RICE GRAINS (Oryza sativa) AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)

AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COFFEE

An Investigatory Research Presented to the Faculty of

Our Lady of Fatima Academy of Dao, Inc.

Dao Capiz

In Partial Fulfillment of the

Requirements for the Subject

Research III

by

Balgos, Clalena Eury A.

Capulso, Wilfrench D.

Estorque, Samantha Keigh G.

Seraspi, Ma. Francesca Alesana D.

Tapayan, Jose Marie M.

May 2023
 RICE GRAINS (Oryza sativa) AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)
AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COFFEE

CHAPTER 1

Introduction of the study

This chapter contains the background of the study, statement of the

problem, hypothesis, the theoretical framework and conceptual framework, the

significance of the study, the definition of terms, and the scope and delimitation of

the study.

Background of the study

We conducted this study for the reason that we believe that coffee can cause a

ton of difficulty to ones health. According to Franziska Spritzler ( 2017 ), High doses of

caffeine may have unpleasant and even dangerous side effects. Some side effects are;

anxiety, insomnia, digestive issues, muscle breakdown, addiction, high blood pressure,

rapid heart rate, fatigue, and frequent urination and urgency and many more. We ought

to produce a decaffeinated coffee, that is why we conducted this study, to produce a

much healthier and better alternative for coffee.

Coffee is a known beverage that can keep you energized throughout the day.

For coffee drinkers who consumes coffee as a part time of their daily routine, it would

be beneficial for them to have an alternative coffee that does not contain caffeine and is

rich in antioxidants.

According to Myhrvold (2023), The coffee beverage is brewed from the roasted

and ground seeds of the tropical evergreen coffee plants of African origin. Wild coffee
 RICE GRAINS (Oryza sativa) AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)
AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COFFEE

plants, probably from Kefa (Kaffa), Ethiopia , were taken to southern Arabia and placed

under cultivation in the 15th century. One of many legends about the discovery of

coffee is that of Kaldi, an Arab goatherd who was puzzled by the strange antics of his

flock. About 850 CE Kaldi supposedly sampled the berries of the chocolate evergreen

bush on which the goats were feeding and, on experiencing a sense of exhilaration,

proclaimed his discovery to the world. Coffee was introduced into one European country

after another throughout the 16th and 17th centuries. Many accounts are recorded of its

prohibition or approval as a religious, political, and medical potion. By the end of the

17th century, coffeehouses were flourishing across Britain, the British colonies in

America, and continental Europe. Until the close of the 17th century, the world’s limited

supply of coffee was obtained almost entirely from the province of Yemen in southern

Arabia. But, with the increasing popularity of the beverage, propagation of the plant

spread rapidly to Java and other islands of the Indonesian archipelago in the 17th

century and to the Americas in the 18th century. Coffee cultivation was started in the

Hawaiian Islands in 1825.

Myhvrold (2023) added that, Coffee consumption has been associated with

various health benefits and health risks. In general, moderate consumption, amounting

to three or four cups daily, is linked to a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease, type 2

diabetes mellitus, liver cancer, and Parkinson disease. Research has also linked

moderate coffee consumption to a longer life span. Excessive coffee consumption can

cause sleep disturbances, anxiety, jittery sensations, and heartburn. Studies conducted

in the 20th century suggested a causative link between coffee and cancer. In 2016,

however, the World Health Organization (WHO) removed coffee from the list of possible
 RICE GRAINS (Oryza sativa) AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)
AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COFFEE

carcinogens because multiple studies had debunked a possible causative association

between coffee consumption and cancer.

Augustyn (2023) stated that, Rice or also called Oryza sativa is an edible starchy

cereal grain and the grass plant is from the family of Poaceae by which it is produced.

Many cultures have evidence of early rice cultivation, including China, India, and the

civilizations of Southeast Asia. However, the earliest archaeological evidence comes from

central and eastern China and dates to 7000–5000 BCE. More than 90 percent of the

world’s rice is grown in Asia, principally in China, India, Indonesia, and Bangladesh, with

smaller amounts grown in Japan, Pakistan, and various Southeast Asian nations. Rice is

also cultivated in parts of Europe, in North and South America, and in Australia.

Park (2020) also stated that, Rice is a rich source of carbohydrates, the body’s

main fuel source. Carbohydrates can keep you energized and satisfied, and are

important for fueling exercise. It is an excellent source of many nutrients, including

fiber, manganese, selenium, magnesium, and B vitamins. Many people consider white

rice an “empty” or “bad” carb since it loses nutrients when the bran and germ are

removed. However, white rice is typically enriched with added nutrients such as iron and

B vitamins. So while brown rice does have more nutrients than white rice, white rice is

still considered nutritious.

Based on Cervoni (2022), White rice is an excellent source of manganese,

providing over 30% of the daily value (DV). It is also a good source of iron, providing

2.7mg or 15% of the DV. White rice also supplies B vitamins (especially thiamin, but

also niacin and riboflavin). One cup (186g) of short-grain white rice has 242 calories. Of
 RICE GRAINS (Oryza sativa) AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)
AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COFFEE

which, 88% comes from carbs, 1% is from fat, and 7.2% comes from protein. White

rice provides

14.9 mg of magnesium, which can help you reach the 420 mg recommended daily.1

Magnesium is the structural component of bones that assists in hundreds of enzyme

reactions involved in synthesizing DNA and proteins and is required for proper nerve

conduction and muscle contraction.

Zorilla (2022) explained that, Moringa oleifera is a plant that is often called the

Drumstick tree, the miracle tree, the ben oil tree, the horseradish tree, or simply

“Malunggay” here in the Philippines. It has been traditionally used as human food and

alternative medicine worldwide. It has been identified as a plant with numerous health

benefits including nutritional and medicinal benefits. The pods are generally lower in

vitamins and minerals than the leaves. They are, however, extremely high in vitamin C.

The leaves have 7 times more vitamin C than oranges and 15 times more potassium

than bananas. Moringa oleifera contains calcium, protein, iron, and essential amino

acids, which help your body heal and build muscle. It is also packed with antioxidants,

substances that can protect cells from damage and may boost your immune system.

There's some evidence that some of these antioxidants can also lower blood pressure

and reduce fat in the blood and body. Several studies have shown that Moringa

oleifera may help lower blood sugar levels. In animal and test-tube studies, Moringa

oleifera has been shown to have anti-inflammatory properties. It can also lower your

cholesterol levels, potentially reducing the risk of heart disease. Moreover, Moringa also

contains calcium and phosphorous, which aid in the maintenance of healthy and strong
 RICE GRAINS (Oryza sativa) AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)
AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COFFEE

bones. Along with its anti-inflammatory properties, moringa extract may aid in the

treatment of conditions such as arthritis and may also help to heal damaged bones.

Moringa has a few known side effects as well. According to research, eating the leaves

or young seed pods is generally safe, and leaf extracts made from powder and water

may also be safe.

Statement of the Problem

The study aims to determine the acceptability of Rice grain and Malunggay leaves as an

Alternative Coffee.

Specifically, this study aims to answer the following questions.

1. What is the significanct difference of Rice grain ( Oryza sativa) and Malunggay leaves

(Moringa oleifera) is perceived as decaffinated coffee in terms of color, taste, texture,

and aroma?

2. What proportion of Rice grain (Oryza sativa) and Malunggay leaves (Moringa oleifera)

is perceived as most and least acceptable as decaffinated coffee in terms of color, taste,

texture, and aroma?

3. Is there a significant difference in the acceptability of Rice grain ( Oryza sativa) and

Malunggay leaves (Moringa oleifera) as coffee among the three treatments in term of

color, taste, texture, and aroma?

Hypothesis
 RICE GRAINS (Oryza sativa) AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)
AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COFFEE

Based on the research questions identified, the researchers formulated the

following null hypothesis:

There is no significant difference in the acceptability of Rice grain ( Oryza

sativa) and Malunggay leaves (Moringa oleifera) as coffee among the three

treatments in terms of color, taste, texture, and aroma.

Theoretical framework

According to Arnarson (2022), Rice ( Oryza sativa) contains carbohydrates, which

give energy, but can raise blood sugar. Rice is primarily composed of carbohydrate,

which makes up almost 805 trusted source of its total dry weight. Most of the

carbohydrate in rice is starch. Starch is the most common form of carbohydrate in foods.

White and brown rice contain varying amounts of a soluble fiber called resistant starch.

Aside from providing energy and basic nutrients, refined white rice does not offer any

health benefits. Enriched white rice does contain added B vitamins that are important for

health.

According to Palada (2022), Moringa oleifera (Malunggay) is one of the world’s

most useful plants.. The fast-growing, drought-tolerant tree grows in all types of soils.

The Moringa has been called “The Miracle Tree”, “Nature’s Pharmacy”, “Powerful

Vitamin Factory” and “Most nutritious vegetable in the planet”, among others. One of

the nutritional facts of Moringa is that, it has 4 times the vitamin A of carrots, 7 times
 RICE GRAINS (Oryza sativa) AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)
AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COFFEE

the vitamin C of oranges, 4 x the calcium of milk, 3 x the potassium of bananas and ¾

the iron of spinach.

Conceptual framework

The paradigm shows the relationship of the variables in the study

Treatment A

Rice grains: 75%

Malunggay leaves: 25%

Treatment B

Rice grains: 50%

Malunggay leaves: 50%

Treatment C

Rice grains: 25%

Malunggay leaves: 75%

Rice grains (Oryza sativa) and

Malunggay leaves (Moringa

oleifera) as Alternative Coffee

in terms of:

a. Color

b. Taste

c. Texture

d. Aroma

Figure 1. Research paradigm

Significance of the study

The findings of this study will give benefits to the following:

Coffee Drinkers. It would decrease the caffeine content in the drink because the

Rice grain (Oryza sativa) and Malunggay (Moringa oleifera) coffee contain none.
 RICE GRAINS (Oryza sativa) AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)
AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COFFEE

Additionally, it would enhance the nutritional value for the consumer, as both Rice

grain and Malunggay leaves are highly nutritious.

Entepreneurs. The Philippines, with its abundant rice grain and malunggay

leaves, offers a strong foundation for entrepreneurial opportunities.

Future Researchers. The result of the study could give more knowledge,

references, and ideas to the researchers that might have a parallel study.

Definition of terms

For clarification and precision, the following key terms will be given conceptual and

operational meanings.

Rice grain - consists of an outer protective covering, the hull, and the rice

caryopsis or fruit. (Juliano and Bechtel, 1985)

In this study, the rice grain will be used as the main variable to make alternative

coffee.

Malunggay - a commonly used plant and a rich source of nutrients and

antioxidants. (Coppin and Simon 2015)

In this study, Malunggay is used to make the base of the coffee.

Coffee - the end product obtained from roasted and ground Coffea plant seeds and,

together with tea, is one of the most consumed beverages every day (Esquivel and

Jiménez, 2012).

In this study, the researchers made an alternative product of coffee.

Acceptability – Capable or worthy of being accepted. (Merriam Webster, 2022 )

In this study, this term is used for the study to determine if our product’s outcome

works well.

Scope and Delimitation of the study

The study is focused on producing and testing the effectiveness of Rice grain

(Oryza sativa) and Malunggay leaves (Moringa oleifera) as alternative coffee with only

three (3) treatments. This study also focuses on how to lessen the risk that are caused

by excessive consumption of caffeine that had been a problem for most people for quite
 RICE GRAINS (Oryza sativa) AND MALUNGGAY LEAVES (Moringa oleifera)
AS ALTERNATIVE FOR COFFEE

some time now. Hence, the researchers used accessable materials to create an

alternative coffe that would lessen the risks to their health. The experiment was

conducted at Our Lady of Fatima Academy of Dao, Inc. from August 2022 to May 2023

and were evaluated by 30 respondents. The experiment aims only to produce

decaffeinated coffee and the exceptability of produced decaffeinated coffee from Rice

grain (Oryza sativa) and Malunggay leaves ( Moringa oleifera) in terms of color, texture,

and aroma.