide Nanopowder
1.6.9 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2)

Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles are white pigments with sterilizing properties. It can be used as an additive in cement,
concrete, window glasses and paints.
They show better abrasion resistance as compared to Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles. They have self cleaning property
because of hydrophilic nature. They also show rapid hydration property and increased degree of hydration therefore it is
beneficial to use them in concrete. Being anti-fogging and fouling resistant, they can be used in glass window.
Fig. 10(a) Structure of Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles Fig. 6(b) Titanium Dioxide Nanopowder
1.6.10 Wolfram Trioxide Nanoparticles (WO3)

Wolfram Trioxide Nanoparticles or Tungsten Trioxide is a yellow powder having the spherical morphology.
Due to its rich yellow color, it is used as pigment in ceramics and paints.
These are used in electro chromic windows (commonly known as Smart windows). These windows have electric
operated switchable glasses which allows user to control the intensity of passing light through window.
Fig. 11(a) Structure of Wolfram Trioxide Nanoparticles Fig. 6(b) Wolfram Trioxide Nanopowder

2. INTRODUCTION OF NANOTECHNOLOGY IN which hardens with time. Concrete have some major
CIVIL ENGINEERING properties like Mechanical Strength, Compressive Strength,
Civil Engineering does not only mean Durability, Porosity, Density, Thermal and acoustic
construction of residential buildings, it have to deal with a insulation. These properties can be improved by
lots of fields such as construction of Roadways, Bridges, nanotechnology and nanomaterials.
Canals, Tunnels, Traffic Systems, Public transportations Nano-silica (SiO2) densifies the micro and
and other structures that operate on large scale. These fields nanostructure of Concrete. This results in improvement of
require special treatment from Earthquake, Winds, Massive mechanical properties of concrete. Nano-silica has the
Public Movement and even Military strikes. By using property to control degradation of fundamental Calcium-
nanotechnology, these structures can be strengthened. Silicate-Hydrate (C-S-H) reaction of concrete caused by
Nanotechnology can be applied to build lighter but stronger calcium leaching in water penetration, therefore leads to
structural composites. Nanotechnology have the property improve durability. Nano-silica can also be used for pre-
of Low maintenance coating, Improved pipe joining existing concrete structures. Fiber sheet (also known as
materials and techniques, Better properties of cementitious Matrix) containing nano-silica along with hardeners,
materials, Reduced thermal transfer rate of fire retardant penetrate in small cracks and fills them. Fiber Sheet forms
and insulation, Increased sound absorption of acoustic very good bond between surfaces of concrete and fiber
absorber, Increased reflectivity of glass, water repellents, reinforcement, resulting in improvement of particle
nano-clay filled polymers, self-disinfecting surfaces, UV packing in concrete and gives very good strength.
light protector, air cleaners, nano-sized sensors, and solar Titanium Dioxide (TiO2) is also a nanomaterial
cells. These reasons are strong enough for nanotechnology used for improved performance of concrete owing to its
to be beneficial for construction industry. property to break down the organic pollutants, volatile
2.1 Improvement of Construction Materials using organic compounds and bacterial membrane via catalytic
Nanotechnology reactions. It can therefore reduce airborne pollutants. In
Civil Engineers have to deal with many like manner, TiO2 have self-cleaning property, for this
construction materials such as cement, concrete, steel, reason they attract and make sheet of rainwater to the
wood, glass etc. They also have to go through different concrete surface and then this sheet collect the pollutants as
construction processes like structural monitoring, painting, well as dirt particles and washes them off. This result the
coating, thermal insulation, fire protection etc. these concrete surfaces clean and good aesthetically as they
materials and techniques require some standard time to remain the concrete surface white.
achieve their particular strengths. By adaptation of Carbon Nanotubes (CNTs) can also be used for
nanotechnology these processes can be enhanced by means health monitoring and damage detection of concrete as they
of strength and performance. improve compressive strength. Adding CNT in cement can
2.1.1 Improvement of Cement using Nanotechnology give better void filling thus better concrete can be casted.
(Nano Cement)
2.1.3 Improvement of Steel using Nanotechnology (Nano
Cement is a basic and must material for
Steel)
construction. As civil engineer we all know that the cement
Steel plays an important role in construction. Steel
is a binding material commonly used to cast concrete.
can be used as reinforcement in concrete or fully steel
Portland cement is most commonly used cement. Lime
structure can also be constructed. Fully steel structure faces
stone, shells and chalk or marl combined with shale, clay,
fatigue problem. This leads the structure failure if steel is
slate, blast furnace slag, silica sand and iron ore are the
loaded in cycle loading manner. Fatigue problem occurs in
common materials to manufacture cement. Although
case of bridges, towers and off-shore platforms where the
particles of cement are very small but they are not at nano
stresses are lower than the yield stress. This problem can be
level that is why we can not get 100% result. Studying
covered using copper nanoparticles as they make the
cement at nano level, best results can be achieved.
surface of steel flat by reducing unevenness. Copper
There are two ways from which performance of
nanoparticles limit the number of stress risers which causes
cement can be improved. Particles of cement either can be
reduction in fatigue.
reduced to nano-level or some nanomaterials like carbon
Steel structural members are often joined by bolts.
fiber, carbon nanotubes can be added to cement. Latest
Steel bolts may fail when the tensile strength of tempered
researches found that Carbon Nanotubes give better results
martensite steel increases above 1200MPa. After this much
than Carbon Fiber. As discussed in 1.5.1, CNT have
tensile strength, very small amount of hydrogen embrittles
various properties like extraordinary strength, thermal
the gain boundaries. This phenomenon is known as delayed
resistivity, durability and crack prevention, therefore it is
fracture and it can cause the steel failure during use. High
very beneficial to use CNTs as an additive in cement. Also
strength bolts usually falls under this phenomenon. It can
dimension of CNT varies from 0.25 to 25nm hence their
be limited by use of Vanadium and Molybdenum
particles will fill the voids between large sized cement
nanoparticles. These nanoparticles are reduces the
particles and will provide better strength.
embrittlement of hydrogen which directly is responsible for
2.1.2 Improvement of Concrete using Nanotechnology steel bolt strengthening. They limit their strength in
(Nano-Crete) between 1000 to 1200MPa.
As we all know, Concrete is a mixture of cement, Another problem faced by steel structure is
fine aggregate (sand), course aggregate mixed with water corrosion. There are two nanomaterials available in market

named Sandvik Nanoflex and MMFX2 steel. These two nanometer scale so that they can increase its durability and
nanomaterials have the ability to resist corrosion. By reduce heat of friction.
addition of these two nanomaterials, corrosion-less
structure can be constructed. 2.2 Nanotechnology in Construction processes
2.1.4 Improvement of Wood using Nanotechnology (Nano Public safety is preferred over any factor in
Wood) construction. To build safe structure, Civil Engineer must
Wood is also an important material for have to follow some construction processes. Using
construction. Wood can be fully used for construction of nanotechnology in the process may aid to build better
houses in villages specially. Woods are mainly preferred in structures. By the use of some nanoparticles, problems like
construction of doors and windows. Wood is a major thermal insulation can be reduced. Also there will be more
construction material in case of Timber Dams. Although safety from fire and bacterial attacks on structures.
they are temporary dams but the required strength to hold Many processes can be upgraded using
the water is must. As we all know that wood is much nanoparticles are discussed as below:
weaker material than concrete and steel. It can be
strengthen by addition of nanoparticles. As discussed in 2.2.1 Process of Thermal Insulation using Nanotechnology
1.5.5 about Al2O3 and in 1.5.8 about SiO2. These two Bodies having different temperature exchange
nanoparticles are water repellant therefore can be used as their temperature with each other. Reduction in heat
coating in wooden work. Water makes wood weak when it transfer between two or more objects is nothing but thermal
gets penetrated. By coating of Al2O3 and SiO2, woods insulation. In Civil Engineering many construction
become water repellant so water will not get a chance to be materials like concrete, steel, clay etc have the property to
penetrated resulting the structure more strong and durable. absorb heat. They absorb sunlight and transfer heat to the
room. This causes rise of room temperature which is not
2.1.5 Improvement of Glass using Nanotechnology (Nano good for human health. With nanotechnology, thermal
Glasses) insulation can be achieved by the help of some specially
Using glasses in construction is increasing day to engineered nanomaterials.
day. In last two decades, glasses were used in windows and There is a nanomaterial named Nanoporous Silica
doors but nowadays construction of fully glassed structure Aerogel has the property of low thermal conductivity, good
are getting popular. From this point it can be concluded compressive strength, light weight, fire protection anti-
that there should be improvement in glasses as they are fungal, low shrinkage ability, sound proof, non-toxicity,
brittle material. Improvement can be done through non-corrosive and eco-friendly. Owing to thermal
nanotechnology. insulation they can be used in construction so that
Glasses are generally used in exterior of a building reduction in heat transfer can be achieved.
which makes it look good. Using glass, in exterior, has to
face light and heat majorly. Sometimes heat can break the 2.2.2 Process of Fire Resistance using Nanotechnology
glasses. This is why fire-protective glasses are needed. It Fire is another problem for construction safety.
can be made using SiO2 nanoparticles. Fumed Silica is Structures should be constructed in such a way that it
sandwiched between two glass panels. This will make the should resist fire. In that way accidents caused by fire can
glass fire protective. As far as light is concerned, it can be be avoided.
controlled using Tungsten Trioxide nanoparticles. (Refer Researches conclude that nano-cement (refer
section 1.6.10) section 2.1.1) have some properties including thermal
resistance so it can be used as fire resistance material as
2.1.6 Improvement of Coatings using Nanotechnology well as coating on steel structure as steel absorbs more
(Nano Coatings) heat. Nano-cement is made by mixing CNTs therefore it is
Coating is nothing but a covering applied on the durable, fire protective as well as crack preventing. Other
surface of any object for decorative or functional or both than CNTs, there is nanomaterial called Polypropylene
the purposes. Coating is mainly done to reduce corrosion, which can also be used as fire resistive material because
as protective barriers against abrasion, ingress of harmful they also have property to prevent structures from fire.
chemical attack, hydro-thermal variations, to change the Also it is cheaper process than conventional materials used
electrical properties of metals and for good aesthetics. for fire resistivity.
The process of coating can also be improved
through nanotechnology. One of the nanomaterial 2.2.3 Process of reducing Bacterial Attack using
discussed in 1.5.9 i.e. TiO2, have the some properties to Nanotechnology
improve the coating work. They can enable the self Bacteria and fungi are one of the main reasons for
cleaning property and can enhance the abrasion resistance. degradation of construction materials. Their growth can
TiO2 coatings are used in roadways. By capturing organic also affect on human health. For these reasons Civil
and inorganic air pollutants, TiO2 may help in putting roads Engineers must take strict action on it.
to good environment. With the help of TiO2 powder, the bacterial attack
Furthermore, many new materials along with can be minimized because TiO2 powder has the property to
techniques are being developed to improve coatings at destroy bacteria and termites. Within 1 to 2 hours it
destroys all the bacteria. This will lead to healthy

constructions. Researches have proved that the powder

having low particle diameter is more affective. Best results 2.3.3 Nanotechnology in Water Resource Engineering
can be achieved with the addition of 0.01 and 10 mg/ml Study of planning and management of facilities
concentrated TiO2. constructed for making canals, sewers and to avoid water-
logging along with multiple issues related with usage and
2.2.4 Process of Structural Health Monitoring using control of water is called as Water Resource Engineering. It
Nanotechnology generally deals with provision of water for human use and
Structural Health Monitoring means observation the development of techniques for the provision of
of damages and its conditions periodically. It can be done destruction from flood.
by Nano and Micro Electrical Mechanical System Water purification can also be dealt in Water
(MEMS). This process involves monitoring and control Resource Engineering. It can be done by more accurate and
environment conductor and material performance. Concrete easy way using nanoparticles. CNT and Al2O3 (refer
may absorb moisture, humidity, heat or can show early age Section 1.6.1 and 1.5.5) can be used for nano-filtration.
strength, corrosion and cracking. Controlling these can be Adsorption of chlorine is much higher is case of nano-
mess sometimes that’s why nanotechnology is needed here. filtration using nanoparticles than the conventional
These can be monitored using low cost piezoceramic filtration method. TiO2 nanowires and palladium
based, multi-functional devices. nanoparticles are used to detect contaminants, removal of
sediments, chemical effluence, charged particles, bacteria
2.3 Nanotechnology in Various Fields of Civil Engineering and other pathogens (refer section 1.6.9 and 2.2.3).
As we have discussed many nanoparticles, their
properties and construction materials which can be 3. CONCLUSION
modified by nanomaterials to improve in construction From the introduction of nanotechnology,
methods. Now we will see how these materials can be nanomaterials and nanoparticles, one can conclude its
beneficial in various streams of Civil Engineering. importance in modern era. Nanotechnology, based on this
review, can be used as an addition to some construction
2.3.1 Nanotechnology in Transportation Engineering materials to enhance their basic properties. Briefly, it can
Planning, functional design, operation and be understood that nanotechnology is very beneficial to
management of facilities for any mode of transportation many fields specially Civil Engineering. Vast amount of
(roadways, railways, waterways, airways etc) are called as enhancement can be applied to many construction materials
Transportation Engineering. Applying technology with to improve their quality and solve many issues related to
scientific principles to provide safe, rapid, efficient, Civil Engineering. Nanotechnology can be used not only in
convenient, comfortable, economical as well as construction material but also in various equipments and
environmentally compatible movements to the said aspects construction techniques as well as various fields of Civil
are included in Transportation Engineering. Engineering. Nanotechnology is the key to develop a smart
As discussed in nano-steel (refer section 2.1.3) and brand new world. Although this field is still in
and copper nanoparticles (refer section 1.6.3), about underdevelopment and many more researches are needed
properties of Cu-nanoparticles have ability to control steel so that projects can be made sustainable, save energy,
fatigue problem therefore it can be used in steel bridges. reduce usage and avoid damages to environment.
Apart from Cu-nanoparticles, TiO2 are widely used in
roadway construction due to their self cleaning property 4. REFERENCES
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Published by : International Journal of Engineering Research & Technology (IJERT)

http://www.ijert.org ISSN: 2278-0181

Nanotechnology and Nanotech Materials in Civil

IJERTV8IS060635 www.ijert.org 1075

Fig. 1: Classification of Nanomaterials

1.4.1 Natural nanomaterials Nanoparticles have magnetic property that is

1.4.2.1 Carbon Based: 1.5.3 Electronic properties

1.4.2.4 Composites: ➢ Carbon Nanotubes

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Fig. 2(a) Structure of Carbon Nanotube Fig. 2(b) Carbon Nanotubes

1.6.2 Iron Nanoparticles

Fig. 3(a) Structure of Iron Nanoparticles Fig. 3(b) Iron Nanopowder

1.6.3 Copper Nanoparticles

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Fig. 4(a) Structure of Copper Nanoparticles Fig. 4(b) Copper Nanopowder

1.6.4 Silver Nanoparticles

Fig. 5(a) Structure of Silver Nanoparticles

1.6.5 Aluminium Oxide Nanoparticles (Al2O3)

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1.6.6 Zinc Oxide Nanoparticles (ZnO)

1.6.7 Zirconium Oxide Nanoparticles (ZrO2)

1.6.8 Silicon Dioxide Nanoparticles (SiO2)

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1.6.9 Titanium Dioxide Nanoparticles (TiO2)

1.6.10 Wolfram Trioxide Nanoparticles (WO3)

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constructions. Researches have proved that the powder

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