Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
Organic Chemistry
CHEMICAL BONDING:
DEFINITION: The attractive force that holds various constituents(atoms, ions)
together and stabilize them is called chemical bonding.
Therefore, Chemical compounds are reliant on strength of chemical bonds
between their constituents, Stronger the bonding between the constituents, the
more stable the resulting compound will be.
TYPES OF CHEMICAL BONDING:
Chemical bonding may be:
1.Intramolecular bonding
2.Intermolecular bonding
Intramolecular bonding refers to the bonds that hold atoms together within a
molecule.
The main types of intramolecular bonding are:
2. Ionic Bonds: Ionic bonds are formed when one or more electrons are
transferred from one atom to another, resulting in the formation of positively and
negatively charged ions that are held together by electrostatic forces.
EXAMPLE: Sodium chloride, commonly known as table salt, is a classic example of
an ionic compound. In this compound, sodium (Na) forms a cation with a +1
charge, and chlorine (Cl) forms an anion with a -1 charge. The electrostatic
attraction between the positively charged sodium ions and the negatively charged
chloride ions holds the compound together.
3. Metallic Bonds: Metallic bonds occur in metals, where metal atoms share a sea
of delocalized electrons. This bonding results in the formation of a lattice structure
held together by the electrostatic attraction between the positive metal ions and
the delocalized electrons.
EXAMPLE: In copper, metallic bonding occurs between the positively charged
copper ions (Cu^2+) and the delocalized electrons that are free to move
throughout the metal lattice.
2. Ionic Bonds: Ionic bonds are formed by the transfer of electrons from one
atom to another, resulting in the formation of positively and negatively
charged ions that are held together by electrostatic attraction. While the
overall structure of the compound may involve ions interacting with each
other, the bonding within each ion is localized.
3. Hydrogen Bonds: Hydrogen bonds are a type of non-covalent interaction
between a hydrogen atom bonded to an electronegative atom (e.g.,
nitrogen, oxygen, or fluorine) and a nearby electronegative atom. These
bonds are localized between specific pairs of atoms and contribute to the
stability of molecules, such as in water (H2O) and DNA base pairs.
Delocalized bonding:
Delocalised chemical bonds are the chemical bonds that do not associate with
only a single atom but with several atoms or other chemical bonds. We call the
electrons in these bonds as ‘delocalised electrons’. Delocalization occurs in the
conjugated pi system. A conjugated pi system has double bonds and single
bonds in an alternating pattern.
One of the most common examples of delocalized bonding is found in
molecules or materials with pi (π) bonds, such as conjugated organic
compounds and aromatic hydrocarbons. In these molecules, pi electrons are
delocalized over multiple atoms in a conjugated system, leading to enhanced
stability and unique electronic properties.
EXAMPLES:
Conjugated Systems: In conjugated systems, such as polyenes or conjugated
dienes, alternating single and multiple bonds create a series of overlapping p-
orbitals along the chain of atoms. This allows the pi electrons to be delocalized
over the entire conjugated system, resulting in increased stability compared to
isolated double bonds. The delocalization of electrons in conjugated systems
also leads to unique optical and electronic properties, making them important
in organic chemistry and materials science.
The structure of 1,2butadiene is shown below:
Hybridization:
Definition: The phenomenon of mixing up of atomic orbitals of similar energies
and formation of equivalent number of entirely new orbitals of identical shape
and energy is known as "hybridization" and the new orbitals so formed is called as
"hybrid orbitals”
Principles of Hybridization:
- Hybridization involves the mixing of atomic orbitals to form new hybrid
orbitals.
- The number of hybrid orbitals formed is equal to the number of atomic
orbitals participating in the hybridization.
- Hybrid orbitals have shapes and energies that are intermediate between those
of the atomic orbitals from which they are formed.
- The type of hybridization is determined by the number of electron pairs and/or
bonds around the central atom in a molecule.
Types of Hybridization:
Importance of HYBRIDIZATION: