Ionic Equibria

“ ज्ञान, विज्ञान आणि सस
ु स्
ं कार यांसाठी शिक्षिप्रसार ”
- शिक्षिमहर्षी डॉ. बापज ू ी साळंु ख.े
श्री स्वामी वववेकानंद शिक्षण संस्था, कोल्हापूर.

ववद्या सशमति
E- Content Development
Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur
XII SCIENCE
Chapter:-3
IONIC EQUILIBRIA
Marks without option : 4
Marks with option : 6
INTRODUCTION
• The principles of chemical equilibrium was studied in XI standard.

• Chemical equilibrium means the state at which the rate of forward reaction is
equal to rate of reverse reaction .This principle is applied to ionic equilibria.
• Weak electrolytes like weak acids, weak bases and salts when dissolved in
water dissociate into some extent into its ions and equilibrium is established
between the ions and un-ionized molecules.
• The equilibrium which exists between ions and un-ionized molecules is called
ionic equilibrium.

Types of electrolytes:-
• Electrolytes - The substances which give rise to ions when dissolved in water..
• Non electrolytes - The substances which do not ionize and exists as molecules
in aqueous solutions.
Classification of electrolytes:-
• Strong Electrolytes - The electrolytes ionizing completely or almost completely
are strong electrolytes.
Example:-
 Strong acids like HCl , 𝐻2 S𝑂4 .
 Strong bases like NaOH , KOH.
 Salts like NaCl , KCl.

• Weak Electrolytes - The electrolytes which dissociates to a smaller extents in
aqueous solution are weak electrolytes.
Example:-
 Weak acids like C𝐻3 COOH, 𝐻3 𝑃𝑂4 .
 Weak bases like N𝐻4 OH.
Weak electrolytes are partially dissociated in dilute aqueous solutions and Equilibrium
is established between the ions and non-ionized molecules.
 The ionization reaction is represented by double arrow ( ) between the ions
and non ionized molecules of the weak electrolytes.
Ionization OR Dissociation - Electrolytes on dissolution produce cations and
anions which acts as carriers of electricity .This process of splitting up into ions is
called ionization OR dissociation.
Definition - A process of separation of cations and anions of a molecules in an
aqueous solution is ionization OR dissociation.

Degree of dissociation (∝)
• The degree of dissociation means the fraction of the total number of moles of the
electrolytes that dissociates into its ions when an equilibrium is attained.
• It is denoted by ∝
𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒄𝒊𝒂𝒕𝒆𝒅
∝= 𝒕𝒐𝒕𝒂𝒍 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔
• Percent dissociation = ∝ × 100
• Molar concentration of an electrolytes (c) :- is the equilibrium concentration of
anion OR cation = (∝× c)
• Unit – mol.d𝑚−3

The Classical definition of acids and bases
Acids:- Acids are Classically defined as substances whose solution in water
(1) has sour taste.
(2) turns blue litmus red.
(3) neutralize base.
(4) reacts with active metals with liberation of 𝐻2 gas.
(5) Reacts with carbonates ,liberates C𝑂2 gas.
Example:- Acetic acid in vinegar, Tartaric acid in tamarind paste, Citric acid in lemons are
examples of everyday life.

Bases :- Bases are classically defined as substances whose solution in water.
1) has bitter taste
2) turns red litmus blue
3) neutralizes acids
4) forms carbonates by absorbing carbon dioxide gas
5) is soapy to touch.
Example:- Magnesium hydroxide in antacids, ammonia in household cleaning
products, baking powder.

Arrhenius theory of acids and bases
According to Arrhenius theory acids and bases are defined as

• Acids :- Acid is a substance which contains hydrogen and give rise to 𝐻 + ions in
aqueous solution.
Example:-
HCl (aq) 𝐻 + (aq) + 𝐶𝑙 − (aq)
C𝐻3 COOH(aq) C𝐻3 CO𝑂− (aq) + 𝐻 + (aq)
Arrhenius described 𝐻+ ions in water as bare ions, but they are hydrated in aqueous
solutions and are represented as hydronium ions 𝐻3 𝑂+ .For convenience it is
represented as 𝐻+ .

• Base :- Base is a substance which contains O𝐻− group and give as O𝐻− ions in
aqueous solution.
Example:-
NaOH (aq) 𝑁𝑎+(aq)+ O𝐻 − (aq)
N𝐻4 OH(aq) N𝐻4+ (aq) + O𝐻 − (aq)
Limitations :-
1) This theory is applicable only for aqueous solutions and not to non-aqueous
solutions like benzene.
2)This theory fails to explain the acidic nature of aqueous solution of compounds
like Fe𝐶𝑙3 , Al𝐶𝑙3 , CuS𝑂4 which do not contain hydrogen.
3)This theory fails to explain the basicity of aqueous solutions of compounds like
N𝐻3 , 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3 which do not contain OH group.

Bronsted –Lowry theory
• Acid :- A substance (molecule or ion) which donates a proton ( 𝐻 + ) to another
substance.
• Base :- A substance which accepts proton (𝐻 + ) from another substance.
Example :-
In the above reaction HCl and N𝐻4 + are proton donors and acts as acids. N𝐻3 and
𝐶𝑙 − are proton accepters and acts as bases.

• Conjugate acid –base pair
• The base produced by accepting the proton from an acid is conjugate base of that
acid.
• The acid produced when a base accepts a proton is called the conjugate acid of
that base.
• A pair of acid and base differing by a proton is said conjugate acid – base pair.
conjugate acid-base pair1
HCl(aq) + 𝐻2 O(l) 𝐻3 𝑂+(aq) + 𝐶𝑙 − (aq)

𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑1 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒2 𝐴𝑐𝑖𝑑2 𝐵𝑎𝑠𝑒1
conjugate acid-base pair2

Lewis Theory
Acid:-
• It is defined as any species (molecule or ion) that can accept a share in an
electron pair (lone pair of electron) to from co-ordinate bond.
• Example:- 𝐻+ ion , 𝐵𝐹3 etc. (Electrophiles)
(Electrophiles – electron deficient species)
Base:-
• It is defined as any species (molecule or ion) that can donate a share in an
electron pair ( lone pair of electron)
• Example:- 𝑁𝐻3 , 𝐻2 𝑂 etc. (Nucleophiles) .
(Nucleophiles –electron rich species)

Amphoteric nature of water
Water has ability to act as acid as well as base such behavior is known as amphoteric
nature of water.
𝐻2 O(l) + N𝐻3 (aq) 𝑂𝐻 − (aq) + N𝐻4 + (aq)
Acid
𝐻2 O(l) + HCl(aq) 𝐻3 𝑂+(aq) + 𝐶𝑙 − (aq)
Base
𝐻2 O acts as an acid towards N𝐻3 and as a base towards HCl . Therefore 𝐻2 O is
amphoteric.

Ionization of acids and bases
Strong acids and strong bases:-

Strong acids and bases are dissociate almost completely in water.
• The dissociation equilibrium of such acids and bases are nearly 100 %.
• The solution contains almost entirely ions with negligible amount of un-
dissociated molecules.
Example:- 1) HCl (aq) 𝐻+ (aq) + 𝐶𝑙 − (aq)
2) NaOH(aq) 𝑁𝑎+(aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (aq)
Strong acids are HCl , 𝐻𝑁𝑂3 , 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 , HBr , HI
Strong bases are NaOH , KOH.

Weak acids and weak bases
• Weak acids and weak bases: Weak acids and weak bases are partially (small
extent) dissociated in water .
• The solution of these acids and bases contain un-dissociated molecules
along with a small amount of ions at equilibrium. Thus the equilibrium lies
in between ions and un-dissociated.
weak acid and weak base:-
Example:-Weak acids are HCOOH, HF, 𝐻2 S
Weak bases are Fe(𝑂𝐻)3 , Cu(𝑂𝐻)2
1) C𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) C𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻+ (aq)
2) N𝐻4 𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) 𝑁𝐻4 + (aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞)

Dissociation constants of weak acids and weak bases
For weak acids and bases equilibrium is in between ions and un-ionized molecules of acids
and bases.
A) Dissociation constant of weak acid :-
• The dissociation constant of weak acid HA in water is represented by,
HA(aq) 𝐻 + (aq) + 𝐴− (aq)
[𝐻 + ][𝐴− ]
• Dissociation constant = 𝐾𝑎 = [𝐻𝐴]
The 𝐾𝑎 is equilibrium constant called dissociation constant.
B) Dissociation constant of weak base :-
• The dissociation of weak base BOH in water is represented by
BOH(aq) 𝐵+ (aq) + 𝑂𝐻− (aq)
[𝐵 + ][𝑂𝐻 − ]
• Dissociation constant = 𝐾𝑏 =
[𝐵𝑂𝐻]
The 𝐾𝑏 is equilibrium constant called base dissociation constant.

Ostwald’s Dilution Law
• Ostwald’s dilution law is applicable to weak electrolytes and not to strong
electrolytes.
Statement :- The degree of dissociation of weak electrolyte is inversely proportional
to square root of concentration and is directly proportional to square root of volume of
the solution containing 1 mol of weak electrolytes.
Expression of Ostwald’s dilution law for weak acids :-
Consider the dissociation of weak acid HA, the dissociation is partially and
equilibrium exists between un-dissociated species HA and its ions 𝐻 + and 𝐴− .
HA(aq) 𝐻+ (aq) + 𝐴− (aq)
[𝐻 + ][𝐴− ]

• Where the 𝐾𝑎 is equilibrium constant called dissociation constant. Suppose 1
mole of acid HA is initially present in V 𝑑𝑚3 of the solution.
• At equilibrium ,the fraction dissociated is ∝, where ∝ is degree of dissociation of
the acid.
The fraction of the acid that remains un-dissociated at equilibrium is (1-∝).The
amounts and concentrations of the three species present at equilibrium are therefore
HA(aq) 𝐻+ (aq) + 𝐴− (aq)
Initial moles 1 0 0
Moles at equilibrium ( 1-∝ ) ∝ ∝
(1−∝) ∝ ∝
Conc.at equilibrium 𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
1−∝
Thus [HA] = mol 𝑑𝑚−3
𝑉
∝
[𝐻+ ] = [𝐴− ] = 𝑉 mol 𝑑𝑚−3
Substituting these values in equation of dissociation constant.

[𝐻 + ][𝐴− ]
∝ ∝
× ∝2
𝑉 𝑉
𝐾𝑎 = 1−∝ =
1−∝ 𝑣
𝑉
• As the acid is weak ∝ is very very small, as compared to unity
Therefore 1-∝ ≅ 1
∝2
𝐾𝑎 = and 𝐾𝑎 = ∝2 𝐶
𝑣
𝐾𝑎
∝= 𝐶
OR 𝐾𝑎 𝑣
This conclude that the degree of dissociation of weak acid is inversely

proportional to square root of concentration OR directly proportional to square root of
volume of the solution containing 1 mole of weak acid.

Weak base
Consider the dissociation of 1 mol of weak base BOH, the dissociation is partially and
equilibrium exists between un-dissociated species BOH and its ions 𝐵 + and 𝑂𝐻 − .
BOH(aq) 𝐵+ (aq) + 𝑂𝐻− (aq)

Initial moles 1 0 0
Moles at equilibrium ( 1-∝ ) ∝ ∝
(1−∝) ∝ ∝
Conc.at equilibrium
𝑉 𝑉 𝑉
1−∝
Thus [HA] = 𝑉 mol 𝑑𝑚−3
∝
[𝐻+ ] = [𝐴− ] = 𝑉 mol 𝑑𝑚−3
Substituting these values in equation of dissociation constant.

• The base dissociation constant is:-
[𝐵+ ][𝑂𝐻 − ]
𝐾𝑏 = [𝐵𝑂𝐻]
∝ ∝
×
𝑉 𝑉 ∝2
𝐾𝑏 = 1−∝ =
1−∝ 𝑣
𝑉
As the acid is weak ∝ is very very small, as compared to unity.
Therefore 1-∝ ≅ 1
∝2
𝐾𝑏 = and 𝐾𝑏 = ∝2 𝐶
𝑣
𝐾𝑏
∝= 𝐶
OR 𝐾𝑏 𝑣
This conclude that the degree of dissociation of weak base is inversely proportional to
square root of concentration OR directly proportional to square root of volume of the
solution containing 1 mol of weak base.

Numerical Problem From Exercise
Q 2. iv) Dissociation constant of acetic acid is 1.8× 10−5. Calculate percent dissociation
of acetic acid in 0.01 M solution. (2 Mark)
Given : 𝛼 = 1.8× 10−5 c = 0.01 M
To find : percent dissociation of acetic acid .
𝑘𝑎 1.8×10−5
Formula: - ∝= ∝=
𝑐 0.01
1.8×10−6
∝= ∝= 18 × 10−4
1 ×10−2
∝ = 4.242× 10−2 = 0.04242
Percent dissociation = ∝ x 100
= 0.04242 x 100 = 4.242

Q 3. vi) Acetic acid is 5% in its decimolar solution .Calculate the dissociation constant.
Given : Percent dissociation = 5% , c =1 decimolar =0.1M (2 Marks)
Find : Dissociation constant of acid 𝑘𝑎
i) Percent dissociation = ∝ × 100 ii) 𝑘𝑎 = ∝2 𝑐
𝑃𝑒𝑟𝑐𝑒𝑛𝑡 𝑑𝑖𝑠𝑠𝑜𝑐𝑖𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛
∝= 𝑘𝑎 = (0.05)2 × 0.1
100
5
∝= ∝ = 0.05 𝒌𝒂 = 2.5 × 𝟏𝟎−𝟒
100

Auto ionization of water
• Pure water ionizes to a very small extent and consists of very low concentration
of ions that is water is weak electrolyte
• The ionization equilibrium of water is represented as
𝐻2 O(l) + 𝐻2 O(l) 𝐻3 𝑂+ (aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (aq)
• The equilibrium constant K for the ionization of water is given by
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝑂𝐻 − ]
K = OR K [𝐻2 𝑂]2 = [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝑂𝐻− ]
[𝐻2 𝑂]2
• The concentration un-ionized water molecules is very large as compared to that
of [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝑂𝐻− ] ions. Therefore concentration of un-ionized water is taken
as constant.

• Then [𝐻2 𝑂]2 = 𝐾 ′
Substituting in above equation,
K × 𝐾 ′ = [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝑂𝐻− ]
• 𝐾𝑤 = K × 𝐾 ′ = [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝑂𝐻− ]
Where, 𝐾𝑤 is called ionic product of water.
• Ionic product of water is the product of molar concentration of hydronium ions
and hydroxyl ions at equilibrium in pure water at given temperature .
• In pure water , [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] ion = [𝑂𝐻 − ] ion.
Thus at 298 K , this concentration is found to be 1.0× 10−7 mol/L
• 𝐾𝑤 = (1.0 × 10−7 ) X (1.0× 10−7 ).
• 𝐾𝑤 = 1.0 × 10−14 .

pH scale
• Writing concentration of 𝐻3 𝑂+ ions in mol 𝑑𝑚−3 , The new concept introduced
by Sorensen known as pH scale.
• pH :- The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm to the base 10, of the

concentration of 𝐻+ ions in solution in mol 𝑑𝑚−3 .
• Mathematically, the pH of solution is expressed as

pH = -𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻 + ]
• Similarly pOH of a solution is defined as the negative logarithm to the base 10,
of molar concentration of 𝑂𝐻− ions in solution.
pOH = - 𝑙𝑜𝑔10[𝑂𝐻 − ]

Relation between pH and pOH
• The ionic product of water is

𝐾𝑤 = [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝑂𝐻− ]
𝐾𝑤 = 1.0 × 10−14 at 298 K
Equating equations.
• [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝑂𝐻− ] = 1.0 × 10−14
Taking logarithm of both sides, we write

𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] + 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝑂𝐻− ] = -14
−𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] - 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝑂𝐻− ] = 14 −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = pH

−𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝑂𝐻− ] = pOH
Therefore pH + pOH = 14

Acidity, Basicity, and Neutrality of aqueous solutions
1)Acidic solution – In acidic solution , there is excess of 𝐻3 𝑂+ ions,

that is [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] > [𝑂𝐻− ]
Hence, [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] > 1.0 × 10−7 𝑎𝑛𝑑 pH < 7.
2) Basic solution – In basic solution, there is excess of 𝑂𝐻 − ions are present.
that is [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] > 𝑂𝐻 −
or 𝐻3 𝑂+ < 1.0 × 10−7 with pH > 7.
3) Neutral solution - For pure water or any aqueous neutral solution at 298K
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = 𝑂𝐻 − = 1.0 × 1.0−7 𝑀
Hence, pH = -𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻 + ] = −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [1.0 × 10−7 ] = 7.

Numerical Problem From Exercise
Q2. vi ) The pH of a solution is 6.06 . Calculate its 𝐻 + ion concentration. (2 Mark)

Given : pH of solution = 6.06
Find : 𝐻+ ion concentration
pH = -log [𝐻3 𝑂+]
log [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = -pH
log [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = -6.06
log [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = -6 - 0.06 +1 -1
log [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = -6 -1 +1 - 0.06
log [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = -7 + 0.94 = 7.94
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = 𝐴𝑛𝑡𝑖𝑙𝑜𝑔10 7.94
[𝑯𝟑 𝑶+ ] = 8.710 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟕M

vii) Calculate the pH of 0.01 M sulfuric acid. (2 Mark)
Given : concentration = 0.01 M
Find : pH of sulfuric acid
Formula : pH = -𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐻3 𝑂+
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 is strong acid. It dissociates almost completely in water as,
𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 (𝑎𝑞) + 2𝐻2 𝑂(aq) 2𝐻3 𝑂+(aq) + 𝑆𝑂4 2− (aq)
Hence 𝐻3 𝑂+ = 2 x c =2 x 0.01 = 2 x 10−2 M.
pH = -𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐻3 𝑂+
pH = -𝑙𝑜𝑔10[ 2 x 10−2 ]
pH = -𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2 - 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 10−2
pH = -𝑙𝑜𝑔10 2 +2
pH = 2-0.3010
pH = 1.699

ix) pH of a monobasic acid is 3.2 in its 0.02 M solution. Calculate its dissociation constant.
Given : pH of weak monobasic acid = 3.2 (2 Marks)
[𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = ∝× 𝑐
Concentration of solution (c) = 0.02 M 𝐾𝑎 = ∝2 c
[ 𝐻3 𝑂 + ] 6.310 𝑥 10−4
∝= 𝑐
= 0.02
= 3.16 x 10−2
Find : Dissociation constant (𝐾𝑎 ) 𝐾𝑎 = (3.16 x 10−2 ) 2 x 0.02
i) pH = - 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] 𝐾𝑎 = 2.0 x 10−5
𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = - 3.2 Dissociation constant of the acid is
= -3 -0.2 +1 -1 2.0 x 𝟏𝟎−𝟓
= (-3-1)+1-0.2
= -4 +0.8 =4.8
Antilog of 4.8 = 6.310
A weak monobasic acid HA dissociates as
HA + 𝐻2 𝑂 𝐻3 𝑂+ (aq) + 𝐴− (aq)

Salt
Salt is an ionic substance produced in the neutralization of a base by an acid.
NaOH + HCl NaCl + 𝐻2 O
base acid salt water
Types of salts:-
1) Salts derived from strong acid and strong base.
2) Salts derived from strong acid and weak base.
3) Salts derived from weak acid and strong base.
4) Salts derived from weak acid and weak base.
Concept hydrolysis
Hydrolysis :- It is a reaction in which the cations and anions OR both the ions of a salt
react with ions of salt react with ions of water to produce acidity OR alkalinity OR
neutrality.
𝑵𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒉𝒚𝒅𝒓𝒐𝒍𝒚𝒔𝒆𝒅
Degree of hydrolysis = 𝒏𝒖𝒎𝒃𝒆𝒓 𝒐𝒇 𝒎𝒐𝒍𝒆𝒔 𝒅𝒊𝒔𝒔𝒐𝒍𝒗𝒆𝒅

1) Salts of strong acids and strong bases
• NaCl is a salt of strong acid HCl and strong base NaOH When it is dissolved in
water, it dissociates into its ions.
NaCl(aq) 𝑁𝑎+(aq) + 𝐶𝑙 − (aq)
• The ions 𝑁𝑎 + and 𝐶𝑙 − have no tendency to react with water.
This is because Possible products, NaOH and HCl of such reactions are strong
electrolytes and dissociate completely in aqueous solutions.
In other words,
𝑁𝑎+ (aq) + 𝐶𝑙 −(aq) + 𝐻2 O HCl(aq) + NaOH(aq)
Strong acid Strong base
NaOH(aq) + HCl(aq) + 𝐻2 O 𝐻3 𝑂+ (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎+ (aq) + 𝐶𝑙 −(aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (aq)
Thus the reactants and products are same. This implies that neither cations nor anions
of the salt reacts with water or there is no hydrolysis.

• [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = [𝑂𝐻− ] ions are same after ionization of water.
• Thus the solution is neutral . It may conclude that salt of strong acid and strong
base does not undergoes hydrolysis.
2) Salts of strong acids and weak bases
• CuS𝑂4 is salts of strong acid 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 and weak base Cu(𝑂𝐻)2 . When CuS𝑂4 is
dissolved in water, it dissociates completely as,
CuS𝑂4 (aq) 𝐶𝑢2+(aq) + 𝑆𝑂4 2− (aq)
• 𝑆𝑂4 2− ions of salt have no tendency to react with water because the possible
product 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 is strong electrolyte.
• The 𝐶𝑢2+ ions reacts with 𝑂𝐻 − ions and form un-ionized Cu(𝑂𝐻)2 .The
hydrolytic equilibrium is written as,
𝐶𝑢2+ 𝑎𝑞 + 4𝐻2 O(aq) Cu(𝑂𝐻)2 (aq) + 2𝐻3 𝑂+ (aq)
Due to presence of excess of 𝐻3 𝑂+ ions, the resulting solution of CuS𝑂4 becomes
acidic and turns blue litmus red.

3) Salts of weak acids and strong bases.
• 𝐶𝐻3 COONa is a salt of weak acid 𝐶𝐻3 COOH and strong base NaOH, when
it is dissolved in water. It dissociates completely as.
𝐶𝐻3 COONa (aq ) 𝐶𝐻3 CO𝑂− 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑁𝑎+(aq)
• Water dissociates slightly as,
𝐻2 O(l) + 𝐻2 O(l) 𝐻3 𝑂+ (aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (aq)
• The solution of 𝐶𝐻3 COONa contains four ions
𝐶𝐻3 CO𝑂− , 𝑁𝑎+ , 𝐻3 𝑂+ , 𝑂𝐻 − .
• The 𝑁𝑎+ ions of salt have no tendency to reacts with 𝑂𝐻− ions of water because
the interaction would produce strong base NaOH.

On the other hand the reaction of 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− ions of salt with the 𝐻3 𝑂+ions from water
produces un-ionised 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻.
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (aq) + 𝐻2 O(l) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (aq)
Thus ,the hydrolytic equilibrium for 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎 is
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝑎(aq) + 𝐻2 O(l) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝐻(aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (aq) + 𝑁𝑎+ (aq)
Thus ,The solution contains excess of 𝑂𝐻 − ions ,and the solution becomes basic .
4) Salts of weak acids and weak bases
• When salt BA of weak acid HA and weak base BOH is dissolved in water , it
dissociates completely as
BA(aq) 𝐵 + (aq) + 𝐴− (aq)
• Water dissociates very slightly as
𝐻2 O(aq) 𝐻+ (aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (aq)

The hydrolysis reaction involves the interaction of both ions of salt with the ions of
water
𝐵 + (aq) + 𝐴− (aq) + 𝐻2 O(aq) BOH + HA
weak base weak acid
The solution may be acidic, basic, or neutral depending on the relative strength of
weak base and weak acid formed in the hydrolysis.
1) if 𝐾𝑎 > 𝐾𝑏 ,the solution will be acidic.

2) if 𝐾𝑎 < 𝐾𝑏 , the solution will be basic.
3) if 𝐾𝑎 = 𝐾𝑏 , the solution will be neutral.

1) Salts of weak acid and weak base for which 𝑲𝒂 > 𝑲𝒃 .
• N𝐻4 F is a salt of weak acid HF and weak base N𝐻4 OH. When N𝐻4 F is dissolved
in water, it undergoes hydrolysis as,
𝑁𝐻4 + (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐹 − (𝑎𝑞 )+ 𝐻2 O N𝐻4 OH(aq) + HF(aq)
Weak base Weak acid
• The acid HF is slightly stronger than base N𝐻4 OH.
𝐾𝑎 𝑜𝑓 𝐻𝐹= 7.2 × 10−4 𝑎𝑛𝑑 N𝐻4 OH =0.18× 10−4 .
• The two ions react with water as
1) 𝑁𝐻4 + (aq) + 𝐻2 O(l) 𝑁𝐻4 OH(aq) + 𝐻 + (aq) -----(1)
2) 𝐹 − (aq) + 𝐻2 O(l) HF(aq) + 𝑂𝐻− (aq) -------(2)
The 𝑁𝐻4 + ion hydrolyses to a slightly greater extent than 𝐹 −ions.
The reaction (1) produces more 𝐻 + ions than 𝑂𝐻− ions produced in reaction (2)
Hence solution of 𝑁𝐻4 F is slightly acidic and turns blue litmus red.

2) Salts of weak acid and weak base for which 𝑲𝒂 < 𝑲𝒃
NH4 CN is salt of weak acid HCN and weak base 𝑁𝐻4 OH.
𝐾𝑎 of HCN = 4.0 × 10−10 and
𝐾𝑏 of 𝑁𝐻4 OH = 1.8 × 10−5
• When 𝑁𝐻4 CN is dissloved in water, it undergoes hydrolysis as.
𝑁𝐻4 + (𝑎𝑞)+ 𝐶𝑁 − (𝑎𝑞)+ 𝐻2 𝑂(l) 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) + HCN (aq)
weak base weak acid
• The base 𝑁𝐻4 OH is stronger than the acid HCN.
• The ions of salt react with water as
1) 𝑁𝐻4 + (aq) + 𝐻2 𝑂(l) 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 (aq) +𝐻3 𝑂+ (aq) -----(1)
2) 𝐶𝑁 −(aq) + 𝐻2 𝑂(l) HCN(aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (aq) -------(2)

• The 𝐶𝑁 − ions hydrolyse to a greater extent than 𝑁𝐻4 + ions.
• The reaction (2) produces more 𝑂𝐻 − ions than the 𝐻 + ions in reaction (1)
The solution of 𝑁𝐻4 CN is therefore is basic and turns red litmus blue.

3) Salt of weak acid and weak base 𝑲𝒂 =𝑲𝒃
CH3 COONH4 is a salt of weak acid C𝐻3 COOH and weak base 𝑁𝐻4 OH.
• C𝐻3 COOH = 𝐾𝑎 =1.8 × 10−5and N𝐻4 OH = 𝐾𝑏 = 1.8 × 10−5 .
• When the salt C𝐻3 COO𝑁𝐻4 is dissolved in water, it undergoes hydrolysis as,
C𝐻3 CO𝑂− (aq) + 𝑁𝐻4 + (aq) +𝐻2 O(l) C𝐻3 COOH (aq) + N𝐻4 OH(aq)
weak acid weak base
• Two ions of salt react with water as
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻2 𝑂(l) 𝐶𝐻3 COOH(aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (aq) ----(1)
𝑁𝐻4 + (aq) + 𝐻2 O(l) 𝑁𝐻4 OH(aq) + 𝐻 + (aq) ----(2)
• As 𝐾𝑎 = 𝐾𝑏 Thus the relative strength of acid and base are equal. Therefore the
solution is neutral.
• The relative strength of 𝑁𝐻4 OH and 𝐶𝐻3 COOH are equal . 𝑁𝐻4 + ions produce
exactly as many 𝐻 + ions in reaction (2) as 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− ions produce 𝑂𝐻− ions in the
reaction (1) Hence, the solution of 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂𝑁𝐻4 is neutral due to hydrolysis. No
action on litmus paper.
Buffer solution
• Buffer solution is a solution which resists(prevent) drastic changes in pH when a
small amount of strong acid OR strong base OR water added to it.
• Types of buffer solutions
There are two types of buffer solutions
Acidic buffer used to maintain an acidic pH, while basic buffer maintains alkaline pH.
1) Acidic buffer solution – A solution containing a weak acid and its salts with
strong base is called an acidic buffer solution.
Example:-
• A solution containing weak acid such as 𝐶𝐻3 COOH and its salt such as
𝐶𝐻3 COONa is an acidic buffer solution.
• pH of acidic buffer is given by equation
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
• pH = 𝑝𝐾𝑎 +𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝑎𝑐𝑖𝑑] Where 𝑝𝐾𝑎 = -𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐾𝑎
and 𝐾𝑎 is the dissociation constant of acid.
2) Basic buffer solution – A solution containing a weak base and its salt with strong
acid is the basic buffer.
Example:-
• A solution containing a weak base such as 𝑁𝐻4 OH and its salt such as 𝑁𝐻4 Cl is
a basic buffer solution.
• The pOH of basic buffer is given by
[𝑠𝑎𝑙𝑡]
• pOH = 𝑝𝐾𝑏 + 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝑏𝑎𝑠𝑒] Henderson Hasselbalch equation
Where, 𝑝𝐾𝑏 = -𝑙𝑜𝑔10 𝐾𝑏
𝑎𝑛𝑑 𝐾𝑏 is the dissociation constant for base.

Buffer action
• Consider sodium acetate – acetic acid buffer. Here sodium acetate is a strong
electrolyte which dissociates completely in water producing large concentration of
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− as follows :
𝐶𝐻3 COONa(aq) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (aq) + 𝑁𝑎+(aq)
• On the other hand the acetic acid is weak acid, the concentration of un- dissociated
𝐶𝐻3 COOH molecules is usually high.
• If strong acid is added to this solution the added 𝐻+ ions will be consumed by the
conjugate base 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− present in large concentration.
• Similarly, if small amount of base is added ,the added 𝑂𝐻 − ions will be neutralized
by the large concentration of acetic acid.

This shown by following reactions -
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (aq) + 𝐻+ (aq) 𝐶𝐻3 COOH(aq)
(large concentration) (added acid)
𝐶𝐻3 COOH (aq) + 𝑂𝐻− (aq) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (aq) + 𝐻2 O(l)
(large concentration) (added acid)
The acid OR base added thus can not change the [𝐻+ ] OR [𝑂𝐻− ] concentration
and pH of the buffer remains unchanged.
Dilution does not have any effect on pH of buffer. This is because the
concentration ratio in above equation remains same. The dilution does not change
this ratio.

Properties of buffer solution
The pH of buffer solution does not change appreciably
1)by addition of small amount of either strong acid or strong base.
2)Its pH does not change on dilution.
3) pH of buffer solution remains constant even if it is keep for long time.

Applications of buffer solution
1) In biological system – pH of blood in our body is maintained between 7.36 – 7.42

due to (𝐻𝐶𝑂3 − +𝐻2 𝐶𝑂3 ) buffer. A mere change of 0.2 pH units can cause death.
The saline solution used for intravenous injection must contain buffer system to
maintain the proper pH of the blood.
2) Agriculture – The soil gets buffered due to presence of salts such as carbonate,
bicarbonate, phosphates, and organic acids. The choice of fertilizers depends upon pH
of soil.
3) Industry – Buffers play an important role in paper, dye, ink, paint and drug
industries.
4) Medicine – Penicillin preparations are stabilized by addition of sodium citrate as
buffer. When citric acid added to milk of magnesia (Mg (𝑂𝐻2 ), magnesium citrate is
formed, which is a buffer.

5) Analytical chemistry – In qualitative analysis, a pH of 8 to 10 is required for
precipitation of cations of IIIA group. It is maintained with the use of
𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 + 𝑁𝐻4 𝐶𝑙 buffer.

Solubility and solubility product
• Solubility – The amount of solute dissolved in a given volume of solvent to
form saturated solution at a given temperature is termed as solubility.
• Solubility product – When a saturated solution of a sparingly soluble salt is in
contact with some of its un- dissolved salt, There is equilibrium between the
dissolved ions and the un- dissolved solid salt is known as solubility product.
• The solubility product of a compound is the product of the equilibrium conc. of
its constituent ions in the saturated solution at a given temperature, with the conc.
of each ion raised to the power of its coefficient in the balanced equilibrium
equation.

Explanation:– For a sparingly soluble salts (less soluble) like AgCl, 𝐵𝑎𝑆𝑂4 ,ionization
is very small and concentration of salt may be considered as constant.
Thus for AgCl
AgCl(s) 𝐴𝑔+ (aq) + 𝐶𝑙 − (aq)
The equilibrium constant is given by,
[𝐴𝑔]+ [𝐶𝑙− ]
K= [𝐴𝑔𝐶𝑙]
• The concentration of un-dissolved solid AgCl is constant.
that is [AgCl] = constant = 𝐾 ,
[𝐴𝑔+ ][𝐶𝑙 − ]
K = 𝐾,
K × 𝐾 , =[𝐴𝑔+ ][𝐶𝑙−]
That is K × 𝐾 , = 𝐾𝑠𝑝 = [𝐴𝑔+ ][𝐶𝑙− ]
The product of K and 𝐾 , is another constant and is called solubility product , that is
product of concentration of ions in saturated solution. It is denoted by 𝐾𝑠𝑝 .
For the general salt solubility equilibrium
𝐵𝑥 𝐴𝑦 (s) 𝑥𝐵 𝑦+ (aq) + 𝑦𝐴𝑥− (aq)
• The solubility product is
𝑥 𝑦
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = [𝐵 𝑦+] [𝐴𝑥−]
• Example:-
1) BaS𝑂4 (s) 𝐵𝑎2+ (aq) + 𝑆𝑂4 2− (aq)
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = [𝐵𝑎2+ ][𝑆𝑂4 2− ]
2) Ca𝐹2 (s) 𝐶𝑎2+(aq) + 2𝐹 − (aq)
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = 𝐶𝑎2+ [𝐹 −2]
3) 𝐵𝑖2 𝑆3(𝑠) 3𝐵𝑖 3+ (aq) + 3𝑆 2− (aq)
2 3
𝐾𝑠𝑝 = [𝐵𝑖 3+] [𝑆 2−]

Relationship between solubility and solubility product
• The solubility of a compound is the amount in grams that dissolves per unit
volume.
• Molar solubility -The number of moles of a compound that dissolve to give one
litre of saturated solution is called its molar solubility.
𝒎𝒐𝒍 𝑺𝒐𝒍𝒖𝒃𝒊𝒍𝒊𝒕𝒚 𝒊𝒏 𝒈/𝑳
• Molar Solubility 𝑳
= 𝑴𝒐𝒍𝒂𝒓 𝒎𝒂𝒔𝒔 𝒊𝒏 𝒈/𝒎𝒐𝒍
• Consider the solubility equilibrium for 𝐵𝑥 𝐴𝑦 ,
• 𝐵𝑥 𝐴𝑦(𝑠) x𝐵 𝑦+ (aq) + y𝐴𝑥− (aq)
The solubility product is given by
𝐾𝑠𝑝 =[𝐵 𝑦+ ]𝑥 [𝐴𝑥− ]𝑦
If S is the molar solubility of the compound ,the equilibrium concentration of the ions
in the saturated solution is
𝑚𝑜𝑙 𝑚𝑜𝑙
[𝐵 𝑦+ ] = xS [𝐴𝑥− ] = xS
𝐿 𝐿
Substituting in previous equation
𝐾𝑠𝑝 =[𝑥𝑆]𝑥 [𝑦𝑆]𝑦 = 𝑥 𝑥 𝑦 𝑦 𝑆 𝑥+𝑦
Example :- For AgBr, AgBr(s) 𝐴𝑔+(aq) + 𝐵𝑟 − (aq)
Here x = 1, y = 1 𝐾𝑠𝑝 =S × S = 𝑆 2 .
• Condition of precipitation
• Ionic product (IP) of an electrolyte is defined in the same way as solubility
product( 𝐾𝑠𝑝 ).
• Ionic product expression contains concentration of ions under any condition
whereas expression of 𝐾𝑠𝑝 contains only equilibrium concentration .
• If a) IP = 𝐾𝑠𝑝 ; the solution is saturated and solubility equilibrium exists.
b) IP > 𝐾𝑠𝑝 ;the solution is supersaturated and hence precipitation of the
compound will occur.
c) IP < 𝐾𝑠𝑝 ; the solution is unsaturated and precipitation will not occur.

Common Ion Effect
• The suppression of the degree of dissociation of a weak acid or weak base by the
addition of strong electrolyte containing a common ions is called common ion
effect.
• Common ion :– A ion common to two OR more electrolytes in the solution is
called common ion.
Example :– A mixture of 𝐶𝐻3 COOH and 𝐶𝐻3 COONa has common ion
𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− .
• Effect of common ion :– In the presence of a common ion, the dissociation of a
weak electrolyte is suppressed which is in accordance with Le Chatelier’s
principle.

• Consider a solution of 𝐶𝐻3 COOH, it dissociates as
𝐶𝐻3 COOH(aq) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻 + (aq)
• When 𝐶𝐻3 COONa is added, due to common ion 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− , the equilibrium is
shifted to left suppressing the dissociation of 𝐶𝐻3 COOH.
𝐶𝐻3 COONa(aq) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝑁𝑎+(aq)
𝐶𝐻3 COOH(aq) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− (𝑎𝑞) + 𝐻 + (aq)

𝐶𝐻3 COONa (aq) 𝐶𝐻3 𝐶𝑂𝑂− 𝑎𝑞 + 𝑁𝑎+ (aq)
common ion and equilibrium shifts to left side.

• Similarly dissociation of weak base 𝑁𝐻4 OH ,it ionizes as
𝑁𝐻4 OH(aq) 𝑁𝐻4 + (aq) + 𝑂𝐻− (aq)
• When solid 𝑁𝐻4 Cl is added ,due to common ion 𝑁𝐻4 + ,
the equilibrium is shifted to left suppressing the dissociation of 𝑁𝐻4 OH.
𝑁𝐻4 Cl(aq) 𝑁𝐻4 + (aq) + 𝐶𝑙 − (aq)
𝑁𝐻4 OH(aq) 𝑁𝐻4 + (aq) + 𝑂𝐻− (aq)

𝑁𝐻4 Cl(aq) 𝑁𝐻4 + (aq) + 𝐶𝑙 − (aq)
Due to common ion equilibrium shifts to left side.

Multiple choice questions:- (Each 1 mark)
1) Ostwald’s dilution law is obeyed by the solution of
a) HCl b) NaOH c) 𝐶𝐻3 COOH d) Ca𝐶𝑙2
2)Which of the following species can behaves as an acid and a base
a) 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4 b) 𝐶𝑂3 2− c) 𝐻𝑆𝑂4 − d) 𝑁𝑎2 𝐶𝑂3
3) The solubility products of AgCl is 4× 10−4 mol 𝑑𝑚−3 .Its solubility products will be
a) 16 × 10−7 𝑏)1.6 × 10 −7 𝑐)2 × 10−4 d) 2× 10−2
4) Blood in human body is highly buffered at pH of
a) 7.4 b) 7.0 c) 6.9 d) 8.1
5) Which of the following is a buffer solution ?
a) 𝐶𝐻3 COONa +NaCl in water b) 𝐶𝐻3 COOH +HCl in water
b) c) 𝐶𝐻3 COOH + 𝐶𝐻3 COONa d) HCl +𝑁𝐻4 Cl in water

Question 2) Answer the following in one sentence : (Each 1 mark)
a) Why cations are Lewis acids?
b) Write one property of a buffer solution.
c) Calculate the pH of 0.01 M sulfuric acid.
d) Why is KCl solution neutral to litmus?
e) The pH of a solution is 6.06 .Calculate its 𝐻 + ion concentration.
f) Classify the following buffers into different types
1) 𝐶𝐻3 COOH + 𝐶𝐻3 COONa
2) 𝑁𝐻4 OH + 𝑁𝐻4 Cl

Answer the following (Each 2 marks)
a) What is meant by conjugate acid –base pair ? Explain with suitable example.
b) Derive the equation pH + pOH =14
c) What are acids and bases according to Arrhenius theory ?
d) Derive the expression for Ostwald’s dilution law for 𝐶𝐻3 COOH.
e) What is degree of dissociation and dissociation constant of acids ?
Answer the following (Each 3 marks)
a) What is meant by hydrolysis ? A solution of C𝐻3 COON𝐻4 is neutral. why ?
b) Dissociation of HCN is suppressed by the addition of HCl. Explain.
c) Solubility of a sparingly soluble salt get affected in presence of a soluble salt
having one common ion. Explain.
d) Define buffer solution. Ammonia serves as Lewis base whereas Al𝐶𝑙3 is Lewis
acid .explain

Numerical problems:- (Each 2 marks)
1) pH of a weak monobasic acid is 3.2 in its 0.02 M solution .Calculate its dissociation
constants.
2) In NaOH solution [𝑂𝐻 − ]𝑖𝑠 2.87 × 10−4 . Calculate the pH of solution.
3) Acetic acid is 5% ionized in its decimolar solution. Calculate the dissociation
constant of acid.
4) The dissociation constant of 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 𝑖𝑠 1.8 × 10−5 . Calculate the degree of dissociation
in 0.08 M solution of 𝑁𝐻4 𝑂𝐻 . What is percentage dissociation ?
5) Calculate pH of 0.02 M 𝐻2 𝑆𝑂4
6) At 363 K ionic product of water is 1 × 10−12.What it is pH =?
7) Calculate 𝐻+ concentration of limca juice whose pH is 4.4.
8) Calculate solubility product of Mg(𝑂𝐻)2 at 298 k ,if its solubility is 3.42× 10−4mol
𝑑𝑚.−3
9) The solubility product of BaC𝑂3 is 1.96× 10−8 . Calculate its solubility in water.
10) The pH of 0.01 M 𝑁𝐻4 OH is 11.2 Calculate 1) Degree of dissociation
2) Dissociation constant of base.

Deleted Portion Due To COVID-19
For Feb/Mar 2021 HSC Exam
Sr.No. Page Number Sub-Point
1 47 3.1 Introduction
2 52 3.6.2 Acidity, basicity, neutrality of aqueous solution.
3 56 3.8.3 Properties od Buffer.
4 60 3.10.1 Common ion effect and solubility.

श्री स्िामी वििेकानंद शिक्षि संस्था, कोल्हापरू .
रसायनिास्र अभ्यास मंडळ
E – Content Prepared by -
Name of the teacher :- Prof. Dr. Sunita. P. Patil. (M.Sc. B.Ed. Ph.D)
Name of the college :- Vivekanand Jr. College,Kolhapur. Dist :- Kolhapur.
Mobile Number :- 9422489309
E- mail Address :- [email protected]

Ionic Equibria

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“ ज्ञान, विज्ञान आणि सस

श्री स्वामी वववेकानंद शिक्षण संस्था, कोल्हापूर.

• The principles of chemical equilibrium was studied in XI standard.

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

According to Arrhenius theory acids and bases are defined as

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

conjugate acid-base pair1

HCl(aq) + 𝐻2 O(l) 𝐻3 𝑂+(aq) + 𝐶𝑙 − (aq)

conjugate acid-base pair2

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Strong acids and strong bases:-

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

2) N𝐻4 𝑂𝐻(𝑎𝑞) 𝑁𝐻4 + (aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (𝑎𝑞)

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

This conclude that the degree of dissociation of weak acid is inversely

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

BOH(aq) 𝐵+ (aq) + 𝑂𝐻− (aq)

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

• pH :- The pH of a solution is the negative logarithm to the base 10, of the

• Mathematically, the pH of solution is expressed as

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

• The ionic product of water is

• [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] [𝑂𝐻− ] = 1.0 × 10−14

Taking logarithm of both sides, we write

−𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] - 𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝑂𝐻− ] = 14 −𝑙𝑜𝑔10 [𝐻3 𝑂+ ] = pH

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

1)Acidic solution – In acidic solution , there is excess of 𝐻3 𝑂+ ions,

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Q2. vi ) The pH of a solution is 6.06 . Calculate its 𝐻 + ion concentration. (2 Mark)

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

1) if 𝐾𝑎 > 𝐾𝑏 ,the solution will be acidic.

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

Shri Swami Vivekanand Shikshan Sanstha , Kolhapur

2) 𝐶𝑁 −(aq) + 𝐻2 𝑂(l) HCN(aq) + 𝑂𝐻 − (aq) -------(2)