PERCENTAGE: Equivalent Decimal Conversion,

100%X = X 20%X = (1/5) (X) 33.33%X = (1/3) (X)

50%X = (1/2) (X) 40%X = (2/5) (X) 66.66%X = (2/3) (X)

25%X = (1/4) (X) 60%X = (3/5) (X) 11.11%X = (1/9) (X)

75%X = (3/4) (X) 80%X = (4/5) (X) 16.66%X = (1/6) (X)

12.5%X = (1/8) (X) 8.33%X = (1/12) (X)

6.25%X = (1/16) (X)

9.09%X = (1/11) (X)

14.28%X = (1/7) (X)

PERCENTAGE CHANGE:

Example 1: In an Examination X and Y scored 80 marks and 60 marks respectively. How much more
percent does X gets than Y?
80−60
60
* 100 = 33.33%

Note: When comparison between any two variables, keep the variable to be ‘compared with’ in
denominator.

Example 2: In an Examination X and Y scored 80 marks and 60 marks respectively. How much less
percent of marks does Y gets than X?
80−60
80
* 100 = 25%

SUCCESSIVE INCREASE AND DECREASE:

If a 100 is increased by 10% first and then decreased by 20% and finally increased by 10% again,
what will be the final value?

1 1 1
10 5 10

100 110 88 96.8

NET % CHANGE:

If a 100 is increased by 10% first and then decreased by 20% and finally increased by 10% again,
what is the net % change?

1 1 1
10 5 10

100 110 88 96.8

𝐹𝑖𝑛𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒−𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 96.8 − 100 −3.2

Net % Change = = = = 3.2 % decrease.
𝐼𝑛𝑖𝑡𝑖𝑎𝑙 𝑣𝑎𝑙𝑢𝑒 100 100

(The negative symbol indicates decrease in change)

INCREASE AND DECREASE:

1 1
(4) (25%) (5) (20%)

100 125 100 120

1 1
( ) (20%) ( ) (16.66%)
5 6

25
125
. Here, the value where you make the changes should be kept at the denominator.

𝐴 𝐴
For any value, if 𝐵 increases, 𝐴+𝐵 should decrease.

1 𝐴
4 𝐵

1 𝐴
5 𝐴+𝐵

DECREASE AND INCREASE:

3
( ) 30%
10

100 70
3
(7)
 𝐴 𝐴
For any value, if decreases, should increase.
𝐵 𝐵−𝐴

3 𝐴
10 𝐵

3 𝐴
7 𝐵−𝐴

PROBLEMS:

Example 1: In an election between two candidates, one got 55% of the total valid votes. 20% of the
votes were invalid. If the total number of votes was 7500, the number of valid votes that the other
candidate got, was

A) 2700 B) 2900 C) 3000 D) 3200

SOLUTION:

20% of the voters were invalid = 80%(7500) = 6000 valid votes

Number of votes received by the other candidate = 45%(6000) = 2700 votes

Example 2: In a library 60% of the books are in Hindi, 60% of the remaining books are in English rest
of the books are in Malayalam. If there are 4800 books in English, then the total number of books in
Malayalam are?

a) 3400 b) 3500 c) 3100 d) 3200

SOLUTION:

Library

60%(HINDI) 40% (REMAINING)

60% (ENGLISH) 40%(MALAYALAM)

4800 ?

60%(40%(Library)) = 4800

Library = 8000

40%(40%(8000)) = 3200
Shortcut:

60%(Remaining) = 4800 (Divide this by 6 to make it 10%)

10%(Remaining) = 800 (Multiply this by 4)

40%(Remaining) = 800*4 = 3200

Example 3: In an election, 20% of the voters did not cast their vote and 4% were declared invalid.
The winning candidate got 6144 votes which were equal to the 62.5% of the total valid votes. The
number of enrolled voters is:

a) 11500 b) 8400 c) 12800 d) 13900

SOLUTION:

Number of enrolled voters be ‘x’.

20 % 80 %

4% 96%

62.5% (6144)
62.5%(96%(80%(X))) = 6144
5 24 4
8
* 25 ∗ 5 (𝑋) = 6144

X = 12800.

Example 4: Fresh fruit contains 68% of water and dry fruit contains 20% water. How much dry fruit
can be obtained from 100 kg of fresh fruits?

a) 20 b) 40 c) 32 d) 80

SOLUTION:

A%B = B%A

50%20 = 10 (Consider A as 50 and B as 20)

20%50 = 10

Fresh fruit contains 68% water then remaining 32% will be of fruit part.

Dry fruit contains 20% water then remaining 80% will be of fruit part.

In this, fruit part should be equated since water is not the same by quantity if the fresh fruit is dried.

The quantity of fruit remains same by quantity even after the fresh fruit is dried.

So,

32%(100) = 80%(X)

X = 40kg

Example 5: Population of a city is 100000 and it is increasing by 10% every year. What will be the
population after 3 years?

1 1 1
10 10 10

100000 110000 121000 133100.

Example 6: Population of a town is 145530. If it increases at the rate of 5% per annum, what was it 2
years ago?

a) 132000 b) 142000 c) 136000 d) 139000

SOLUTION:

1 1
20 20

X Y 145530
1 1
(132000) (138600)
21 21

Answer: 132000

Example 7: A Reduction of 20% in the price of sugar enables a person to purchase 6kg more for
Rs.240. What is the original price per kg of sugar?

a) Rs.10/kg b) Rs.8/kg c) Rs.6/kg d) Rs.5/kg

SOLUTION:

Shortcut: Use Decrease and Increase concept

1
5

1
4

Price decreases by 20% (1/5)

Consumption increases by 25% (1/4) 6 kg increases

1
4
(Consumption) = 6 kg

Consumption = 24 kg (Original or Initial Quantity)

240
Original price per kg = 24
= Rs.10/kg

[By using this, we will only bring out original or initial quantity. So read the question clearly in
sometime they may to calculate the new price. For this question, new price is Rs.8/kg after reducing
20%).