Web Applications

Includes school qb answers+ textbook JUST GO THRU THE 2ND AND 5th page cuz theyre mcq q’s
QNA
(blue text -definitions) (star marked, imp. Ones ⭐
)(red text- mcq,

to rote 👎🏿
violet- both mcq and def.) (thumbs down means read once nicely, no need
) (nothing means more imp than thumbs down, less than star)

1) What is computer accessibility? What is assistive technology?

Computer Accessibility: Computer Accessibility refers to the user friendliness of a
computer system for all disabled people. This is mainly a software issue.
Assistive Technology: With a combination of hardware and software, a person with a
disability is enabled to use a computer. It is known as Assistive Technology.

2) Explain the different types of disabilities.

-
👎🏿
Cognitive impairments and learning disabilities, such as dyslexia, attention deficit
hyperactivity disorder (ADHD) or autism.
- Visual impairment such as low-vision, complete or partial blindness, and color
blindness.
- Hearing impairment including deafness.
- Motor or dexterity impairment such as paralysis, cerebral palsy, or carpal tunnel
syndrome and repetitive strain injury.

3) What are accessibility options? List the different tabs one can find on the
accessibility options window.
Accessibility Options in the Control Panel are used to customise the way your keyboard,
display, or mouse function. These features are useful for people with disabilities.
The tabs found on the accessibility options window are:
- Keyboard tab.
- Sound tab.
- Display tab.
- Mouse tab.
- General tab.
 👎🏿👎🏿
4) List and explain ALL the features of each and every tab in the accessibility
options window. (Except in mcq v. imp)
Keyboard tab:
- Sticky keys: It is a feature to help people with physical disabilities, but is also used
by users to reduce repetitive strain. It allows the user to press and release keys like
ctrl, alt, shift, and let it remain active until other keys are pressed.
- Filter keys: It tells the keyboard to ignore brief or repeated keystrokes, making
typing easy for people with hand tremors.
- Toggle keys: It is designed for people who have vision impairment or cognitive
disabilities. It makes the computer emit a sound when the locking keys (Caps Lock,
Num Lock, or Scroll Lock) are pressed. (High sound: turn on, low sound: turn off)

Sound tab:
- SoundSentry: SoundSentry is designed to help users with auditory impairments.
SoundSentry generates visual warnings, such as a blinking title bar or a flashing
border, whenever the computer generates a sound.
- ShowSounds: ShowSounds instructs applications that convey information by
sound, to also provide information visually, through text captions or informative
icons.

Display Tab: (both the features are for people with vision impairments)
- High contrast:allows changing the size & color of fonts & the background for ease
- Cursor options: allows the change of the width and blink rate of the cursor

Mouse Tab:
- MouseKeys:MouseKeys is an accessibility feature that assists people who have
difficulty using a mouse. This option uses the keyboard (especially a numeric
keypad (with the number 4 for left, 6 for right, 2 for down and 8 for up.) as a
pointing device instead of a mouse.

General tab: (enables accessibility for all users) has the following options : turn off
accessibility features after idle for ___, make a sound when turning a feature on/off, give
warning message when turning a feature on
- Serial keys: assists people that have difficulty using a keyboard or a mouse (or
both). They can use special devices to provide input to the computer through
Serial Ports. For example, sipping on the tube activates one device, while puffing
on the same tube activates another.
 5) What is a network? Explain the types of network architecture ⭐⭐
A computer network is a collection of computers and other hardware components
interconnected by communication channels (cables or satellites) that allow sharing of
resources and information.
Network Architecture are as follows :
- Peer-to-peer (P2P) Architecture: Networks in which all computers have an equal
status are called peer to peer networks. Generally in such a network each terminal
has an equally competent CPU.
- Client-Server Architecture: Networks in which certain computers have special
dedicated tasks, providing services to other computers (in the network) are called
client server networks. The computer(s) which provide services are called servers
and the ones that use these services are called clients.

6) What are the types of network/ differentiate between LAN and WAN. ⭐⭐
- i) Local Area Network (LAN) : LAN is one which connects computers and devices
in a limited geographical area such as home, school, computer laboratory, office
building, or closely positioned group of buildings.
ii) Usually LANs offer very high speeds and connects computers and peripherals
like printers, scanners etc.

- i) Wide Area Network (WAN): WAN is one which covers a broad area (i.e., any
network that links across metropolitan, regional, or national boundaries).
ii) The Internet is the most popular WAN, and is used by businesses, governments,
non-profit organizations, individual consumers, artists, entertainers, and many
others.

7) What is the internet? ⭐⭐

- The internet is a global system of interconnected computers that use the standard
Internet protocol suite to serve users worldwide
- It is a network of networks which consists of millions of private, public, academic,
and government networks
- It is one of the most important technologies of modern time helping us in our daily
personal and professional life
- It is used widely to gather information for research. Businesses use it to access
complex databases
- It is the largest encyclopedia for all age groups, and is also a big source of
entertainment and communication.
8) What is the world wide web? Explain its components. ⭐⭐
- World Wide Web (WWW/ W3, web), is a system of interlinked hypertext documents
accessed via the Internet.
- A web browser is a software with which one can view web pages with text images
etc. and is an interface between the user and the web
- A website has 1 or more web pages that reside on a web server. Every website has
a unique web address.
- A webpage is a formatted text document on the web that a website contains which
is displayed by a web browser.
- A Web server is a computer that stores web sites and their related files for viewing
on the Internet.

9) What are some advantages of networks? ⭐⭐

- Data Sharing: networking allows the sharing of data. Users can send text files,
spreadsheets, documents, presentations, audio files, video files, etc. to other users.
- Hardware Sharing: Hardware components such as printers, scanners, etc. can
also be shared.
- Internet Access Sharing: You can purchase a single Internet connection and share
it among other computers in a network instead of purchasing multiple Internet
connections for each computer.
- Usage of network based applications: Such as web browsers, email clients, chat
applications, audio and video calling, etc is another advantage.

10)How does one get access to the internet?/ Who is an ISP? ⭐⭐

- To use the internet, one needs an internet connection, which is provided by ISPs.
like tata docomo, BSNL (bharat sanchar nigam ltd.), airtel, MTS etc.
- The internet service provider (ISP) is an organization that provides one with
access to the internet using a dial up (modem) or wireless connection
- Choosing connectivity depends on the availability of a particular technology,
speed and connection type in your area.
- Usually small and medium business users, home users use connectivity types such
as DSL, dial-up, wireless, WiMAX or 3G. Medium to large business users or
customers with more demanding requirements may use high speed connectivity
such as DSL (High Speed), ISDN, etc.
 11) Explain the types of internet connectivity. 👎🏿👎🏿 (just know the basics for list
q’s)
Today there are various types of internet connectivity, which can be categorised into
wired and wireless connections.

WIRED CONNECTIONS:
Dial Up: It is a form of internet access which uses the help of a public switched telephone
network (PTSN) to connect to an ISP via telephone lines using a modem. The users have
to dial a particular number on the telephone given by ISP to access the internet. These
are very slow and usually are replaced by high speed connections like DSL.
DSL: Digital Subscriber Line (DSL) provides internet access by transmitting data over
wires of a local telephone network. It is delivered along with telephone service on the
same line, allowing both telephone and data transmission to happen together, as there is
a DSL filter with the customer, which removes high frequency interference. For this, you
need a DSL modem and subscription
Cable internet access: Cable Internet Access is a form of broadband Internet access that
uses the cable television infrastructure. Cable Internet Access is provided through
existing cable TV networks; this is similar to DSL that is provided over existing telephone
lines.

WIRELESS CONNECTIONS:
3G: It is a set of standards used for mobile devices and mobile telecommunication
services and networks. High-Speed Downlink Packet Access (HSDPA) is 3G mobile
telephony communications protocol that allows higher data transfer speeds and capacity.
If support for 3G is available on your mobile phone, you can subscribe to the 3G
connectivity with your ISP in order to get high speed Internet connection on your phone.
WiMAX: WiMAX (Worldwide Interoperability for Microwave Access) is a wireless
communications standard designed to provide mobile broadband connectivity across
cities and countries through a variety of devices. WiMAX is a long range system,
covering many kilometres and is typically used where DSL or Cable Internet Access
cannot be used, like rural areas
WI-Fi: IT that allows an electronic device such as computers or mobile phones to
exchange data wirelessly over a network, including high-speed Internet connections.
WiFi devices such as PC’S, phones etc. can connect to a network resource such as the
Internet through a device called the Wireless Access Point (WAP). Wi-Fi is used where
cables cannot be run (such as old buildings, outdoor areas) to provide network and
Internet access. Wi-Fi can also be used where users require mobile connectivity. Wifi

⭐⭐
connectivity is used in homes, offices, hotels etc. and is provided for free by cafes, etc.
12)What is a modem?
Á modem is a device that converts digital computer signals into a form (analog signals)
that can travel over phone lines. It also re-converts the analog signals back into digital
signals. The word modem is derived from its function MOdulator/DEModulator.

13) How is data transferred over the internet ⭐⭐

Following are the steps followed while data it is transferred over the Internet:
• The data is broken up into bits of same sized pieces called packets.
• A header is added to each packet explaining where the data has come from, where it
should end up and where it fits in with the rest of the packets.
• Each packet is sent from computer to computer until it finds its destination. Each
computer decides where next to send the packet. All packets may not take the same route.
• At the destination, the packets are examined. If any packets are missing or damaged, a
message is sent asking for them to be re-sent. This continues until all packets have been
received intact.
• The packets are now reassembled into their original form.

14)What are the conditions to access wifi?

To access Wi-Fi, you need an access point with an active Internet connection. The ISP
provides options to purchase or rent a Wi-Fi router that can act as both an internet
connectivity device and an access point for Wi-Fi connectivity. Setting up a Wi-Fi
network requires technical expertise; however, you can access the Wi-Fi network by
connecting to an access point that is already setup for use.

15)What is instant messaging? ⭐⭐

- Instant messaging (IM) is a form of communication over the Internet that offers an
instantaneous transmission of text-based messages from sender to receiver. Most
instant messaging software have audio chat, video calling and conferencing,etc.
arrangements messaging software is widely used for personal and commercial use.

16)How are IM softwares different from online services like gmail? ⭐⭐

- Unlike email, instant messaging happens in real-time and the response from
participants can be spontaneous. Some instant messaging software allows users to
view messages received when they are not logged on. These are called “Offline
Messages”. They also allow you to talk and see but you need webcams and
 microphones. IM softwares are of 2 types, application based ( downloaded on the
computer) like Google talk, yahoo! Messenger, skype. Web based instant
messaging software is accessed using browsers, like meebo, yahoo! Messenger for
web etc.

17)What are the features of IM? ⭐

•Text Messages can be sent to one or more person (Similar to SMS)
• Audio calling and conferencing.
• Video calling and conferencing.
• File transfers (Not limited to documents, spreadsheets, audio files, video files, etc.)
• Message history (Save messages for future reference).

18)What are some rules you should follow while chatting 👎🏿

•Messages should be short and to the point.
• Always introduce yourself by name if your screen name doesn’t reflect it.
• Always ask if the other person has time to chat first - regardless of how important you
think what you have to say is, it’s not going to be well received if the recipient is busy.
•Typing your messages in uppercase is extremely rude as it’s considered shouting.
• Give people time to respond - Multiple questions sent to a recipient before they’ve had a
chance to answer can seem more like an interrogation rather than a conversation.

⭐
19) What is a blog? How can one use it? Give examples of some websites that offer
blog services for free
- A blog is a discussion style site used by non-technical (or technical) users for
creating personal web pages. Blogs are like online diaries and are simple to use.
- You can use a blog to convey messages about events, news, reviews, etc.
- Blogs are usually managed via a web browser and need active internet connection.
- Some websites offering blog services for free are:
www.WordPress.com, www.blogger.com, www.blog.com, www.weebly.com

20) What are offline blog editors? ⭐

- Blogs are usually managed via a web browser and need active internet connection,
but one can also use offline blog software to create content first and later publish
- the content when an active internet connection is available.
- There are several free offline blog editors available that can be downloaded
- • Qumana • Windows Live Writer • Blogdesk
 21)Write a short note on Qumana. ⭐⭐
Qumana is an offline blog editor. It is a free blog application used to create offline blogs.
If you do not have an active internet connection, you can create blogs using a blog
application and publish the blog whenever internet connectivity is available. Qumana
can be downloaded and installed on the local computer.

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22)What are online transactions? How is the safety of a person guaranteed in such
transactions? Why did it get famous?
- Online transactions are transactions or money transfers that are done over the
internet. They have made transactions very convenient and simplified the
workflow in many forms
- Many protocols and security measures have been adopted to ensure the safe and
secure OLTP ( Online Transaction process ). We are already using online
transactions when we withdraw money from an ATM machine or use credit cards
- Numerous benefits of online transactions like, fast transaction speed, convenience,
low risk of theft etc has exponentially increased its use among people.

23) What is E-Commerce ⭐⭐

E-Commerce is online selling of goods and services to customers. Customers need to pay
via online transactions to the sellers online using a credit/debit card/ by internet banking.

24)What is online shopping? What are its benefits? ⭐⭐

- Online shopping is a form of electronic commerce where people can buy or sell
goods over the Internet.Customers need to have an active internet connection for
viewing goods or services offered by a seller; customers can pay online using a
credit, debit card or by internet banking. Some websites even offer cash on
delivery, where buyers pay after receiving the product
- Online shopping could be useful in situations when:
• A customer does not have sufficient time to visit stores.
• Visiting a store is more expensive than purchasing a product online.
• A product or service that is not available in the local market is available online.

- Some of the popular online transaction websites are: 👎🏿

• IRCTC, an online portal for booking flight and train tickets.
• Flipkart, an online shopping portal for buying consumer products.
 • EBay, an online portal for buying and selling goods.

👎🏿
• Redbus, an online portal for booking bus tickets.
25)What is flipkart?
Flipkart is an online store where you can purchase a variety of electronic goods, books,
accessories etc. Flipkart offers multiple payment methods like credit card, debit card, net
banking, e-gift voucher, and Cash on Delivery. It has a variety of products organized as
categories. You can either look for a product in the appropriate category or you can use
the search feature to locate a particular item.

26)What is internet security? ⭐

- Internet security is a branch of computer security specifically related to the
Internet, often involving browser security but also network security.
- Its objective is to establish rules and measures to use against attacks over the
Internet.
- Though the internet provides valuable information and entertainment, it may
leave your computer insecure due to many online threats including phishing,
malware etc. which can be prevented by using antispyware/antimalware etc.

27)What are the best practices for internet security? (unlikely to come) 👎🏿👎🏿
- We should use strong passwords. (i) A strong password is a combination of
alphanumeric and special characters, and could be used for creating a password
that is not so easy to crack or guessed by other users. (ii) We should not keep
guessable passwords such as mobile no. etc. (iii) We should also change
passwords frequently and (iv) use different passwords for different sites
- Secondly, we should use encryption softwares to protect our data from
unauthorized users. If encryption software is not available within the operating
system, we should use a 3rd party software.
- Thirdly, websites on the internet can store our information. This can lead to the
leaking of our personal information. If we are using online shopping, websites
even store our account details, and credit card numbers, which can be tracked and
used by unauthorized users known as hackers. We should thus use secure and
legitimate sites for online transactions, as well as giving out personal information.
Secure sites are marked with a golden lock symbol in the address bar
- We should use antivirus and antispyware software as computers are prone to
attacks from software known as Malware that track browsing behavior or send
data from computers (eg: keylogger, sends info of each pressed key to hackers).
Antivirus and Antispyware programs also offer real-time protection monitoring the
 computer for changes by malware, and keeping the softwares updated can protect
the computer from even the latest threats
( the above answer is so big that from its answer, questions can be made) (that's

⭐⭐
why above ans is unlikely) (instead a question like this can come ⬇)
28)List best practices for security
i.Use strong passwords
ii. Backup your data
iii. Use encryption software
iv. Do not share personal information
v. Use antivirus and antispyware software
vi. Clear browser cookies frequently
vii. Install firewalls

29)Mention some important points to be remembered for password security. ⭐⭐

Following are important points to remember for password security:
i.Use strong passwords, a combination of alphanumeric and special characters could be
used for creating a password that is not so easy to crack or guessed by other users/
ii. Do not keep guessable passwords such as mobile numbers etc.
iii. Change your password frequently.
iv. Avoid using the same password for multiple sites or purposes.

30)How are antivirus and antispyware software useful? ⭐⭐

Computers are prone to attacks from software known as Malware that could harm your
computer. Malwares track browsing behaviour or transmit personal data from your
computer; programs such as keyloggers could be installed on your computer track and
transmit every key that is pressed on a keyboard (keystrokes) to unauthorised users.
Antivirus and Antispyware programs also offer real-time protection monitoring your
computer for any changes by malware software.

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⭐
31)Nobody should immediately respond to emails from unknown users. Why?

Nobody should immediately respond to emails from unknown users because it may be a
fake mail trying to gather personal information such as your bank account details, home
address, etc. Some mails could promise you jobs or announce lottery results which in turn
could compromise the user. And in some cases, virus or scripts that are dangerous could
be attached to the mail.
32)What are cookies? Why is it necessary to clear browser cookies? ⭐⭐
- Cookies are programs that are created on your local computer when you visit
websites. Though cookies are meant for storing data based on your activity
performed during your earlier visit such as login details, details of a shopping
cart, visited pages in a website, etc.
- They could also be tracked by unauthorised users and possibly gain access to your
personal information.

33)Why should one keep operating systems and softwares updated? ⭐

- Though operating systems and applications are designed, tested and distributed,
sometimes they may have security holes through which a hacker can take
advantage; they may track and gather information or even damage the whole
computer.
- Most vendors notify the users whenever a security hole is identified and an update
is available to address that particular issue. You should download the updates and
keep your operating system and software applications up to date, free from
security holes.

34)What are firewalls, and why should one install them? ⭐

- Firewalls could be software or hardware and can assist in keeping a computer and
a network secure.
- Firewalls analyse the network traffic and determine if the traffic should be allowed
or not.
- In most cases, operating systems such as Linux, Windows or Mac include firewall
software as a part of the operating system thus keeping the computer secure. In
rare cases, you may need to configure your firewall for additional security.

35)How can organisations maintain workplace safety? ⭐

- Every organisation must follow a standard set of safety rules and procedures.
These rules must be stated and displayed clearly in important areas .
- All the employees must be given demonstrations and training to follow safety
rules. Basic safety rules to follow at the workplace – Fire safety, Falls and slips,
Electrical safety,Use of first aid etc.
 - Timely repairs should be carried out by a competent person/ organisation at
workplace / home to avoid/minimise any hazards.

36)What are the basic fire safety rules followed in an organisation?⭐⭐

The most basic fire safety rules are –
a. Fire escape plans must be installed
b. Organisation have to conduct regular drills
c. Smoke alarms must be installed
d. Keep workplace a no – smoking zone
e. Regular maintenance of safety equipment.

⭐⭐
37)What are the falls and slips safety rules?
The rules for falls and slips safety rules are –
a. Keep the moving are clean and dry
b. Workplace must be proper ventilated
c. Wear non slippery footwear
d. Oil spills, dust must be cleaned immediately.

⭐
38)What are the electrical safety rules? (came in exam)
- Though use of electric equipment has helped in all our routine tasks whether it is
at home or office but if precautions and safety measures are not taken daily then
they might be a cause of threat to our lives.
- The electrical safety rules are
a. Electrical equipment used should be approved by a recognised organisation.
b.Workers should be trained to handle the electric equipment safely.
c.Damaged and hazardous electrical equipment should be immediately replaced.
All old and workout and frayed switches and wires should be changed.
d. Heat emanating equipment should be kept away from the electrical equipment.
e. Take care that the outlets/ circuits should not be overloaded .
f. Switch off and unplug the electrical appliances before cleaning or relocating
them.

39)What is first aid and why is it important?½ ⭐

- Learning First Aid is the social and civic responsibility of every human being. If
provided effectively and on time then it may save life.
 - First Aid is the immediate assistance provided to the injured to save life and
minimise health loss till the proper medical aid/ facility is provided.
- Every organisation must have a basic First Aid Kit. Kit must have all necessary
items.
Some rules of First Aid are :
- Assure the injured to remain calm and not to panic
- Keep them warm if they are under shock
- Do not move the victim in case of back/neck injury

40)What are occupational hazards? Give examples.

- A worker may face Occupational hazards at the workplace. : An occupational
hazard is the illness one may acquire due to his occupation. Like people working
in a chemical factory may get affected due to the presence of certain chemicals.
- Some types of occupational hazards are : Physical hazards, chemical hazards,
biological hazards, , behavioural hazards, radiological hazards, ergonomic
hazards etc.

41)What are accidents? ⭐

Accident: an accident is an unplanned event that may happen all of a sudden and may
lead to unwanted results. It can be defined as an unfortunate incident that occurs
unintentionally causing hazardous result or injury or unwanted results.

42)What are the different types of accidents? ⭐

Accidents may be of following types :
- Accidents at workplace : Slips and fall accidents, fire
- Industrial disease/illness
- Road traffic accidents
- Clinical Accidents
- Sports related accidents

43)What should the organisation do to handle accidents?

Accidents must be handled carefully. The accident should be handled without assigning
blame on others.
- Every organisation must follow SOP (standard operating procedure) for accident
handling
- Safety measures must be placed to prevent workplace accidents
- Immediately call the medical team for any injury
- Stay alert
- Pay attention to and follow emergency drills

44)What is an emergency? Why is there a need for an emergency plan? ⭐

- Emergency is an unexpected situation that needs immediate attention and action.
An emergency situation might pose a sudden risk to life, property health etc. and
needs intervention to prevent deteriorating results/ hazards.
- An emergency situation is one that:
● threatens the employees, customers or the public
● disrupts or shuts down the operations
● causes physical or environmental damage
- An emergency must be handled immediately to prevent further losses and to
minimise the loss. One must be alert to notice any kind of emergency.
- There are various types of emergencies that may occur at home. School or
workplace. Hence it becomes essential requirement to have an emergency plan to
minimise the loss and recover from emergency.

45)What are the types of emergencies?

- Chemical spills
- Extreme heat waves
- Droughts
- Pandemics
- Terrorist attack

46)What are hazards? List the types of hazards. ⭐⭐

- A hazard is anything that is the source of any potential harm, damage or any kind
of potential loss of health or life.
- Hazards can be of different types depending on the industry and the environment
in which the employees work. The different types of hazards include:
● Physical
● Chemical
● Biological
● Mechanical

47)Give a checklist for workstations to minimise the hazards. ⭐⭐

The workstation should:
● provide sufficient space for the user to alter position comfortably
● provide adequate lighting
● have windows fitted with adjustable coverings to alter the sunlight level

⭐⭐
● be spacious enough when a workstation is shared by more than one person
48)Give a checklist for display screens to minimise the hazards.(any 4-5)
The display screen should:
● display well-defined characters of adequate size and spacing
● have a stable image
● have easily adjustable brightness and contrast
● tilt and swivel easily to suit the user
● be free from glare and reflections
● Use a separate base for the screen or an adjustable table

49) Give a checklist for keyboards to minimise hazards. ⭐⭐

The keyboard should:
● be able to tilt easily and be able to separate from the screen to allow the user to adopt
a comfortable working position
● have space in front to provide support for the hands or arms of the user
● have a matt surface
● have clearly legible symbols on the keys

50)Give a checklist for work surfaces to minimise hazards. ⭐⭐

The work surface should:
● provide adequate space for the user
● have a low reflective surface
● be of an adequate size to allow the screen, keyboard and other peripherals to be
flexibly arranged
● have a stable and adjustable document holder, which should be at the same level as
the screen and at the same viewing distance

51)What is evacuation? What should the company do to evacuate its members?

- In case of emergency there should be provision for evacuation. Evacuation is the
process of emptying a place in case of an emergency, disaster.
- Every company must ensure following points for evacuation in case of any
emergency:
• An evacuation policy : Every organisation must have an evacuation policy. Team
leaders should inform employees about the policy, and the employees should pay
attention to it
• Organisation must have a designated assembly point for emergencies. Ensure that every
employee/ worker must know where it is, and this point should be taken care of properly
• Floor plans with evacuation routes in work areas should be posted, and everyone must
be familiar with it
• Periodic evacuation drills should be conducted. Employees should pay attention during
these drills, to save their and other people’s lives
• A ‘buddy system’ for individuals with special needs or disabilities must be designated.
This system ensures that differently-abled are assisted and guided out of the premises or
the impacted area properly. If you are a buddy to someone, ensure that your buddy is safe
at the assembly point with you. (buddy system can come as a separate question)

⭐⭐
52)What does a healthy lifestyle include. (came in exam)
A healthy lifestyle includes :
- healthy eating habits
- physical activities
- stress management
- healthy mind
- sound sleep
- goal setting