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    Chapter 7 Part 2

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    lalachin729
    Here are the ground state electron configurations: (a) Sulfur (S): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 (b) Palladium (Pd), which is diamagnetic: [Kr] 5s0 4d10

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    Chapter 7 Part 2

    Uploaded by

    lalachin729
    10 views29 pages
    Here are the ground state electron configurations: (a) Sulfur (S): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 (b) Palladium (Pd), which is diamagnetic: [Kr] 5s0 4d10

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    Here are the ground state electron configurations: (a) Sulfur (S): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 (b) Palladium (Pd), which is diamagnetic: [Kr] 5s0 4d10

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    10 views29 pages

    Chapter 7 Part 2

    Uploaded by

    lalachin729
    Here are the ground state electron configurations: (a) Sulfur (S): 1s2 2s2 2p6 3s2 3p4 (b) Palladium (Pd), which is diamagnetic: [Kr] 5s0 4d10

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 29

    Schrodinger Wave Equation

    In 1926 Schrodinger wrote an equation that


    described both the particle and wave nature of the e-
    Wave function (y) describes:
    1. energy of e- with a given y
    2. probability of finding e- in a volume of space
    Schrodinger’s equation can only be
    solved exactly for the hydrogen atom.
    Must approximate its solution for
    multi-electron systems.
    1
    Schrodinger Wave Equation
    y is a function of four numbers called
    quantum numbers (n, l, ml, ms)
    principal quantum number n
    n = 1, 2, 3, 4, ….
    distance of e- from the nucleus

    n=1 n=2 n=3

    2
    Schrodinger Wave Equation
    quantum numbers: (n, l, ml, ms)

    angular momentum quantum number l


    for a given value of n, l = 0, 1, 2, 3, … n-1

    l=0 s orbital
    n = 1, l = 0
    l=1 p orbital
    n = 2, l = 0 or 1
    l=2 d orbital
    n = 3, l = 0, 1, or 2
    l=3 f orbital
    Shape of the “volume” of space that the e- occupies
    3
    Schrodinger Wave Equation
    quantum numbers: (n, l, ml, ms)

    magnetic quantum number ml

    for a given value of l


    ml = -l, …., 0, …. +l

    if l = 1 (p orbital), ml = -1, 0, or 1
    if l = 2 (d orbital), ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2

    orientation of the orbital in space


    4
    Schrodinger Wave Equation

    (n, l, ml, ms)


    spin quantum number ms
    ms = +½ or -½

    ms = +½ ms = -½

    5
    6
    Where 90% of the
    e- density is found
    for the 1s orbital

    7
    l = 0 (s orbitals)

    l = 1 (p orbitals)

    8
    l = 2 (d orbitals)

    9
    Example 7.7

    List the values of n, ℓ, and mℓ for orbitals in the 4d subshell.


    ml = -1, 0, or 1 3 orientations is space

    11
    ml = -2, -1, 0, 1, or 2 5 orientations is space

    12
    Example 7.8

    What is the total number of orbitals associated with the principal


    quantum number n = 3?
    Schrodinger Wave Equation
    quantum numbers: (n, l, ml, ms)
    Existence (and energy) of electron in atom is described
    by its unique wave function y.
    Pauli exclusion principle - no two electrons in an atom
    can have the same four quantum numbers.

    Each seat is uniquely identified (E, R12, S8).


    Each seat can hold only one individual at a
    time.

    14
    Schrodinger Wave Equation
    quantum numbers: (n, l, ml, ms)

    Shell – electrons with the same value of n

    Subshell – electrons with the same values of n and l

    Orbital – electrons with the same values of n, l, and ml

    15
    Energy of orbitals in a single electron atom
    Energy only depends on principal quantum number n

    n=3

    n=2

    1
    En = -RH ( )
    n2

    n=1

    16
    Energy of orbitals in a multi-electron atom
    Energy depends on n and l

    n=3 l = 2

    n=3 l = 1
    n=3 l = 0

    n=2 l = 1
    n=2 l = 0

    n=1 l = 0
    17
    “Fill up” electrons in lowest energy orbitals (Aufbau principle)

    18
    The most stable arrangement of electrons in
    subshells is the one with the greatest number of
    parallel spins (Hund’s rule).

    19
    Order of orbitals (filling) in multi-electron atom

    1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
    20
    As protons are added one by one to the nucleus to
    build up the elements, electrons are similarly added
    to the atomic orbitals (Aufbau Principle).

    – electrons occupy orbitals as to minimize the


    energy of the atom

    n+l RULE

    1s < 2s < 2p < 3s < 3p < 4s < 3d < 4p < 5s < 4d < 5p < 6s
    Example 7.9

    Write the four quantum numbers for an electron in a 3p orbital.


    Electron configuration is how the electrons are
    distributed among the various atomic orbitals in an
    atom.
    number of electrons
    in the orbital or subshell
    1s1
    principal quantum angular momentum
    number n quantum number l

    Orbital diagram

    H
    1s1
    23
    Paramagnetic Diamagnetic
    unpaired electrons all electrons paired

    2p 2p 24
    Example 7.10

    What is the maximum number of electrons that can be present


    in the principal level for which n = 3?
    Example 7.11

    An oxygen atom has a total of eight electrons. Write the four


    quantum numbers for each of the eight electrons in the ground
    state.
    27
    Outermost subshell being filled with electrons

    28
    Example 7.12
    Write the ground-state electron configurations for

    (a) sulfur (S)

    (b) palladium (Pd), which is diamagnetic.

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