Therapeutic Modalities Compilation 2023 2024

THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES
INTRODUCTION
One primary concern as a CRIMINOLOGIST is to be able to perform

crime laboratory works. Therefore, this module will help you understand and
apply scientific methods of examination of physical evidence in cases
criminal in nature. As you go through this module, you sharpen your self-
awareness as a criminologist and gain confidence that will enable you to
make expert opinions that will most benefit the court in rendering their final
adjudication.
BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MODULE

UNIT 1: Focuses on the Laws On Human Rights
UNIT 2: Focuses on the Treatment and Punishment
UNIT 3: Focuses on the Governmental Programs For The Victims
UNIT 4: Focuses on the Different Therapeutic/ Treatment Models
UNIT 5: Focuses on the Victim’s Reparation And Emotional Recovery
Programs
UNIT 6: Focuses on the Behavioral Management
UNIT 7: Focuses on the Emotional And Psychological
UNIT 8: Focuses on the Intellectual And Spiritual
UNIT 9: Focuses on the Vocational And Survival Skills
MODULE OBJECTIVES
The objectives of this module are to
1. Conduct Criminological research on crimes, crime causation and
modes of therapies for criminals.
2. Internalize the concepts of Human rights and victim welfare.
3. Demonstrate competence and broad understanding in correctional
therapeutic modalities promoting public safety and criminal justice.
4. Ensure offender’s welfare and development through therapeutic
modalities for their re-integration to the community.
5. Collaborate the different therapeutic modalities effectively and
independently to all types of person deprived of liberty.
6. Engage in lifelong learning and devising therapeutic modalities
for all types of person deprived of liberty.
7. Apply professional, social, and ethical standards in the practice
correcting criminals.
LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

Subject Instructor AY 2023-2024
LAWS ON HUMAN RIGHTS

Unit 1
Human rights are the basic rights inherent to all human beings from
birth until death. These rights include the right to life and liberty,
personal security, freedom from torture, freedom from discrimination and
freedom from arbitrary arrest, among others.
PREAMBLE
INDIVIDUALS, SOCIETY AND THE STATE
1. We have the natural right to life and liberty and are equal in dignity. Equal
concern and respect for these basic
rights should be guaranteed, protected and upheld by the State.
2. The State has the duty to safeguard and assure the dignity of
its peoples as individuals and as members of
communities and ensure their capacity for self-development. The State
should formulate policies, enact laws and
provide mechanisms that are in conformity with universal human rights
standards.

3. The State has the obligation to provide the highest standard of

living for its citizens by eradicating social, economic, political, cultural,
ethnic and gender inequalities. In the determination and implementation of
laws and policies, the government must always respect and consider the
concerns of women, children and youth, persons with disabilities, the
mentally challenged, older persons, indigenous and Moro peoples, the urban
and rural poor, farmers
and fisher folk, workers - local and overseas, public or private, whether
formally employed or not, displaced families and communities and other
vulnerable sectors, with the view to ensuring their empowerment.
4. The diversity and plurality of the Philippines must be safeguarded through

respect and tolerance. The State must respect and promote harmony and
understanding between and among individuals, communities and peoples. It
must uphold non-discrimination among peoples regardless of age, race,
ethnicity, religion, gender, physical ability, sexual orientation, social beliefs
and political convictions. Cultural traditions and institutionalized power shall
not serve as justification for any form of violence, abuse, neglect, or
deprivation of human and peoples’ rights.
CIVIL RIGHTS
5. We have the right to life, liberty, security and property. We have the right to
a transparent, credible, competent and impartial justice system, free from
influence and corruption, where wrongs are redressed and justice is
dispensed fairly, speedily and equitably. We must have equal access to the
courts and adequate legal assistance. We must be treated equally before
the law regardless of our political, social and economic status.
6. We have a right to the security and privacy of our persons and our homes.
The State shall respect and uphold our right to the privacy of
communication, information, private transactions and affairs. The
State shall ensure our freedom of movement and liberty of abode.
7. The requirements of due process of law shall be observed before, during

and after trial. The accused is presumed innocent until proven guilty and
shall enjoy the right against self-incrimination, the right to an
independent and
competent counsel preferably of his or her own choice, and the right to be
informed of such rights.
8. Detainees and prisoners have the right to humane conditions of

detention with adequate food, space and ventilation, rest and
recreation, sanitary and health services, and skills training. They have the right
to communicate with counsel, family and friends and be visited by them. The
right to practice their religious beliefs and to express themselves shall likewise

not be denied. The State must provide separate detention facilities for
women and children in conflict with the law. Detainees and prisoners shall
be given the opportunity for correction and rehabilitation towards their
reintegration into society.
9. No person shall be subjected to arrests, searches, seizures and detention

without due process of law. No suspect, detainee or prisoner shall be
subjected to torture, force, violence, intimidation, harassment or threats. No
accused shall be subjected to trial by publicity. Neither shall cruel,
inhuman or degrading punishment or treatment or incommunicado or
solitary confinement be imposed
10. We have the right against involuntary disappearances. The

State shall protect its citizens from all forms of
systematic and massive extrajudicial and summary killings. The State shall take
responsibility for all the acts of its
State agents and give information and assistance to the families of the
disappeared.
POLITICAL RIGHTS
11. We have the right to live in a democracy and are entitled

to enjoy its benefits. The right to meaningful representation,
participation and decision-making about individual and community
concerns shall be recognized and maintained. The protection of life, liberty
and property, the upliftment of economic conditions and the promotion of
the general welfare are essential prerequisites of a truly democratic society.
12. Public office is a public trust. Transparency, accountability, integrity and

competence are minimum standards of good governance. It is the State’s
duty to eliminate graft and corruption at all levels of the bureaucracy.
Towards this end, our right to information on matters involving public interest
shall be safeguarded.
13. We have the right to determine, participate, intervene and take action in
all matters that directly and indirectly affect our welfare. The freedoms of
speech, press, association and peaceful assembly shall at all times be
recognized and protected by the State.
14. The State shall provide equal access to opportunities for public service to
all competent and qualified citizens. The State must equitably diffuse
political power and prohibit political dynasties in accordance with
democratic
principles.

15. Sovereignty resides in the people. We reserve the right to defy a

tyrannical, oppressive and corrupt regime by means consistent with general
principles of human rights.
SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS
16. We have the right to enjoy the highest standard of health.

The State shall ensure that its citizens shall be adequately nourished
and free from hunger. The State has the obligation to establish a responsive
social housing
program and protect the people from unjust evictions from their homes.
Protection and assistance shall be accorded marginalized families and
vulnerable sectors of society.
17. We have the right to a free, accessible, relevant, nationalistic, quality,

gender and culturally sensitive education, responsive to our needs, which
advances the culture of human rights.
18. The State must establish a responsive social welfare system that
contributes to the continuous improvement of its people and their lives. All
public utilities should be accessible and affordable to meet the peoples’
basic necessities.
19. Children and youth have rights to special care, education,

health, and protection against all forms of abuse, discrimination,
exploitation, corruption, and conditions affecting their moral development.
The best interest of the child shall always take precedence in State policies
and laws.
20. Women are partners of men in nation building. They have equal rights in
civil, political, social, and cultural aspects of life. The State shall protect and
defend them from discrimination, exploitation, trafficking, assault, battery and
other forms of abuse and violence.
21. Men and women have reproductive rights. The State shall recognize the
rights of all couples and individuals to decide freely and responsibly the
number, spacing and timing of their children and to have the information
and means to do so, and the right to attain the highest standard of sexual
and reproductive health. The State shall also recognize the rights of couples
in making decisions regarding reproduction free of discrimination, coercion
and violence, as expressed in human rights documents.
22. The indigenous and Moro peoples have the right to equality with
all other peoples and against all forms of discrimination. They have the
right to existence as distinct peoples free from assimilation as well as the right

to resist development aggression, which threatens their survival as a

community. Thus, the State shall assist and support them in the protection and
preservation of their culture, language, tradition and belief. They have an
inherent right to their ancestral domain, which must be given urgent
immediate attention and protection by the State and should be
respected and defended by all.
23. The State shall accord special protection to persons with disabilities. They
have the right to enjoyment of equal opportunity as well as appropriate and
accessible social services, education, employment, rehabilitation and social
security.
24. Older persons shall be given preferential treatment by the

State. They shall be given priority in terms of accessible social
security and health.
ECONOMIC RIGHTS
25. We have the right to a nationalistic and independent economic policy

protected from foreign domination and intrusion. We have the right to a self-
reliant economy based on national industrialization. We have the right to
resist all forms of oppressive and unreasonable trade liberalization, to oppose
a subservient debt management strategy, and to repudiate all foreign debts
that do not benefit the people. The State shall develop efficient and
effective debt management strategies that will benefit the people and shall
give preferential treatment to local capital.
26. We have the right to equal access to employment opportunities and

professional advancement. The labor force is the lifeblood of the country and
all workers have the right to just compensation, dignified and humane
working
environment, job security, the right to form and join unions and organizations,
to bargain collectively, to go on strike and to actively participate in political
life. Discrimination in the work place, sexual harassment, slavery, exploitation,
and child labor shall not be tolerated. Moreover, overseas workers have the
right to enjoy the basic rights accorded to workers in their respective host
countries, consistent with international labor laws or standards.
27. Land, as a limited resource, bears a social function. The right to own land
should be limited to Filipinos and shall be guided by the principle of
stewardship and subject to the demands of the common good. Peasants
shall have the right to own the land they till through a genuine agrarian
reform program including support services. Landowners shall also be
protected from land grabbers through effective legal and administrative
measures.

28. Fisher folk have the right of access to fishing grounds, to protection from
foreign incursions and local large- scale/commercial fishing business, to
genuine aquatic reforms and to the preservation and protection of
communal fishing grounds.
29. We have the preferential right to the judicious cultivation, utilization, and
preservation of our natural resources which will ensure an ecological balance
that can support and sustain the total physical and economic well-being of
every person, family and community.
30. The marginalized and vulnerable sectors shall have preferential

access/control to credit and micro-finance, and the right to skills and
livelihood training, which shall contribute to the constant improvement of
their live
COLLECTIVE RIGHTS
31. We have the right to self-determination. This right provides us with the
freedom to develop ourselves as peoples, preserve our culture and retain our
national identity. Our peoples shall not be coerced into assimilation, nor shall
force evacuation, dislocation and displacement resulting from development
aggression and other State policies should be allowed. We have the right to
resist any form of political, economic, social or cultural domination by
resorting to any legitimate means.
32. We have the right to a clean, safe and sustainable

environment that supports an equitable quality of life. Ecological
balance must be preserved in the pursuit of national development because
the capacity of our resources to continue supporting our daily needs is limited.
Collectively, we have the intergenerational responsibility to protect, conserve
and develop our natural environment for the enjoyment of present and
future generations of Filipinos.
33. We have the right to a social order, which is conducive to peace and
development. It is the duty of the State to undertake a comprehensive
peace process that reflects the sentiments, values and principles important to
all peoples
of the Philippines. Therefore, it shall not be defined by the State alone, nor the
different contending groups only, but by all peoples of the Philippines as one
community. The promotion and protection of our rights must be geared
towards international understanding, solidarity among peoples and nations,
and friendship among all racial, ethnic or religious groups.
WHAT KINDS OF HUMAN RIGHTS EXIST?

Human rights are inherent to all humans, regardless of their nationality,

race, gender, religion, language, or sexual orientation. The concept of
human rights may not be new, but it’s gone through significant changes over
time. In the past, only the rights of privileged groups of people were
respected. In 1948, the newly-formed United Nations General Assembly
adopted the Universal Declaration of Human Rights (UDHR). This codified the
necessity of human rights for all. International law, national
constitutions, and other conventions support and expand on the
UDHR. What kinds of human rights exist?
THEORETICAL CATEGORIZATIONS
Some theories help us understand where the concept of current-day
human rights comes from. “Natural rights” are a very old philosophical
concept. Related to natural law, natural rights refer to rights that are universal
and inalienable. They are not related to any government or culture. By being
human, a person is entitled to their natural rights. That’s where we get the
concept of universal human rights. Another example of human rights
categorization is
the distinction between positive rights and negative rights. The state must
provide access to positive rights, like food, housing, education, and
healthcare. Negative rights refer to the freedom from certain things, like
slavery, torture, and suppression. It’s the state’s role to ensure these violations
do not occur. In the “three generations” framework of human rights law,
which has most impacted Europe, negative rights are first generation, while
positive rights are part of the second and third generations.
ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

The UDHR and other documents lay out five kinds of human rights:
economic, social, cultural, civil, and political. Economic, social, and cultural
rights include the right to work, the right to food and water, the right to
housing, and the right to education. Documents like the International
Covenant on Economic, Social, and Cultural Rights, which was established in
1976, protect these rights. Conventions like the Convention on the Rights of
the Child safeguard the economic, social, and cultural rights of specific
groups. As with all types of human rights, the state’s responsibility is to protect,
promote, and implement economic, social, and cultural rights. Specific
examples in this category include:
 The right to work in a safe environment for a fair wage

 The right to access medical care, including mental health care
 The right to accessible education
 The right to adequate food, clothing, and housing
 The right to affordable sanitation and clean water
 The right to take part in cultural life
 The right to enjoy the benefits of scientific progress

 The right to social security
CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS

Civil and political rights include articles from the first part of the
Universal Declaration of Human Rights. They state that people must be
allowed to participate freely in civil and political life without facing repression
or discrimination. While economic, social, and cultural rights are framed as
rights a person is entitled to, most civil and political rights are about
protection from certain things, like torture and slavery. Documents like the
International Covenant on Civil and Political Rights and its two Optional
Protocols outline rights such as:
 The right to life, which is violated by actions like death by torture,

neglect, and use of force
 The right to freedom of expression, which is violated by
restricting access to ideas and limiting press
 freedom
 The right to privacy, which is violated by intruding on a person’s sexual
life or personal data
 The right to asylum, which is violated by deporting someone to a
country where their lives are at risk
 The right to a fair trial and due process, which is violated by a court
that’s not impartial and excessive delays
 The right to freedom of religion, which is violated when someone is
punished for following their beliefs or forced to adopt another religion
 The right to freedom from discrimination, which is violated when traits

like race, gender, religion, etc are used as justification for actions like
being fired from a job.
THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (ABBREVIATED)

Article 1 Right to Equality
Article 2 Freedom from Discrimination
Article 3 Right to Life, Liberty, Personal Security
Article 4 Freedom from Slavery
Article 5 Freedom from Torture and Degrading Treatment
Article 6 Right to Recognition as a Person before the Law
Article 7 Right to Equality before the Law
Article 8 Right to Remedy by Competent Tribunal
Article 9 Freedom from Arbitrary Arrest and Exile
Article 10 Right to Fair Public Hearing
Article 11 Right to be Considered Innocent until Proven Guilty
Article 12 Freedom from Interference with Privacy, Family, Home and
Correspondence

Article 13 Right to Free Movement in and out of the Country

Article 14 Right to Asylum in other Countries from Persecution
Article 15 Right to a Nationality and the Freedom to Change It
Article 16 Right to Marriage and Family
Article 17 Right to Own Property
Article 18 Freedom of Belief and Religion
Article 19 Freedom of Opinion and Information
Article 20 Right of Peaceful Assembly and Association
Article 21 Right to Participate in Government and in Free Elections
Prepared by:
LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy

CCJE Instructor

TREATMENT VS. PUNISHMENT

Unit 2
NATURE AND TRENDS OF PUNISHMENT
Punishment is a means of social control. It is a device to cause people

to become cohesive and to induce conformity. People believe that
punishment is effective as a means of social control but this belief is doubtful.
There is no question, however, that some forms of punishment are more
effective in one society than in another. For example, punishment in a small
well bordered community, where people practically know everybody, is
more effective in inducing conformity than in a highly mobile metropolitan
city.
The general concept of punishment is that it is infliction of some sort of

pain on the offender for violating the law. This definition is not complete in the
sense that it does not mention the condition under which punishment is
administered or applied. In the legal sense, it is more individual redress, or
personal revenge.
Punishment, therefore, is defined as the redress that the state

takes against an offending member.
Punishment is restricted to such suffering as is inflicted upon the

offender in a definite way by, or in the name of the society of which he
is a permanent member. Punishment must be intended and not
accidental, to produce some sort of justified suffering on the offender. It is
essential that the offender should be forcibly made to suffer and that society
is justified in making him suffer. Punishment is a form of disapproval for certain
behaviors that is followed by imposing a penalty. Punishment makes the
offender stigmatized and penalized. The offender may or may not actually
suffer, under the intentional application of punishment, depending on the
circumstances it is applied and the toughness of the individual offender.
FORMS OF PUNISHMENT
The forms of Death penalty was Corporal punishment Public humiliation

punishment carried out by was and
in primitive society inflicted the offender shaming were effected
were: by by
1. Death penalty 1. hanging 1. Flogging 1. the use of
2. Corporal punishment 2. burning 2. Mutilation stocks and
3. Public humiliation 3. immersing in 3. Disfiguration pillory
and shaming boiling 4. Maiming 2. docking stool
4. Banishment oil 3. branding
4. feeding to 4. shaving off the
wild hair,
animals etc.
5. other barbaric ways.

Justifications of Punishment
The theories or justifications of punishment vary from one stage of
civilization to another. The most common justifications of punishment are
retribution, expiation or atonement, deterrence, protection and reformation.
Retribution
In primitive days punishment of the transgressor was carried out in the
form of personal vengeance. Since there were no written laws and no courts,
the victim of a crime was allowed to obtain his redress in the way he saw fit.
Oftentimes, the retaliatory act resulted to infliction of greater injury or loss
than the original crime, so that the latter victim was perforce afforded his
revere. Punishment therefore became unending vendetta between the
offender and the victim. Later, an attempt was made to limit the
retaliation to the degree of injury inflicted, thus the philosophy of
“an eye for an eye” evolved. During this period nearly all offenses that are
now included in criminal codes as public crimes, were considered private
offenses for which the victims were allowed their redress through personal
vengeance.
There were a few offenses, however, which were regarded as

crimes committed against the native gods. People being then superstitious,
believed that any catastrophe that befell the group was a retaliation of an
offended
god. In order to appease the offended god, the social group or clan
demanded that the supposed offended be banished or put to death.
Witchcraft was considered a public crime and person suspected of
being a witch was tortured, banished or put to death.
Expiation or Atonement
This theory or justification of punishment was also advocated during the
pre-historic days. A sort of common understanding and sympathetic feeling
developed in the group. An offense committed by a member against
another member of the same clan or group aroused the condemnation of
the whole group against the offending member.
The group would therefore demand that the offender be punished. When
punishment is exacted visibly or publicly for the purpose of appeasing the
social group, the element of expiation is present. Expiation is therefore, group
vengeance as distinguish from retribution which is personal
vengeance. Punishing the offender gives the community a sense of its
moral superiority, an assurance that virtue is rewarded after all. Hostile action
against the offender brings about cohesiveness in society. Corporal
punishment in most modern countries has been abolished and the
application of punishment has tended to be withdrawn from the public eye.
Some segments of society, however, still cling to the belief wrong doing or in
order that punishment be punishment.

Deterrence
It is commonly believed that punishment gives a lesson to the offender;
that it shows other what would happen if they violate the law; and that
punishment holds crime in check. This is the essence of deterrence as a
justification for punishment.
Cesare Beccaria, an exponent of the Classical School of Criminology and

whose writings at the end of the 18th century renovated the punitive justice
system of Europe, contended that the intent of punishment should not be to
torture the criminal or to undo the crime (expiation) but to “prevent others
from committing a like offense”. He advocated the theory that “a
punishment should have only that degree of severity which is sufficient to
deter others. It is doubtful if punishment is as the proponents think. In one New
England state during the 18th Century, theft was punishable by whipping the
offender in the public plaza. The purpose of whipping the thief within the
public view was to deter others from committing the same offense. Public
whipping, however, did not diminish the incidence of the theft in that state.
In England during the 18th century, pick pocketing was one of fifty
offenses punishable by hanging. The offender was hanged on a Sunday
afternoon in order to draw the largest number of spectators. The hanging
would be preceded by a brass band playing in the morning until in the
afternoon. On this occasion, thousands of spectators would mill their way in
the crowd to obtain better view of the victim at the condemned man was
executed. On this same occasion professional pick pocketers were busy
plying their trade in the crowd. The multitude that came to view the hanging
were there to see how the offenders withstood their fate, how callous they
were, and how they would react to the jeers and chastisement of the crowd.
In some instances punishment undoubtedly has a deterring effect. For the
great mass of infractions of the law, however, the fear of punishment does
not enter into the causation.
The conception of deterrence presumes that the person thinks before he

acts and that all he has to do is to think of the consequences and then he will
be deterred. Actually this is not so because offenders commit crimes without
the fear of punishment uppermost in their minds. There are certain types of
offenders who could not be deterred by the fear of punishment,
namely, the behavior of the moment type involved in crimes of
anger and passion; and the type of offender whose antisocial behavior is
connected with his personality pattern and is part of his approach to life as
exemplified by the psychopathic offender and the neurotic offender.
There is no doubt, however, that some types of offenders, particularly first

offenders, can be stigmatized by the lightest form of punishment. To others
more inured in crime; going in and out of penal institutions does not deter.

Protection
Protection as a justification of punishment came after prisons, were fully
established. People believe that by putting the offender in prison, society is
protected from his further criminal depredation. If this were so, vicious and
society is protected from his further criminal depredation. If this were so,
vicious and dangerous criminals should be made to serve long terms of
imprisonment. Recidivism and habitual delinquency laws are expected to
attain this end.
How effective is protection as justification of punishment? Or how effective is

imprisonment as a means of protecting the community against crime?
According to statistics, the prison population of the Federal

Bureau of Prisons and the Correctional Departments of Minnesotta
and Washington DC represent a very insignificant portion (only 3.5%)
of the whole criminal population. Ninety-six and five tenth percent (96.5%)
of crimes reported to the police remain at large. These figures do not include
crimes not reported to the police, the volume of which is unknown. Therefore,
from these data we can conclude that imprisonment cannot protect society
from crime. Even if all convicted offenders were kept in prison for life, still the
96.5% who are at large will continue to plague society. Also, imprisonment as
an end of punishment is not tenable because prisoners are released within a
short period of confinement. Statistics show that their average stay inside
prison is from three to five years, after which they are again ready to commit
further crimes.
Reformation
This is the latest justification of punishment. Under this theory, society can
best be protected from crime if the purpose of imprisonment is to reform or
rehabilitate the prisoner. Advocates of this theory contend that since
punishment does not deter; in as much as imprisonment does not protect
society from further commission of crimes because the greater portion of the
criminal population is at large; and because prisoners stay in prison for a short
time, from 3 to 5 years only, society’s interest can best be served by
helping the prisoner become a law-abiding and productive citizen upon
his return to the community by making him undergo an intensive program of
rehabilitation in prison.
Theoretically, imprisonment for reformation is sound, but practically,

rehabilitation is difficult to achieve. Some prisoners are reformed, but
about 50% get relapses. Failure to reform prisoners may be due
to poor administration of the reformatory program, or it may lie in the make-
up of the criminal population.
Probation, which is a substitute for imprisonment, and parole

which an early release from prison, are intended to reform the

offender. A new concept of correctional administration has developed, thus

reformation and rehabilitation are now thought of as “treatment”. Treatment
through institutional programs and through probation and parole services is
the modern version of reformation and rehabilitation.
LIMITATIONS OF PUNISHMENT
Punishment has certain limitations on the offender, in spite of the
above-enumerated justifications, are:
1. Punishment makes the criminal cautious about concealing his criminal

activities
2. Stigmatizes him and isolates him from society; makes him a
martyr or a hero; and develops in him an antisocial grudge and a
strong resentment of authority.
3. Punishment on the other hand does not deter; does not repair
damage to society; or reconstruct the personality of the offender.
Trends of Punishment
The principal trends of punishment are in the development of
exemptions, pardon, and communications; the decline in the severity of
punishment; the growth of imprisonment and its modifications; good
time allowances; indeterminate sentences; suspended sentence and
probation, conditional release, parole, short sentences, and fines.
Exemptions of Punishment
The basis for exemptions is usually social. In Europe, Kings and Rulers in
ancient and early modern society could do no wrong. Upper classmen
were often times exempted from criminal liability for offences, which caused
the commoner long imprisonment or death penalty.
Most countries today do not punish offenders for absence of “mens

rea”, that is absence of a guilty mind or lack of criminal intent. The right of
sanctuary was practiced in the early Christian era. The benefit of clergy was
originally given to clerics who did not wear ecclesiastical robes
from being tried by lay courts but only by ecclesiastical courts. Latter
the privilege was extended to anyone who could read and write. Age of the
offender was another basis for exemption from criminal responsible.
Under juvenile delinquents are not legally classified as criminals.
The mental condition of the offender is another basis for exemption

from criminal responsibility. The M’Naghtan case of England (1843) held the
opinion that an offender is to be considered sane and responsible until is
proven that he was insane at the act was committed, and therefore, could
not have known right from wrong. This doctrine holds true in every

progressive country today. Reformist would want the criminal insane,

such as the criminal psychopaths and criminal neurotics, handled
by special laws and procedures in courts and to provide
specialized mental institutions for their care. There is now a move that in cases
where the plea is “ no responsibility” because of insanity or mental
disturbance, juries should be concerned only with the problems of
establishing guilt and that a panel of experts appointed by the courts; should
determine the disposition to be made of the case.
Prepared by:

CCJE Instructor

GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS FOR THE VICTIMS

Unit 3
The Philippines takes pride in its unique and indigenous way of settling
disputes and treating both offenders and victims at the village
("barangay") level. The system is called "Katarungang Pambarangay"
(Village Justice System). When a complaint is reported or an unresolved
conflict or dispute from the barangay level is elevated to the jurisdiction of
the police, the victim is viewed as a complainant. If a criminal charge
progresses up to the courts, the victim continues to act in the role of
prosecution witness in the case against the offender.
Under the Rules of Court, the victim may seek restitution for damages
from the crime by filing a civil suit against the offender. A victim/witness who
believes himself/herself to be in danger from an offender can apply for
admission into the
WITNESS PROTECTION, SECURITY, and BENEFIT PROGRAM OF THE DEPARTMENT
OF JUSTICE. A Board of Claims was created in 1992 under the Department of
Justice to grant COMPENSATION FOR VICTIMS of unjust imprisonment or
detention and victims of violent crimes. The law specifies the
administrative procedure for filing the victim's claim through the Board
of Claims. The Commission on Human Rights exists under a constitutional
mandate to act as an independent office to protect and promote human
rights. This commission provides financial assistance to victims of human rights
violations or their families, so as to help alleviate suffering and sustain their
basic needs within a specified period. Further, the Philippine Government has
enacted laws that protect the rights and address the needs of certain
categories of victims, notably children, women, and migrant Filipinos. This
chapter also discusses Philippine civil society's role in victims' support, as well
as the challenges and prospects of victim support schemes. The chapter
concludes that prospects for victim support in the
Philippines are promising because of pending legislation designed to further
protect human rights in the areas of child abuse and specific harms suffered
by crime victims.
GOVERNMENTAL PROGRAMS FOR THE VICTIMS
1. WITNESS PROTECTION, SECURITY AND BENEFITS PROGRAM

It is a program established under Republic Act No. 6981, "The Witness
Protection, Security and Benefit Act", which seeks to encourage a person
who has witnessed or has knowledge of the commission of a crime to testify
before a court or quasi-judicial body, or before an investigating authority, by
protecting him from reprisals and from economic dislocation.

Who can be admitted into the Program?

 Any person who has knowledge of or information on the
commission of a crime and has testified or is testifying or is willing
to testify.
 A witness in a congressional investigation, upon the recommendation
of the legislative committee where his testimony is needed and
with the approval of the Senate President or the Speaker of
the House of Representatives, as the case may be.
 A witness who participated in the commission of a crime and who
desires to be a State witness.
 An accused who is discharged from an information or criminal
complaint by the court in order that he may be a State witness.
Who are disqualified for admission into the Program?

An applicant will not be admitted into the program if:
 the offense in which his testimony will be used is not a grave felony;
 his testimony cannot be substantially corroborated in its material points;
 he or any member of his family within the second degree of
consanguinity or affinity has not been threatened with death or
bodily injury or there is no likelihood that he will be killed,
forced, intimidated, harassed or corrupted to prevent him from
testifying or to testify falsely or evasively because or on account of his
testimony; and
 if the applicant is a law enforcement officer even if he will testify
against other law enforcement officers. The immediate members of the
applicant may, however, be admitted into the program.
What benefits may a witness under the Program receive?

The benefits include the following:
 Security protection and escort services.
 Immunity from criminal prosecution and not to be subjected to any
penalty or forfeiture for any transaction, matter or thing concerning his
compelled testimony or books, documents or writings produced.
 Secure housing facility.
 Assistance in obtaining a means of livelihood.
 Reasonable traveling expenses and subsistence allowance while
acting as a witness.
 Free medical treatment, hospitalization and medicine for any injury or
illness incurred or suffered
while acting as a witness.
 Burial benefits of not less than Ten Thousand pesos (P10,000.00) if the
witness is killed because
of his participation in the Program.
 Free education from primary to college level for the minor or
dependent children of a witness who dies or is permanently
incapacitated.

 Non-removal or demotion in work because of absences due to his

being a witness and payment of full salary or wage while acting as
witness.
2. VICTIMS COMPENSATION PROGRAM

Republic Act No. 7309 is the law creating the Board of Claims
under the Department of Justice granting compensation for victims of
unjust imprisonment or detention and victims of violent crimes.
What is the rationale for the enactment of the law?

One of the more vexing problems in the area of justice
and human rights is the implementation of the constitutional provision
against the deprivation of life, liberty and property without due process of
law. Persons have been accused and imprisoned for crimes they did not
commit, only to be subsequently acquitted. Government and society have
become notably indifferent to victims of crimes and criminals. A judicial way
of filing a claim for compensation may be too long. Congress opted for an
administrative procedure of filing the claims by creating the Board of Claims.
Who may apply for compensation?

 A person who was unjustly accused convicted and
imprisoned and subsequently released by virtue of a
judgment of acquittal;
 A person who was unjustly detained and released without being
charged;
 A person who is a victim of arbitrary detention by the authorities as
defined in the Revised Penal Code under
a final judgment of the court; or
 A person who is a victim of a violent crime which includes rape and
offenses committed with malice which resulted in death or serious
physical and/or psychological injuries, permanent incapacity or
disability, insanity, abortion, serious trauma, or committed with torture,
cruelty or barbarity
.
3. REPUBLIC ACT NO. 10368

“An act providing for reparation and recognition of victims of human
rights violation during the Marcos Regime, documentation of said violations,
appropriating funds therefor and for other purposes”
RIGHTS OF CRIME VICTIMS

.--A crime victim has the following rights:
(1) The right to be reasonably protected from the accused.

(2) The right to reasonable, accurate, and timely notice of any

public court proceeding, or any parole proceeding, involving the crime
or of any release or escape of the accused.
(3) The right not to be excluded from any such public court proceeding,
unless the court, after receiving clear and convincing evidence, determines
that testimony by the victim would be materially altered if the victim heard
other testimony at that proceeding.
(4) The right to be reasonably heard at any public proceeding in the district
court involving release, plea, sentencing, or any parole proceeding.
(5) The reasonable right to confer with the attorney for the Government in the
case.
(6) The right to full and timely restitution as provided in law.
(7) The right to proceedings free from unreasonable delay.
(8) The right to be treated with fairness and with respect for the victim's
dignity and privacy.
(9) The right to be informed in a timely manner of any plea bargain or

deferred prosecution agreement.
(10) The right to be informed of the rights under this section and the services
described in section 503(c) of the Victims' Rights and Restitution Act of 1990
(42 U.S.C. 10607(c)) and provided contact information for the Office of the
Victims' Rights Ombudsman of the Department of Justice.
Prepared by:

CCJE Instructor

DIFFERENT THERAPEUTIC/TREATMENT MODELS

Unit 4
CORRECTION AND REHABILITATION OF PENITENT OFFENDERS
To effect the rehabilitation and reintegration of probationers,

parolees, pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders as productive,
law-abiding and socially responsible members of the community through
well-planned supervision programs for probationers, parolees,
pardonees, and first-time minor drug offenders which are aligned to
national program thrusts of the government, such as, the Sariling-Sikap, Jail
Decongestion, etc. establishment of innovative and financially and
technically feasible projects for the moral, spiritual and economic
upliftment of probationers, parolees, pardonees, and first-time minor
drug offenders utilizing available community resources.
The Administration has adopted a harmonized and integrated

treatment program for these clients to affect their rehabilitation. This
harmonized and integrated program involves (1) The Therapeutic Community
Modality (2) The Restorative Justice Principles and Concepts and (3) the Use
of Volunteer Probation Aides (VPAs).
The Therapeutic Community Modality is a self-help social learning

treatment model used for clients with problems of drug abuse and other
behavioral problems such as alcoholism, stealing, and other anti-social
tendencies. As a treatment model, it includes four (4) categories, namely,
behavior management, intellectual/spiritual aspect, emotional and social
aspects, and vocational/survival aspects.
In this regard, the Therapeutic Community Modality provides a well-

defined structure for a synchronized and focused implementation of the
various intervention strategies/activities undertaken by the Agency such as:
1. INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP COUNSELING

This activity intends to assist the clients in trying to sort out their problems,
identify solutions, reconcile conflicts and help resolve them. This could be
done either by individual or group interaction with the officers of the Agency.
2. MORAL, SPIRITUAL, VALUES FORMATION

Seminars, lectures or trainings offered or arranged by the Agency
comprise these rehabilitation activities. Active NGOs, schools, civic and
religious organizations are tapped to facilitate the activities.

3. WORK OR JOB PLACEMENT/REFERRAL

Categorized as an informal program wherein a client is
referred for work or job placement through the officer’s own personal
effort, contact or information.
4. VOCATIONAL/LIVELIHOOD AND SKILLS TRAINING

The program includes the setting up of seminars and skills
training classes like food preservation and processing, candle making,
novelty items and handicrafts making, etc., to help the clients
earn extra income. Likewise, vocational and technical trade classes
are availed of such as refrigeration, automotive mechanic,
radio/television and electronics repairs, tailoring, dressmaking, basic
computer training, etc. through coordination with local barangays, parish
centers, schools and civic organizations.
5. HEALTH, MENTAL AND MEDICAL SERVICES

To address some of the basic needs of clients and their families,
medical missions are organized to provide various forms of medical and
health services including physical examination and treatment, free
medicines and vitamins, dental examination and treatment, drug
dependency test and laboratory examination. Psychological testing and
evaluation as well as psychiatric treatment are likewise provided
for by the Agency’s Clinical Services Division and if not possible by reason
of distance, referrals are made to other government accredited institutions.
6. LITERACY AND EDUCATION

In coordination with LGU programs, adult education classes are
availed of to help clients learn basic writing, reading and arithmetic. Likewise,
literacy teach-ins during any sessions conducted for clients become part of
the module. This is particularly intended for clients who are “no
read, no write” to help them become functionally literate. Likewise,
linkages with educational Foundation, other GOs and NGOs are regularly
done for free school supplies, bags and uniform for client’s children and
relatives.
7. COMMUNITY SERVICE
This program refers to the services in the community rendered by clients
for the benefit of society. It includes tree planting, beautification drives,
cleaning and greening of surroundings, maintenance of public parks and
places, garbage collection, blood donation and similar socio-civic activities.
8. CLIENT SELF-HELP ORGANIZATION

This program takes the form of cooperatives and client associations
wherein the clients form cooperatives and associations as an economic
group to venture on small-scale projects. Similarly, client associations serve
another purpose by providing some structure to the lives of clients where they

re-learn the basics of working within a group with hierarchy, authority and
responsibility much like in the bigger society.
9. PAYMENT OF CIVIL LIABILITY

The payment of civil liability or indemnification to victims of offenders
are pursued despite the economic status of clients. Payment of obligations to
the victims instills in the minds of the clients their responsibility and the
consequences of the harm they inflicted to others.
10. ENVIRONMENT AND ECOLOGY

To instill awareness and concern in preserving ecological
balance and environmental health, seminars/lectures are conducted
wherein clients participate. These seminars/lectures tackle anti-smoke
belching campaign, organic farming, waste management, segregation and
disposal and proper care of the environment.
11. SPORTS AND PHYSICAL FITNESS

Activities that provide physical exertion like sports, games and group
play are conducted to enhance the physical well being of clients. Friendly
competition of clients from the various offices of the sectors, together with
the officers, provide an enjoyable and healthful respite.
The success of the Therapeutic Community treatment model

is also anchored on the implementation of restorative justice. To
highlight the principles of restorative justice, offenders are recognized to
indemnify victims and render community services to facilitate the healing of
the broken relationship caused by offending the concerned parties.
Mediation and conferencing are also utilized in special cases to mend
and/or restore clients’ relationship with their victim and the community.
Considering that it is in the community that the rehabilitation

of clients takes place, the utilization of therapeutic community
treatment model coupled with the principles of restorative justice would be
further energized with the recruitment, training and deployment of Volunteer
Probation Aides (VPAs). The VPA program is a strategy to generate maximum
participation of the citizens in the community-based program of probation
and parole. Through the VPAs, the substance of restorative justice is pursued
with deeper meaning since the VPAs are residents of the same community
where the clients they supervise reside. Thus, it is practicable for the
volunteers to solicit support for clients’ needs and assist the field officers in
supervising the probationers, parolees, and pardonees.
The Therapeutic Community treatment modality, Restorative

Justice paradigm and deployment of VPAs integrated into one
rehabilitation program have yielded tremendous outcome in the
rehabilitation and reformation of probationers, parolees, pardonees, and first-
time minor drug offenders.

Furthermore, the Agency believes that the client’s family is a major

part or support in the rehabilitation process, thus the Administration adopts
the Integrated Allied Social Services program to address the needs of the
children and other minor dependent of the clients. Under the said program,
interventions relative to the growth and development of the minor
dependents are done to help them become productive, law
abiding and effective individuals
Prepared by:

CCJE Instructor

VICTIM’S REPARATION AND EMOTIONAL RECOVERY

PROGRAMS
Unit 5
The criminal justice in the Philippines recognizes the
significance of rehabilitation and reintegration of convicted felons in the
community. Evidently, Correction, being one of the pillars of Philippine
Criminal Justice System (PCJS) adopted various rehabilitation programs such
as the following: (a) Moral and Spiritual Program; (b) Education and Training
Program; (c) Work and Livelihood Program; (d) Sports and Recreation
Program; (e) Health and Welfare Program; and (f) Behavior Modification
Program, to include Therapeutic Community (TC).
REPARATION - refers to the process and result of remedying the damage or

harm caused by an unlawful act.
PURPOSE OF REPARATION
1. Generally understood to reestablish the situation that existed before the
harm occurred.
2. It can also serve as a measure to end ongoing breaches and
to deter future ones, as a vehicle for reconciliation or to restore
relations between the violator and injured parties, as well as a basis to repair
or rehabilitate physical and psychological integrity and dignity.
In international law, a breach of an international obligation gives rise to

a duty to repair the harm caused. The obligation to make reparation follows
a determination that a particular act caused, or sufficiently contributed to,
the harm or damages and implies a level of wrongfulness. However,
certain international law agreements may also impose an obligation to
afford reparation for losses irrespective of fault.
It has been recognized that reparation must “fully” repair any injury,
including any material or moral damage caused by the wrongful act. It must,
so far as possible, wipe out all the consequences of the illegal act and
reestablish the situation that would, in all probability, have existed if that act
had not been committed.
THE RECOGNIZED FORMS OF REPARATION

1. RESTITUTION relates to the reestablishment of the situation that
existed before the wrongful act was
committed.
2. COMPENSATION is for any pecuniary and nonpecuniary losses,
including loss of profits and employment.
3. REHABILITATION refers to long-term medical and psychological care
and surgeries as well as legal care,

4. SATISFACTION refers to measures such as formal

acknowledgment of the unlawful character of the breach,
apologies, and prosecutions.
5. GUARANTEES OF NONREPETITION are forward-looking remedies

focusing on prevention that can refer to either measures of
deterrence aimed at protecting a victim from further harm or broader
measures, such as legal and institutional reform and vetting of public
officials aimed at avoiding the wider conditions that allowed for the
breach.
These forms, afforded singly or in combination, feature in the United

Nations Basic Principles and Guidelines on the Right to a Remedy and
Reparation, adopted by the UN General Assembly in 2006. Article 34 in the
International Law Commission’s Draft Articles on the Responsibility of States for
Internationally Wrongful Acts lists restitution, compensation, and satisfaction
as the forms of reparation.
Noted: Cessation and nonrepetition are dealt with separately, as

independent obligations stemming from the wrongful act.
Prepared by:

CCJE Instructor

BEHAVIORAL
Unit 6
BEHAVIOR MODIFICATION is a therapeutic approach designed
to change a particular undesirable negative behavior.
By using a system of positive or negative consequences, an individual

learns the correct set of responses for any given stimulus. The practice has
several offshoots that attempt to alter behavior through different actions and
has developed throughout the years. Behavior modification has been
found to be successful in treating disorders like attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD), obsessive-compulsive disorder (OCD),
phobias, separation
anxiety, generalized anxiety disorder (GAD), disruptive behavior and
autism, among other conditions.
This isn’t quite the Pavlovian dog salivation scheme you may be familiar
with. That’s classical conditioning. The way operant conditioning and thus
behavior modification in this sense differs is in the nature of the responses.
Unlike Pavlovian conditioning, which generally deals with elicited or reflexive
responses, Skinner’s theory works with voluntary responses. Behavior
modification is commonly used in schools and at home, as well
as in rehabilitation settings.
The belief behind behavior modification is that all behaviors can be

observed and measured, and used as targets for change. As a result of those
consequences (positive or negative), a person can learn, shape or eliminate
certain behaviors. Before we delve into the different approaches of behavior
modification, let’s look at some key terms to avoid confusion:
 Antecedent. An antecedent comes prior to the (un)desired behavior. It

is changeable and can consequently be
altered or removed in order to affect the behavior.
 Consequence, Consequences usually indicate something bad, but in
this context consequences can be good or bad. These occur after
the behavior occurs and can change as well. These are
also referred to as reinforcers (to strengthen behavior) or
punishments (to weaken behavior). Since both reinforcement
and punishment can be good or bad, here are some more details to
uncomplicated the explanation:
o Positive reinforcement is given when a desired behavior occurs

and strengthens that behavior. For example, if Bobby eats all his
carrots, he will then get dessert.

o Negative reinforcement occurs when an unpleasant stimuli is

removed for the desired behavior and strengthens behavior. For
example, each morning Bobby’s mom comes in and wakes him
up for school by singing. Bobby doesn’t want to hear her sing in
the morning so he learns to wake up before she comes in the
room.
o Response cost is like a punishment because a positive

stimulus is removed. A response cost is designed to
weaken undesirable behavior. For example, Bobby doesn’t want
to share toys with his sister, so his mother takes one away as a
result.
o Punishment occurs when a negative stimulus is added to weaken

behavior. Using our earlier example thread, if Bobby doesn’t
want to share or play nicely with his sister, punishment might
include a timeout.
o Extinction happens when there is no reinforcement for behavior,

thus weakening the response.
These are only a few of the basic terms used in behavior modification.
They might seem a little confusing at first, but human nature doesn’t always
respond to one set of stimuli. The varying terms help clinicians and counselors
to understand what types of actions warrant certain responses and
help them to figure out what exactly are our motivations for acting
the way we do.
PRINCIPLES AND APPROACHES

Because behavior isn’t merely cut and dry, behaviorists
developed different approaches and schedules for shaping behavior.
Through imitation, schedules or routines, or by doing nothing at all, they were
able to learn how we learn and change our behaviors. We’ve already gone
over the types of positive and negative reinforcements and punishments, so
let’s look at some other methods, as listed by Educational Psychology
Interactive:
 Modeling . This approach entails teaching an individual to

emulate a certain behavior. As an example, modeling might
occur in the employment industry when a new employee gets trained
by a more experienced colleague.
 Cueing. Like the name suggests, cueing is reminding a person to

perform a certain action at a given time.

 Discrimination. Discrimination teaches a person to behave in a certain

way for a particular set of stimuli, but not for another. The reward, or
reinforcement, occurs only after the appropriate response has been
given.
 Substitution . When a current reinforcer no longer prompts the desired

behavior, a substitution may occur in which a new reinforcer is
presented.
 Satiation. Consider this akin to letting a baby cry at night for a little
while until he goes to sleep. Satiation means letting a person tire of
performing an undesired behavior. In the case of addiction, this
generally does not work as the undesired action would be the
administration of the drug or alcohol.
 Avoidance. Avoidance means teaching a person to avoid an

unpleasant situation.
 Fear reduction. Fear reduction techniques can be very helpful

managing phobias. It works in such that a person is incrementally
exposed to a stimulus that may induce fear at first. Eventually, the idea
is that the individual will grow comfortable or more relaxed in the
presence of the once-feared stimulus.
In addition to these, behavior modification techniques can also

work on schedules or intervals, in such that certain responses are
shaped to occur at different times or that particular reinforcers or
punishments may be administered at varying intervals in order to alter
behavior. It should be noted that not all behavior modification techniques
will work with every individual, nor will every individual’s behavior warrant
singular approaches. In
some cases, a combination of techniques may prove beneficial.
Prepared by:

CCJE Instructor

EMOTIONAL AND PSYCHOLOGICAL

Unit 7
Upon his initial commitment to the Reception and Diagnostic Center
(RDC), the inmate’s medical history is recorded and properly documented
by the Medical Specialist. Medical information and mental status
examinations are given to ascertain his overall physical / mental fitness and
whether he would be fit for work. This forms part of the diagnostic process
which will eventually determine the most appropriate rehabilitation program
for the inmate.
The principal medical care of inmates is provided through a 500-bed

capacity hospital at the New Bilibid Prisons and at six (6) other mini-hospitals
or clinics in the six (6) other prison and penal farms. All correctional facilities
have a full and competent staff of medical practitioners in charge of clinics,
infirmaries and hospitals. These centers are capable of minor surgical
operations, laboratory examinations, radiology, psychiatric, rehabilitation and
dental treatment.
Other government and private hospitals are also tapped in the

implementation of standards pertaining to nutrition and protective health
services for the prison community. Medical services also include a wide range
of
counseling techniques and therapy programs which address the
psychological problems of inmates, including suicidal thoughts and feelings
of rejection which may lead to disruption of peace and order within the
prison compounds. When an inmate’s ailment is beyond the competence of
the in-house medical doctors, the inmate is referred to a government hospital
in accordance with prison rules and under proper security escorts.
PSYCHOLOGICAL AND EMOTIONAL TREATMENT
1. INDIVIDUAL AND GROUP PSYCHOTHERAPY. Psychological therapies

provided in jails, prisons, or forensic hospitals may include cognitive
behavioral therapy (CBT, with or without criminal thinking curriculum) and
dialectical behavior therapy (DBT). CBT aims to build cognitive skills
and replace distorted cognitions (self- justificatory thinking,
displacement of blame, schemas of dominance and entitlement)
with noncriminal thought patterns. DBT was originally designed to treat
chronically parasuicidal women with borderline personality disorder, but has
been adapted to other populations, including offenders with severe mental
illness. DBT combines traditional combines the basic strategies of CBT with
Eastern mindfulness practices
2. PSYCHOPHARMACOLOGIC THERAPIES. If a correctional facility houses

inmates with SMI, antipsychotic, anti-depressant, and mood-stabilizing

medications must be included in the medication formulary. Further,

“all correctional formulary policies must include a mechanism to access non-
formulary medications on a case-by-case basis to ensure access to
appropriate treatment for serious mental illness.” However, special conditions
in correctional facilities such as high rates of substance use disorders require
that formularies limit or exclude medications that have a high potential for
misuse or abuse. In most correctional facilities, a psychiatrist and
other mental health professionals must be involved in the development of
the institution’s formulary.
3. SPECIALIZED HOUSING. Includes self-contained mental health units for the

care of inmates with SMI who are unable to function in the general
population. Specialized housing options may vary from facility to facility (e.g.,
jail to prison or prison to prison), but include inpatient care, short-term crisis
beds, and long-term residential units.
4. INTEGRATED DUAL DISORDERS TREATMENT (IDDT). The same treatment team

treats both addiction and SMI simultaneously. The substance abuse
treatment is tailored to people with mental illness. Individuals are taught how
mental health and substance abuse disorders interact. This approach utilizes
CBT.
5. TELEMEDICINE/TELEPSYCHIATRY. Telemedicine is becoming an

increasingly common mode of delivery for psychological/ and psychiatric
services. Treatment is delivered by way of videoconferencing
Prepared by:

CCJE Instructor

INTELLECTUAL AND SPIRITUAL

Unit 8
Inmates enjoy freedom of religion. All inmates are free to
observe the rituals of their faith, with orderly conduct supervised by
prison authorities. A religious guidance adviser or chaplain is assigned in every
prison and penal farm. The prison chaplain sets the stage for every regular
spiritual activity. He is an officer of the institution who oversees the operation
of the prison chapel. He is not only the spiritual leader but also a counselor
and adviser. Prisoners may be baptized or given other sacraments. Religious
Volunteer Officers, or RVOs belonging to different church groups provide
weekly religious activities ranging from bible studies, devotions, prayer
meetings or praise and worship. With a predominantly Roman
Catholic prison population, a Catholic Mass is a regular feature in
spiritual activities of the prison communities. Restrictions, however, are
imposed if, in the course of religious activities, security is compromised or a
program is too expensive.
Prepared by:

CCJE Instructor

VOCATIONAL AND SURVIVAL SKILLS

Unit 9
EDUCATION AND SKILLS TRAINING
Rehabilitation can be facilitated by improving an inmate’s academic

and job skills. Records show that many prisoners are poorly educated. A
majority are elementary school drop outs or have not even finished primary
school. Prison education amounts to remedial schooling designed to prepare
inmates to obtain basic skills in reading, writing and mathematics.
In most correctional facilities, vocational programs are incorporated

into job assignments and serve as on- the-job training. The goal is to provide
inmates with skills that will improve their eligibility for jobs upon release. Most
prison vocational training is geared toward traditional blue-collar
employment in areas such as electronics, auto mechanics and handicrafts.
At the Reception and Diagnostic Center, a basic computer literacy course
with typing as a support course is available for inmates who have finished at
least high school level.
Vocational training and social education focus on job readiness. The

concern in these areas is life skills. If inmates are to reenter society and
abstain from criminal activity, they must be employable and have the basic
tools necessary to function as responsible citizens.
The National Penitentiary has a college degree program and

a tertiary degree correspondence course, in addition to the regular
secondary and compulsory basic literacy classes. Prisoners are strongly
encouraged by the BuCor authorities to enroll while serving their sentence
and to advance their academic skills.
SPORTS AND RECREATION

The inmates enjoy sunrise by participating in daily calisthenics. There are
various indoor and outdoor sports activities, programs, tournaments and
leagues all year round, to include basketball, volleyball, billiards, table tennis
and chess. These sports competitions promote camaraderie among inmates,
good sportsmanship and team-building. The latest addition is the newly
constructed indoor sports center/gymnasium at the Maximum Security
Compound which boasts of competition-standard flooring, sound system,
locker rooms and bleachers.
All prison and penal farms have adequate recreational facilities for
inmates, both for outdoor and indoor sports.
Mini-bodybuilding gyms are available in most prison facilities, including the
Muntinlupa Juvenile Training Center

and the Therapeutic Community Center for inmates with drug cases.
For music lovers and musically-inclined inmates, numerous "videoke"

centers are available. Musical instruments are available for practice or for use
in variety shows.
THERAPEUTIC COMMUNITY (TC) PROGRAM

The Therapeutic Community (TC) Program represents an
effective, highly structured environment with
defined boundaries, both moral and ethical. The primary goal is to foster
personal growth. This is accomplished by
re-shaping an individual’s behavior and attitudes through the
inmates? community working together to help
themselves and each other, restoring self confidence, and preparing them
for their re-integration into their families
and friends as productive members of the community.
Patterned after Daytop TC, New York which is the base of the Therapeutic
Community movement in the world, the BuCor TC program was adopted as
part of the Bureau's holistic approach towards inmate rehabilitation. It is
implemented primarily but not limited to drug dependents.
The TC approach has been continuously proven worldwide as

an effective treatment and rehabilitation modality among drug
dependents, and have been noted to be effective in many
prisons. By immersing a drug offender in the TC environment, he learns
why he had developed his destructive habits, which led him to substance
abuse. The program modifies negative behavior and or attitudes while
restoring self confidence, and prepares inmates for their re-integration into
their families and friends as productive members of the community.
This behavioral modification program gradually re-shapes or re-
structures the inmate within a family-like environment, wherein every
member acts as his brother’s keeper.
As TC family members go on with their daily activities, a strong sense of

responsibility and concern for each other’s welfare are developed. They
are constantly being monitored for their progress and are regularly
being
evaluated by the TC-trained staff. The TC process allows for genuine
introspection, cultivation of self-worth and positive rationalization that
move the individual towards assuming a greater sense of personal
and moral responsibility.
The efforts of the Bureau of Corrections to rehabilitate Drug

dependents under its care using the TC approach is in line with its
commitment to create a Drug-Free Prison. Worldwide developments

in the treatment and rehabilitation of drug offenders using this therapeutic

community approach have been noted to be effective in many prisons
WORK AND LIVELIHOOD

The Bureau offers a variety of inmate work programs, from agricultural
to industrial. The purpose of the inmate work program is to keep the inmates
busy, and to provide them money for their personal expenses and their
families as well as help them acquire livelihood skills, in order that they may
become productive citizens once they are released and assimilated back
into the mainstream of society.
Different prison and penal farms provide institutional work

programs for inmates. At the Davao Penal Colony, inmates work on
the banana plantations of Tagum Development Company (TADECO) which
has a joint venture agreement with the Bureau. Similarly, the vast tracts of
land at the Iwahig Penal Colony are developed and tilled by inmates to
produce various agricultural products, thereby generating income for the
Bureau. The Sablayan Prison and Penal farm also provides agriculture and
aquaculture programs for inmates.
Along this end, the Bureau under the present Director has encouraged
agricultural and industrial production by providing farming implements,
tractors, fertilizers and other inputs in order to sustain this area of rehabilitation
for inmates
Prepared by:

CCJE Instructor

Activity #01
Name: ___________________________________________________________________
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2. _____________________________________________________________________
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3. _____________________________________________________________________
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4. _____________________________________________________________________
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Activity #02
Name: ___________________________________________________________________
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Activity #03
Name: ___________________________________________________________________
Agency: _______________________________________
Address: _______________________________________
1. _____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
_____________________________________________________________________
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2. _____________________________________________________________________
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3. _____________________________________________________________________
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4. _____________________________________________________________________
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Activity #04
Name: ___________________________________________________________________

Activity #05
Name: ___________________________________________________________________

Activity #06
Name: ___________________________________________________________________
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Activity #07
Name: ___________________________________________________________________

Activity #08
Name: ___________________________________________________________________

Activity #09
Name: ___________________________________________________________________

Notes:
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Therapeutic Modalities Compilation 2023 2024

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THERAPEUTIC MODALITIES

One primary concern as a CRIMINOLOGIST is to be able to perform

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE MODULE

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

LAWS ON HUMAN RIGHTS

INDIVIDUALS, SOCIETY AND THE STATE

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

3. The State has the obligation to provide the highest standard of

4. The diversity and plurality of the Philippines must be safeguarded through

7. The requirements of due process of law shall be observed before, during

8. Detainees and prisoners have the right to humane conditions of

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

9. No person shall be subjected to arrests, searches, seizures and detention

10. We have the right against involuntary disappearances. The

11. We have the right to live in a democracy and are entitled

12. Public office is a public trust. Transparency, accountability, integrity and

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

15. Sovereignty resides in the people. We reserve the right to defy a

SOCIAL AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

16. We have the right to enjoy the highest standard of health.

17. We have the right to a free, accessible, relevant, nationalistic, quality,

19. Children and youth have rights to special care, education,

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

to resist development aggression, which threatens their survival as a

24. Older persons shall be given preferential treatment by the

25. We have the right to a nationalistic and independent economic policy

26. We have the right to equal access to employment opportunities and

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

30. The marginalized and vulnerable sectors shall have preferential

32. We have the right to a clean, safe and sustainable

WHAT KINDS OF HUMAN RIGHTS EXIST?

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

Human rights are inherent to all humans, regardless of their nationality,

ECONOMIC, SOCIAL, AND CULTURAL RIGHTS

 The right to work in a safe environment for a fair wage

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

 The right to social security

CIVIL AND POLITICAL RIGHTS

 The right to life, which is violated by actions like death by torture,

 The right to freedom from discrimination, which is violated when traits

THE UNIVERSAL DECLARATION OF HUMAN RIGHTS (ABBREVIATED)

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

Article 13 Right to Free Movement in and out of the Country

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

TREATMENT VS. PUNISHMENT

Punishment is a means of social control. It is a device to cause people

The general concept of punishment is that it is infliction of some sort of

Punishment, therefore, is defined as the redress that the state

Punishment is restricted to such suffering as is inflicted upon the

The forms of Death penalty was Corporal punishment Public humiliation

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

There were a few offenses, however, which were regarded as

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

Cesare Beccaria, an exponent of the Classical School of Criminology and

The conception of deterrence presumes that the person thinks before he

There is no doubt, however, that some types of offenders, particularly first

LYWELYN M. PALANOG, MSPsy First Semester

How effective is protection as justification of punishment? Or how effective is

According to statistics, the prison population of the Federal