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CHAPTER I

INTRODUCTION

Background of the Study

Document examination is the process of analyzing a document to determine its

authenticity, source, content, and other relevant information. It involves the examination

of physical and/or digital documents, such as handwriting, signatures, ink, paper, printing

methods, and other features. The goal of document examination is to provide evidence

that can help to resolve disputes, establish facts, or assist in investigations or legal

proceedings. This field is often used in forensic science, where document examiners may

be called upon to examine documents related to criminal investigations, but it can also be

used in a variety of other contexts, such as in civil lawsuits, financial disputes, and

historical research. It plays a crucial role in the administration of justice, as it can provide

critical information to aid in investigations and legal proceedings.

Questioned document examination plays a significant role in the administration of

justice. It is a field of forensic science that involves the analysis and comparison of

documents to determine their authenticity, origin, and authorship. It is used in various

legal and investigative contexts, including criminal investigations, civil litigation, fraud

cases, will disputes, insurance claims, and historical document analysis. It plays a crucial

role in assisting the justice system by providing objective scientific analysis to determine

the authenticity and integrity of documents (Guimaraes, 2018).

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Administration of Justice encompasses a growing interest among academics,

justice practitioners and public managers regarding managerial and political practices

carried out in the justice system. Although relevant, this subject has been scarcely studied

by the management community. The justice system is engaged in the administration of

justice. The administration of justice requires a code or body of law against which certain

actions can be measured, a mechanism that can interpret the law and decide whether a

person’s actions can be deemed to have transgressed the law, and an agency that can

uphold the law and enforce decisions regarding the legality or illegality of a person’s

actions (ADB, 2009)

Questioned document examination is an important aspect of forensic science in

the Philippines. The country has several forensic laboratories and trained experts who

specialize in examining and analyzing questioned documents. It is of paramount

importance in the administration of justice in the Philippines. It helps establish document

authenticity, identify fraud or forgery, determine authorship, provide expert testimony,

prevent injustice, and support criminal investigations and civil litigation. By ensuring the

integrity and reliability of document evidence, questioned document examination

contributes to the fair and equitable resolution of legal matters (Filho, 2018).

Overall, questioned document examination serves as a valuable tool in the

administration of justice. By providing expert analysis and opinions on document

authenticity, authorship, and alterations, it helps establish the truth, prevent fraud, and

ensure a fair legal process.

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With this background at hand, the researchers ventured to determine the

significance of question document examination in the administration of justice. It is a

challenging duty for the administration of justice in the office of North Cotabato

Provincial Forensic Unit (NCPFU), Kidapawan City in their capacity as enforcers of the

law in determining the level of their question document examination to establish the

truth, prevent fraud, and ensure a fair legal process.

Statement of the Problem

This study is conducted to determine the significance of question document

examination in the administration of justice. Specifically, it aims to answer the following

question:

1. What are the Socio-Demographic Profile of the respondents as of age, sex,

educational attainment, marital status, rank, length of service and eligibility?

2. What is the level of significance of question document examination in the

administration of justice in terms of;

2.1 Document Authentication,

2.2 Establishing Authorship,

2.3 Expert Testimony,

2.4 Forgery Detection, and

2.5 Crime Investigations

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3. What is the level of significance of administration of justice to question

document examination in terms of;

3.1 Accuracy and Reliability of Analysis

3.2 Adherence to Established Forensic Standards

3.3 Expertise of the Examiner

4. Is there a significant relationship between question document examination in

the administration of justice?

Objectives of the Study

The general objective of the study is to determine the significance of question

document examination in the administration of justice. Specifically, it aims to attain the

following objectives:

1. To determine the the Socio-Demographic Profile of the respondents as of age,

sex, educational attainment, marital status, rank, length of service and eligibility .

2. To determine the level of significance of question document examination in the

administration of justice in terms of;

2.1 Document Authentication,

2.2 Establishing Authorship,

2.3 Expert Testimony,

2.4 Forgery Detection, and

2.5 Crime Investigations

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4. To determine the level of significance of administration of justice to question

document examination in terms of;

3.1 Accuracy and Reliability of Analysis

3.2 Adherence to Established Forensic Standards

3.3 Expertise of the Examiner

4. To determine the significant relationship between the question document

examination in the administration of justice?

Significance of the Study

The result of the Study will be beneficial to the following group of sectors:

To the Administration of Justice in the office of North Cotabato Provincial

Forensic Unit (NCPFU), Kidapawan City. This research will assist them in

determining the level of significance of question document examination in the

administration of justice.

To the Community of Kidapawan City. The study will enlighten and aware

them about the questioned document examination that helps establish document

authenticity, identify fraud or forgery, determine authorship, provide expert testimony,

prevent injustice, and support criminal investigations and civil litigation.

To the Community Outside in Kidapawan City. The study will give them

knowledge and awareness in the questioned document examination that serves as a

valuable tool in the administration of justice. By providing expert analysis and opinions
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on document authenticity, authorship, and alterations, it helps establish the truth, prevent

fraud, and ensure a fair legal process.

To the Researchers. This research will inform and give them knowledge about

the significance of question document examination in the administration of justice.

To the Future Researchers. This research will be used as a guide for future

researches.

Scope and Limitation of the Study

The scope of this study is to determine the level of the significance of question

document examination in the administration of justice. Moreover, the respondent of this

study is ten (10) officers in the administration of justice in the office of North Cotabato

Provincial Forensic Unit (NCPFU), Kidapawan City. The study focused on the socio-

demographic profile of the respondents in terms of sex, age, educational attainment,

marital status and religion. It also seeks to determine the level of the significance of

question document examination in the administration of justice.

Operational Definition of Terms

The following terms are defined operationally to be easily understood:

Question Document Examination. It is a forensic science discipline pertaining

to documents that are potentially disputed in a court of law.

Administration of Justice. The process by which the legal system of a government is

executed. The presumed goal of such an administration is to provide justice for all

those accessing the legal system.

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Conceptual Framework

Figure 1 shows the conceptual framework of this study, the dependent

variable is the Administration of Justice while the independent variable is the

question document examination. The variables are thus, classified in figure 1

below.

Independent Variable Dependent Variable

Question Document
Examination Administration of Justice

1.1 Document Authentication 1.1 Accuracy and Reliability of

Analysis
1.2 Establishing Authorship
1.2 Adherence to Established
1.3 Expert Testimony
Standards
1.4 Forgery Detection
1.3 Expertise of the Examiner
1.5 Crime Investigations

Figure 1. Conceptual Framework

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Theoretical Framework

The research in the significance of question document examination in

administration of justice uses theoretical frameworks from several fields of

knowledge. We discuss below the application of the institutional and economic

approaches to support research in this field.

Institutional theories in their different realms allow us to understand how

justice organizations become institutionalized over time and how this process of

institutionalization brings stability and legitimacy to organizations and to the

system as a whole. The institutional approach can be used to explain many of the

innovations and institutional changes that occur in the justice system. It can also

explain the causes of institutional isomorphism, a concept that holds that

organizations that are part of the same field tend to become more homogeneous

over time, as they experience similar pressures from their environment

(DiMaggio and Powell, 1983; Scott, 1995). In additional, Institutional theory has

been widely used in studies in Brazil (Guarido Filho and Machado-da-Silva,

2010) but has rarely been applied to justice organizations.

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Economic theories are also relevant for studying the administration of

justice, in particular agency theory, transaction costs and resource dependency

theories and, at the strategic level, resource-based theory. These approaches are

useful, for example, for research related to governance and performance of courts

and other justice system organizations. Sousa (2017) and Gomes et al. (2017)

have all applied these theories in research into judicial administration.

The theory of individuality suggests that no two individuals have identical

writing or handwriting characteristics. Each person develops unique writing

habits, patterns, and idiosyncrasies that can be used to differentiate one person's

writing from another. Questioned document examiners rely on this theory to

establish authorship by comparing known writing samples with questioned

documents (Headrick, 1999).

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CHAPTER II

REVIEW OF RELATED LITERATURE

A comprehensive and systematic literature review of published research of

international literature in the field of the significance of question document examination

in the administration of justice. Studies on all levels of geography – national, provincial,

or municipal – were considered for review. Particular attention to analytical research that

looked into the actual questions asked on surveys, their meaning and whether they

measure what they are supposed to measure. Analysis focused on the significance of

question document examination in the administration of justice.

Question Document Examination

The questioned document examination is a specialization for forensic scientists.

Unidentified handwritten or printed materials are compared with authentic papers, known

as exemplars, to determine authorship (Agius et al., 2017). Analysis is conducted on

additions, substitutions, adjustments and indentations found within handwriting, paper,

ink, print and electronic media (Agius et al., 2017). Documents examined may consist of
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checks, wills, suicide notes, insurance policies, deeds, ransom notes or business papers.

Forensic document examiners combine handwriting, paper and ink analysis to convict

suspects.

Questioned document scientists interpret evidence as either class or individual.

Class characteristics are generalized -- seen throughout a population-- while individual

characteristics are specific to one person, instrument or method (Agius et al., 2017).

When a shift is made from class features to individual qualities, the probability for

determining the creator of a document escalates. Class characteristics are not precise, but

rather common throughout the world, which can lead to incorrect accusations being

formed. Individual characteristics must be identified to convict the correct person (Agius

et al., 2017). These unique attributions include handwriting routines, paper modifications

and ink aging, solidifying the accuracies of an arrest (Agius et al., 2017). Examination of

documents requires patience, diligence and efficiency to locate personalized

characteristics, in order to verify the information obtained is in fact valid.

Questioned document experts ponder a series of thoughts prior to unknown

analysis for furthering examination processes and arriving at supported results. Scientists

work to determine the author of a document, time frame the paper and ink were

produced, if any alterations were made to the note and consistency between the

unidentified handwriting to known samples (Beck, 2019). Complete analysis occurs in

laboratories, away from the crime scene, except for ransom and bank robbery notes

(Beck, 2019). Immigration and border control also require immediate investigation of

paper authenticity and security, by placing laboratories directly at the site of question
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(Guide for the Development, 2020). If there is a possibility for innocent lives and

property to be at risk, the crime scene unit must decide which documents to prioritize and

which evidence to save for future analysis.

The order in which evidence is examined is vital for proper analytical procedures.

Pictures must be taken before any materials are investigated, for documentation purposes

(Evidence Submission, 2019). If additional changes are made, they must be recorded and

further processed through a compilation of photographs (Muth, 2019).

Questioned document examination is prioritized in relation to damaging

evidentiary inspections including fingerprints, biological materials, drug evidence and

shoe impressions (Dunlap, 2018). This is due to the fact that papers are extremely

delicate and the introduction of small markings with excessive handling may result in

evidential analysis complications (Evidence Submission, 2019). Unnecessary contact

with documents can result in hindrance of writing, paper or ink investigation, resulting in

a case remaining unsolved or incorrectly closed.

Once the examiner is satisfied with the assessment, there is a distribution of this

evidence throughout the crime laboratory. A specialized system was created in Australia

called the National Forensic Rapid Laboratory, which results in all sections of the crime

laboratory investigating evidence at a recurring time (Agius et al., 2017). This process is

used to solve current cases, cold cases and related cases. Courtroom knowledge is

enhanced through expert witness accounts on the examination and comparison of

evidence throughout the crime laboratory (Agius et al., 2017). The succession of
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evidence collection, processing and filing are critical for maintaining proper preservation

techniques.

Significance of Question Document Examination in the Administration of Justice

“The term ‘justice’ has become a household word such that whenever it is

mentioned or used, it almost always does not need any definition. Phrase such as ‘justice

delayed is justice denied’ and ‘the court is the last hope of the common man’ have

become rife. Suffice it to say, though, that justice is the fair treatment of people; the

quality of being fair or reasonable; the legal system by which people and their causes are

judged; the fair and proper administration of laws (Garner, 2019).

Administration is an applied area, and research into administration of justice

could contribute to both the consolidation of knowledge and the improvement of

management practices in justice organizations (Guimaraes, 2018).

Meanwhile, Criminal justice system touches on all aspects of our lives and in

ways that most people might not think about. Criminal justice is important because it’s a

system that includes law enforcement, courts, prisons, counseling services, and a number

of other organizations and agencies that people come into contact with on a daily basis. In

short, simply because it is the system the touches the administration of justice

(N.U.,2022).
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However according to that when it comes to the administration of Justice, judges

are the only ones who have roles to play. Lawyers also have roles to play in ensuring that

justice is administered. And the importance of a competent, independent and impartial

judiciary in preserving and upholding the rule of law cannot be over-emphasized. Three

major things play an important role in sustaining the judicial system of a nation and by

extinction the administration of justice. The three things are the public confidence in the

independence of the judiciary, public confidence in the integrity of the judges that man

such courts and the impartiality and efficiency in the administration of justice.

(Garner,2019).

In Brazil, Guimaraes stated on his study that the challenge on the administration

of justice include the following, Complexity, Administrative penalties, Consequences that

cannot be undone, Delay and administrative drift, Poor decision making and human

frailty, Computerization, Executive power, Outsourced service delivery, Multiple agency

action and the diversity of the client population (McMillan, 2019).

In the Philippines, the administration of justice in the Philippines is challenging,

with many agencies and institutions playing critical roles. Reforms introduced in one

institution usually affect others. Conversely, the impact of reforms in one institution may

be weakened by the absence of reforms in another justice sector agency. While many

reports have studied individual justice sector institutions in the Philippines, it has been

difficult to find one that consolidates information about the justice sector as a whole

(ADB, 2019).
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Basically, the judicial system the front runner on the administration of justice but

it must always work in coordination with the other pillar of Justice system most specially

to the Criminal justice system to work effectively and speedily (Corpuz, 2020).

Questioned document examination plays a significant role in the administration of

justice. It is a field of forensic science that involves the analysis and comparison of

documents to determine their authenticity, origin, and authorship. Here are some of the

key significances of questioned document examination in the administration of justice:

Document Authentication

Questioned document examiners are trained to identify forged, altered, or

counterfeit documents. They examine various elements such as handwriting, signatures,

ink, paper, printing methods, and other characteristics to determine the authenticity of a

document. This helps in preventing fraud and ensuring the integrity of legal and financial

documents (Corpuz, 2020).

The concept of documentary authenticity has ancient roots. The word derives

from the Anglo-Norman, Old and Middle French, with reference to a thing (as a noun,

authenticum, originally and frequently a legal document), or a person (as an adjective,

denoting trustworthy, credible, genuine, or legally or duly qualified). Its etymon is the

Latin authenticus, referring to documents (2nd century a.d.), persons (3rd century a.d.),

and later coming to mean something or someone who is authoritative (from 8th century in

British sources), or a thing that is legally valid (12th century) (Oxford English

Dictionary, 2018).
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The authenticity of documents is fundamental to archival science, and enjoys a

centuries’ long theoretical foundation. Sir Hilary Jenkinson believed that archival

documents (i.e. records) were “authenticated by the fact of their official preservation”

(Jenkinson, 2017). To Jenkinson, records’ history of legitimate custody alone was a

sufficient predictor and guarantor of the trustworthiness of the material. However, the

relative archival utopia of the pre-World War II era was short-lived as the volume of

material destined to enter archives exploded. Writing 50 years later, Michael Cook

dismissed Jenkinson’s absolute faith in the documentary chain of custody (or perhaps the

assumption that such chain of custody could be presumed or demonstrated): “We no

longer believe, as Jenkinson did, that an archive’s value in research or as legal evidence

depends on our certainty that it has never left official custody” (Cook, 2018). Thus,

archival institutions cannot trust the records they intend to acquire solely on the basis of

their custodial history, but must test them for indications of their authenticity through

studying their provenance and elements of their form (diplomatics) (Cook, 2018).

Establishing Authorship

Questioned document examiners analyze handwriting, typewriting, printing, and

other aspects of a document to identify the author. This can be crucial in criminal cases

where the authorship of a threatening letter, ransom note, or forged document is in

question. By comparing known samples of writing or typing with the questioned

document, the examiner can provide expert opinions on the likelihood of a match

(Duranti, 2018).
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Authorship provides recognition among peers and establishes intellectual and

professional credibility, which contribute to career progression. In tandem with these

benefits, however, come responsibility and accountability for the dissemination of

research findings. Much biomedical research is undertaken for the explicit purpose of

supporting evidence‐based diagnostic and treatment decisions. It is crucial therefore that

those taking credit for the work have actually carried it out and are qualified to guarantee

the findings. This is easier said than done, because bringing a research project to fruition

often requires the contribution of a multidisciplinary team, which may make it difficult

for each author to guarantee the quality of research undertaken by others. Clinical trials

often cross institutional and international boundaries, so that the need to build

relationships for future collaboration has meant fostering goodwill among the many

players (Clir, 2020). This interdependency may encourage inappropriately assigned

authorship—for instance, by rewarding collaborators who achieve high recruitment rates

in trials. But rubberstamping someone's name on to your research paper in the hope that

they will return the favour is not the only problem affecting authorship. Two other forces

strongly affect the academic publication process: institutional politics and financial

competition (Clir, 2020).

In practice, various inducements have fostered authorship practices that fall short

of these standards. Junior investigators may believe that including senior colleagues as

authors will improve the credibility of their work and its chances of publication, whether

or not those colleagues have made substantial intellectual contributions to the work. They

may not want to offend their chiefs, who hold substantial power over their employment,
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research opportunities, and recommendations for jobs and promotion. Senior faculty

might wish to be seen as productive researchers even though their other responsibilities

prevent them from making direct contributions to their colleagues' work. They may have

developed their views of authorship when senior investigators were listed as authors

because of their logistic, financial, and administrative support alone (Mautt, 2017).

Forge Detection

Questioned document examination helps in detecting and exposing various forms

of forgery, such as forged signatures, altered dates, or manipulated documents. This is

particularly important in legal matters such as wills, contracts, and checks, where the

authenticity of a document is essential. The examination can involve analyzing

differences in handwriting strokes, ink, or other physical alterations to determine if a

document has been tampered with (Moses 2017).

Forgery is an ancient art. Egyptian law of several millennia ago endeavored to

curtail its spread by serious measures: "The punishment was directed more particularly

against the offending member; and adulterators of money, falsifiers of weights and

measures, forgers of seals or signatures, and scribes who altered any signed document by

erasures or additions, without the authority of the parties, were condemned to lose both

their hands." (Osborn, 2020).

Forgery became increasingly common as literacy advanced, and it became a

statutory (rather than common law) offense in England in 1562. At that time, the forger

could be fined, pilloried, mutilated (by having his ears cut off or his nostrils slit), or

punished by perpetual imprisonment and/or confiscation of land (Carson, 2018).

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Forgery detection, not eavesdropping protection, is the central concern for designs

to secure network protocol. This is because every accepted forgery of an encrypted frame

or datagram is a question whose answer can tell the adversary something about the

encryption key or plaintext data (Moses, 2021).

Crime Investigations

Questioned document examination often plays a crucial role in criminal

investigations. By analyzing documents found at crime scenes, such as ransom notes,

threatening letters, or anonymous messages, examiners can provide valuable insights.

They can assist in linking suspects to the crime through handwriting or document

characteristics and provide expert testimony in court. Criminal investigation is an applied

science that involves the study of facts that are then used to inform criminal trials. A

complete criminal investigation can include searching, interviews, interrogations,

evidence collection and preservation, and various methods of investigation (O’Hara,

2019). Modern-day criminal investigations commonly employ many modern scientific

techniques known collectively as forensic science.

Criminal investigation is an ancient science that may have roots as far back as c.

1700 BCE in the writings of the Code of Hammurabi. In the code, it is suggested that

both the accuser and the accused had the right to present evidence they collected

(Wolbert, 2019). In the modern era, criminal investigations are most often done by

government police forces. Private investigators are also commonly hired to complete or

assist in criminal investigations.

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An early recorded professional criminal investigator was the English constable.

Around 1250 CE, it was recorded that the constable was to "... record...matters of fact,

not matters of judgment and law" (Bratton, 2020).

Expert Testimony

Questioned document examiners are qualified as expert witnesses and can testify

in court regarding their findings. Their expertise and scientific analysis provide valuable

information to judges, juries, and legal professionals, helping them understand the

significance of document evidence and its implications for a case. Expert testimony is

presented in legal proceedings when a judge or jury needs assistance evaluating a

material fact in a court proceeding. In common law systems, expert testimony is usually

proffered by one of the parties. The evidence must be reliable, relevant to the case, more

probative than prejudicial, and must assist the trier of fact to be admissible. The fact

finder determines how much weight to accord the testimony. Although experts in civil

law systems are usually court-appointed, their opinions may not be binding on the judge

or judges presiding in the case. The history of empirical trial simulation research

examining the effects of expert testimony on juror judgments is reviewed (Innes, 2017).

The forensic expert practice is an ancient profession. For example, in

ancient Babylonia, midwives were used as experts in determining pregnancy, virginity

and female fertility. Similarly, the Roman Empire recognized midwives, handwriting

experts and land surveyors as legal experts (Simon, 2017). The codified use of expert

witnesses and the admissibility of their testimony and scientific evidence has developed

significantly in the Western court system over the last 250 years. The concept of allowing
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an expert witness to testify in a court setting and provide opinionated evidence on the

facts of other witnesses was first introduced by Lord Mansfield in the case of Folkes v.

Chadd in 1782. In this particular case, the court was hearing litigation regarding the

silting of Wells Harbor in Norfolk and allowed leading civil engineer, John Smeaton, to

provide scientific rationale behind the proposed legislation. The decision by the English

Court to allow for an expert to provide contextual background and detail on a case is

often cited as the root of modern rules on expert testimony (Dani, 2018).

Overall, questioned document examination serves as a valuable tool in the

administration of justice. By providing expert analysis and opinions on document

authenticity, authorship, and alterations, it helps establish the truth, prevent fraud, and

ensure a fair legal process. It is used in various legal and investigative contexts, including

criminal investigations, civil litigation, fraud cases, will disputes, insurance claims, and

historical document analysis. It plays a crucial role in assisting the justice system by

providing objective scientific analysis to determine the authenticity and integrity of

documents (Simon, 2017).

Significance of Administration of Justice in the Question Document Examination

The examination’s primary purpose is to provide evidence about suspicious or

questioned documents using a variety of scientific principles and methods. Document

examination might include alterations, obliterations, paper analysis, forgery, origin,

determining authenticity, or any other questions.

Accuracy and Reliability of Analysis

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According to Hilton (2019), the accuracy and reliability of analysis in the

administration of justice is vital to ensure that justice is served fairly and justly for all

parties involved. The justice system has a responsibility to uphold integrity and

credibility, and therefore, it is essential to prevent wrongful convictions and miscarriage

of justice. In this essay, we will explore the importance of accuracy and reliability in the

administration of justice, factors affecting accuracy and reliability in analysis, and

strategies to improve accuracy and reliability in analysis.

The importance of accuracy and reliability in the administration of justice cannot

be overstated. Accuracy and reliability ensure that justice is served fairly and justly for all

parties involved. When analysis is accurate and reliable, it upholds the integrity and

credibility of the justice system. It also prevents wrongful convictions and miscarriage of

justice, which can have devastating consequences for individuals and society. For

instance, in the United States, DNA evidence has exonerated over 375 individuals who

were wrongfully convicted, some of whom were on death row. This highlights the

importance of accuracy and reliability in analysis to ensure that justice is served justly

(Hilton, 2019).

Several factors can affect the accuracy and reliability of analysis in the

administration of justice. Human error in data collection, analysis, and interpretation can

lead to inaccurate results. Biases and prejudices of individuals involved in the justice

system can also affect the accuracy and reliability of analysis. For example, in a study of

fingerprint analysis, researchers found that examiners were more likely to make errors

when they knew the suspect's identity in advance. Inadequate training and technology in
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forensic analysis can also affect the accuracy and reliability of analysis. Therefore, it is

essential to address these factors to improve accuracy and reliability in analysis (Hilton,

2019).

Several strategies can be implemented to improve accuracy and reliability in

analysis. Standardization of protocols and procedures for data collection and analysis can

help to ensure consistency and accuracy. Implementation of quality control measures,

such as blind testing and peer review, can also help to ensure accuracy and reliability.

Continuous training and education for forensic analysts and justice system personnel can

also help to improve accuracy and reliability in analysis. For instance, the National

Institute of Justice (NIJ) provides training and education programs for forensic analysts to

improve their skills and knowledge (Hilton, 2019).

Hilton (2019) added that the accuracy and reliability of analysis in the

administration of justice is essential to ensure that justice is served fairly and justly for all

parties involved. Factors such as human error, biases and prejudices, and inadequate

training and technology can affect the accuracy and reliability of analysis. However,

strategies such as standardization of protocols and procedures, implementation of quality

control measures, and continuous training and education can help to improve accuracy

and reliability in analysis. By implementing these strategies, the justice system can

uphold its integrity and credibility and prevent wrongful convictions and miscarriage of

justice.

Adherence to Established Forensic Standards

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According to Ellen (2017) the administration of justice is a fundamental aspect of

any democratic society. Forensic science plays a crucial role in the administration of

justice by providing scientific evidence to support legal proceedings. However, the

reliability and accuracy of forensic evidence depend on adherence to established forensic

standards. This essay will provide an overview of forensic standards in the administration

of justice, analyze the challenges in adhering to these standards, and suggest strategies for

improving adherence to forensic standards.

Forensic standards are established guidelines that govern the collection, analysis,

and interpretation of forensic evidence. The purpose of these standards is to ensure that

forensic evidence is reliable, accurate, and admissible in legal proceedings. National and

international organizations have developed forensic standards to guide forensic

practitioners in their work. Examples of these standards include the International

Organization for Standardization (ISO) 17025, which provides guidelines for the

competence of testing and calibration laboratories, and the Scientific Working Group on

DNA Analysis Methods (SWGDAM) guidelines, which provide guidance on DNA

analysis.

Expertise of the Examiner

According to Morris (2020) the administration of justice is a critical component of

any society. It ensures the maintenance of law and order, as well as the protection of

individual rights and liberties. One key factor that influences the effectiveness of the

judicial system is the expertise of the examiner. An examiner's proficiency in various

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aspects of the law, including legal knowledge, analytical skills, and ethical conduct, is

essential for the fair and impartial administration of justice.

First and foremost, the expertise of the examiner lies in their deep understanding

of the law. This encompasses not only knowledge of statutes and legal principles but also

the ability to interpret and apply them to real-life situations. A competent examiner

should have a comprehensive understanding of both substantive and procedural law, as

well as familiarity with relevant precedents and legal theories. This expertise enables

them to make informed decisions and ensure that justice is served based on the merits of

each case (Morris, 2020).

Furthermore, the examiner's analytical skills play a significant role in the

administration of justice. They are responsible for critically evaluating evidence,

witnesses, and legal arguments presented in court. By carefully analyzing each element of

a case, an examiner can identify strengths and weaknesses in arguments, effectively

challenge or support evidence presented by parties, and ultimately arrive at fair and

impartial decisions. Their ability to dissect complex legal issues and present them in a

coherent manner is crucial to ensuring a just and efficient judicial process (Morris, 2020).

Moreover, ethical conduct is an essential characteristic of an examiner. Integrity

and impartiality are vital for upholding the principles of justice and maintaining public

trust in the legal system. An examiner must be guided by a strong ethical code, which

prohibits any form of bias or favoritism. They must treat all parties before the court fairly

and equitably, irrespective of their status or background. Additionally, they should act in

a manner that promotes public confidence in the judiciary and avoids any perception of
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impropriety. The adherence to a strict code of ethics is fundamental to the proper

administration of justice (Morris, 2020).

CHAPTER III

METHODOLOGY

This chapter will present the research method, locale and Respondents of the

study, Sampling size and Sampling Technique, Research Instrument, Research Procedure

and Statistical Tool.

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Research Design

The researchers will use the Descriptive Survey Method. This method includes

giving of survey questionnaires. This was used to describe and determine the significance

of question document examination in the administration of justice.

Locale and Respondents of the Study

The study will be conducted in Kidapawan City. The respondents of the study will

be 10 officers in the office of North Cotabato Provincial Forensic Unit (NCPFU),

Kidapawan City.

Sampling Size and Sampling Techniques

The sampling size of the study will be 10 officers in the Administration of Justice

in the office of North Cotabato Provincial Forensic Unit (NCPFU), Kidapawan City

particular. The technique to be used will be purposive sampling to identify the 10 persons

who serves as respondents of the study.

Research Procedure

The researchers will make permission letter noted by their adviser and will be

approve by the Dean of the Criminology Department and another permission letter will

be address on the head of Administration of Justice in the office of North Cotabato

 28

Provincial Forensic Unit (NCPFU), Kidapawan City. After the approval, the researchers

will gather respondents to facilitate the giving of the questionnaires.

The data for this research will be collected using survey questionnaires. The

survey will be created using suitable statements modified from related research and

individual statements formed by the researchers which are related to the significance of

question document examination in the administration of justice. The 10 questionnaires

will be distributed randomly to 10 respondents.

Statistical Tools

The data will be analyzed through descriptive statistics using frequency counts,

percentage and weighted means follows.

The following were the formula used:

1. Frequency and Percentage Computation

% = (f/n) x 100

Where: %= percentage

f= Frequence

N= Number of respondents

2. Weighted Mean
 29

∑ fx
X̄ =
∑f

Where = X̄ Weighted mean

fx= Sum of all products of f and x where f is the frequency of each score and x is the

weight of each score.

f= Sum of all the respondents,

3. Liker’s five-point scale was used to determine the preventive measures implement by

Kidapawan Police Office in detection and investigation of carnapping as Perceived by the

Philippine National police as follows:

Scale Description Index Interval

5 Strongly Agree 4.5-50

4 Agree 3.50-4.49

3 Neutral 2.50-3.49

2 Disagree 1.50-2.49

1 Strongly Disagree 1.00-1.49

CHAPTER IV

RESULTS AND DISCUSSION

This chapter presented the analysis, interpretation, and discussion of the findings

to answer the objectives of the study.

 30

The Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents

The socio-demographic profile of the respondents such as age, sex, marital status,

tribe, religion and educational attainment are presented in Table 1.

Age. The age bracket of 31-35 has the highest frequency, with 5 respondents

(50%). This is followed by those aged 36-40 (3 respondents or 30%). Respondents aged

26-30 and 40 years and above each received the same number of responses (10%). The

data suggest that most of the respondents fall within the 31-35 age range.

Marital Status. 7 (70%) of the respondents are married, 2 (20%) are single, and

only 1 (10%) is widowed.

Sex. In terms of sex, 8 (80%) of the respondents were males while 2 (20%) were

females. Data implied that most of the respondents are male.

Religion. Roman Catholic got the highest frequency of 7 (70%). This was

followed by Islam with 3 (30%) respondents. Data implied that a great majority of the

respondents were Roman Catholic.

Tribe. Cebuano got the highest frequency 4 (40%). This was followed by 3 (30%)

Maguindanaon, 2 (20%) Tagalog and 1 (10%) Ilongggo. Data implied that Cebuano

dominated the respondents of the study.

Educational Attainment. All of the respondents are college graduates.

Table 1. Socio-demographic Profile of the Respondents

Profile Frequency Percent
 31

N=10
Age
20-25 0 0%
26-30 1 10%
31-35 5 50%
36-40 3 30%
40 years and above 1 10%
Total 10 100%

Sex
Female 2 20%
Male 8 80%
Total 10 100%

Marital Status
Single 2 20%
Married 7 70%
Widowed 1 10%
Separated 0 0%
Total 10 100%

Tribe
Cebuano 4 40%
Ilonggo 1 10%
Tagalog 2 20%
Ilocano 0 0%
Maranao 0 0%
Maguindanaon 3 30%
Iranon 0 0%
Others 0 0%
Total 10 100%

Religion
Roman Catholic 7 70%
Protestant 0 0%
Islam 3 30%
Others 0 0%
Total 10 100%
 32

Table 1 continuation …

Educational Attainment
Primary 0 0%
Secondary 0 0%
Undergraduate 0 0%
College Graduate 10 100%
Total 10 100%

Level of Significance of Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice in terms of Document Authentication

Table 2 shows the level of significance of question document examination in the

administration of justice in terms of Document Authentication. The data shows that

statement 7 and 10 got the highest mean of 4.3 (Agree), which stated that, “Document

authentication not only aids in identifying forgeries but also provides insights into the

overall credibility and authenticity of documents presented in legal and investigative

proceedings” and “The future of document examination will be heavily influenced by the

continued evolution and refinement of document authentication techniques”.

 33

Statements 3, 5, and 9 also has the same mean score of 4.1 (Agree), which stated

that, “Document authentication plays a crucial role in identifying forged or altered

documents”, “The absence of proper authentication can lead to incorrect judgement in

question document examination” and “Technological advancements significantly

improved the accuracy and efficiency of document authentication methods in the field of

document examination”.

Other statements indicating agreement includes, “The use of authentication

techniques is essential of ensuring the integrity of questioned documents” (3.8),

“Document authentication techniques contribute to the accuracy of document analysis’

(3.9), “Proper training in document authentication techniques is essential for

professionals in the field” (4.0), “The accurate identification of forged or altered

documents heavily relies on the effective use of authentication techniques in question

document examination” (4.0), and “Professionals who excel in document authentication

bring a higher level of accuracy and confidence to their conclusions during question

document examination” (3.8).

The grand mean of 4.04 indicates agreement among respondents on the vital

importance of document authentication in the context of Question Document

Examination within the Administration of Justice.

Questioned document examiners are trained to identify forged, altered, or

counterfeit documents. They examine various elements such as handwriting, signatures,

ink, paper, printing methods, and other characteristics to determine the authenticity of a
 34

document. This helps in preventing fraud and ensuring the integrity of legal and financial

documents (Corpuz, 2020). The authenticity of documents is fundamental to archival

science, and enjoys a centuries’ long theoretical foundation. Sir Hilary Jenkinson

believed that archival documents (i.e. records) were “authenticated by the fact of their

official preservation” (Jenkinson, 2017). To Jenkinson, records’ history of legitimate

custody alone was a sufficient predictor and guarantor of the trustworthiness of the

material. However, the relative archival utopia of the pre-World War II era was short-

lived as the volume of material destined to enter archives exploded.

Table 2. Level of Significance of Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice in terms of Document Authentication

Indicators Weighted Descriptive Index

Mean

1. The use of authentication techniques is essential 3.8 Agree

of ensuring the integrity of questioned
documents.
2. Document authentication techniques contribute to 3.9 Agree
the accuracy of document analysis.
3. Document authentication plays a crucial role in 4.1 Agree
identifying forged or altered documents.
4. Proper training in document authentication 4 Agree
techniques is essential for professionals in the
 35

field.
5. The absence of proper authentication can lead to 4.1 Agree
incorrect judgement in question document
examination.
6. The accurate identification of forged or altered 4 Agree
documents heavily relies on the effective use of
authentication techniques in question document
examination.
7. Document authentication not only aids in 4.3 Agree
identifying forgeries but also provides insights
into the overall credibility and authenticity of
documents presented in legal and investigative
proceedings.
8. Professionals who excel in document 3.8 Agree
authentication bring a higher level of accuracy
and confidence to their conclusions during
question document examination.
9. Technological advancements significantly 4.1 Agree
improved the accuracy and efficiency of
document authentication methods in the field of
document examination.
10. The future of document examination will be 4.3 Agree
heavily influenced by the continued evolution
and refinement of document authentication
techniques.
Grand mean 4.04 Agree

Level of Significance of Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice in terms of Establishing Authorship

Table 2.a shows the level of significance of question document examination in the

administration of justice in terms of Establishing Authorship. Statement 2 got the highest

mean of 4.3 (Agree) which states that, “Clear authorship establishes the credibility of the

evidence, making it more likely to be accepted by the court as reliable and relevant”. This

was followed by statement 4 which stated that, “Establishing authorship of the reports
 36

and findings enhances the credibility as expert witnesses, making the testimony more

persuasive to judges” with a mean of 4.2 (Agree).

Statements 1, 5 and 6 got the same mean of 4.1 (Agree) which stated that,

“Establishing authorship provides crucial evidence for the legal authentication of

documents, ensuring their credibility in court proceedings”, “Properly attributing

authorship in crime scene documentation holds the responsible parties accountable for

their actions and observations” and “Establishing authorship delineates the roles and

contributions of each team member, reducing confusion and potential conflicts”.

Other statements indicating agreement includes, “Properly documented authorship

ensures the chain of custody is preserved, preventing any tampering or contamination of

evidence” (3.8), “Authorship documentation facilitates future case reviews by providing

clarity on individuals responsible for the investigation, enabling reanalysis of evidence

and findings when new information arises” (4.0), “Authorship is essential for training

new SOCO, enabling clear source identification and accountability, streamlining the

learning process, and ensuring quality assurance” (3.8), “By documenting the authorship

of each action and decision at a crime scene, agencies can establish a system of quality

assurance” (3.5) and “Assigning authorship promotes transparency and accountability

within law enforcement agencies” (3.9).

The grand mean of 3.98 indicates an overall agreement among respondents

regarding the importance of establishing authorship in question document examination

within the Administration of Justice.

 37

According to Mautt (2017), in practice, various inducements have fostered

authorship practices that fall short of these standards. Junior investigators may believe

that including senior colleagues as authors will improve the credibility of their work and

its chances of publication, whether or not those colleagues have made substantial

intellectual contributions to the work. They may not want to offend their chiefs, who hold

substantial power over their employment, research opportunities, and recommendations

for jobs and promotion. Senior faculty might wish to be seen as productive researchers

even though their other responsibilities prevent them from making direct contributions to

their colleagues' work. They may have developed their views of authorship when senior

investigators were listed as authors because of their logistic, financial, and administrative

support alone.

Table 2.a Level of Significance of Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice in terms of Establishing Authorship

Indicators Weighted Descriptive

Mean index

1. Establishing authorship provides crucial evidence 4.1 Agree

for the legal authentication of documents,
ensuring their credibility in court proceedings.
2. Clear authorship establishes the credibility of the 4.3 Agree
evidence, making it more likely to be accepted by
the court as reliable and relevant.
3. Properly documented authorship ensures the 3.8 Agree
chain of custody is preserved, preventing any
tampering or contamination of evidence.
 38

4. Establishing authorship of the reports and 4.2 Agree

findings enhances the credibility as expert
witnesses, making the testimony more persuasive
to judges.
5. Properly attributing authorship in crime scene 4.1 Agree
documentation holds the responsible parties
accountable for their actions and observations.
6. Establishing authorship delineates the roles and 4.1 Agree
contributions of each team member, reducing
confusion and potential conflicts.
7. Authorship documentation facilitates future case 4 Agree
reviews by providing clarity on individuals
responsible for the investigation, enabling
reanalysis of evidence and findings when new
information arises.
8. Authorship is essential for training new soco, 3.8 Agree
enabling clear source identification and
accountability, streamlining the learning process,
and ensuring quality assurance.
9. By documenting the authorship of each action 3.5 Agree
and decision at a crime scene, agencies can
establish a system of quality assurance.
10. Assigning authorship promotes transparency and 3.9 Agree
accountability within law enforcement agencies.
Grand mean 3.98 Agree

Level of Significance of Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice in terms of Expert Testimony

Table 2.b shows the level of significance of question document examination in the

administration of justice in terms of Expert Testimony. Data shows that statement 1 got

the highest mean of 4.6 (Strongly Agree) which states that, “Expert testimony in

administration of justice brings specialized knowledge and skills to legal proceedings,

helping judges understand complex scientific and technical aspects of crime scene

investigation”. This was closely followed by statement 2 which stated that,

 39

“Administration of Justice experts can explain evidence collection methods, analysis

techniques, and the significance of findings in a way that is comprehensible to non-

experts, facilitating a deeper understanding of the case” 4.5 (Strongly Agree).

The remaining statements shows descriptive index of “Agree”, which include

“Expert testimony adds credibility to the investigation process by demonstrating

professionals with relevant expertise involved in examining the crime scene and

analyzing evidence” (4.3), “Administration of Justice experts can offer informed

interpretations of physical evidence, such as blood spatter patterns, fingerprints, or

ballistic trajectories, assisting the court in drawing accurate conclusions about what

transpired during the crime” (4.0), “Experts can provide insights into the reliability of

evidence, addressing potential issues like contamination, mishandling, or

misinterpretation, which can impact the validity of conclusions drawn from the evidence”

(4.0), “In cases where inaccurate or misleading information is presented, expert testimony

can help correct misconceptions and present accurate information based on scientific

principles” (3.6), “Expert testimony can clarify this jargon and ensure that the

information is accessible to everyone in the courtroom” (4.2), “Judges rely on expert

testimony to make informed decisions regarding the admissibility and weight of

evidence, as well as the credibility of witness statements” (4.3), “Experts can testify

about the industry's best practices, demonstrating that their work adheres to establish

standards and protocols, which further enhances credibility” (4.0) and “Expert testimony

can have a profound impact on the outcome of a case” (3.8).

 40

The grand mean of 4.13 shows agreement among respondents regarding the

significant role of question document examination and expert testimony in ensuring a fair

and informed administration of justice.

The forensic expert practice is an ancient profession. For example, in ancient

Babylonia, midwives were used as experts in determining pregnancy, virginity and

female fertility. Similarly, the Roman Empire recognized midwives, handwriting experts

and land surveyors as legal experts (Simon, 2017). The codified use of expert witnesses

and the admissibility of their testimony and scientific evidence has developed

significantly in the Western court system over the last 250 years. The concept of allowing

an expert witness to testify in a court setting and provide opinionated evidence on the

facts of other witnesses was first introduced by Lord Mansfield in the case of Folkes v.

Chadd in 1782. In this particular case, the court was hearing litigation regarding the

silting of Wells Harbor in Norfolk and allowed leading civil engineer, John Smeaton, to

provide scientific rationale behind the proposed legislation. The decision by the English

Court to allow for an expert to provide contextual background and detail on a case is

often cited as the root of modern rules on expert testimony (Dani, 2018).

Table 2.b Level of Significance of Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice in terms of Expert Testimony

Indicators Weighted Descriptive

Mean index

1. Expert testimony in administration of justice brings 4.6 Strongly

 41

specialized knowledge and skills to legal proceedings, agree

helping judges understand complex scientific and technical
aspects of crime scene investigation.
2. Administration of justice experts can explain evidence 4.5 Strongly
collection methods, analysis techniques, and the significance agree
of findings in a way that is comprehensible to non-experts,
facilitating a deeper understanding of the case.
3. Expert testimony adds credibility to the investigation 4.3 Agree
process by demonstrating professionals with relevant
expertise involved in examining the crime scene and
analyzing evidence.
4. Administration of justice experts can offer informed 4 Agree
interpretations of physical evidence, such as blood spatter
patterns, fingerprints, or ballistic trajectories, assisting the
court in drawing accurate conclusions about what transpired
during the crime.
5. Experts can provide insights into the reliability of evidence, 4 Agree
addressing potential issues like contamination, mishandling,
or misinterpretation, which can impact the validity of
conclusions drawn from the evidence.
6. In cases where inaccurate or misleading information is 3.6 Agree
presented, expert testimony can help correct misconceptions
and present accurate information based on scientific
principles.
7. Expert testimony can clarify this jargon and ensure that the 4.2 Agree
information is accessible to everyone in the courtroom.
8. Judges rely on expert testimony to make informed decisions 4.3 Agree
regarding the admissibility and weight of evidence, as well
as the credibility of witness statements.
9. Experts can testify about the industry's best practices, 4 Agree
demonstrating that their work adheres to establish standards
and protocols, which further enhances credibility.
10. Expert testimony can have a profound impact on the 3.8 Agree
outcome of a case.
Grand mean 4.13 Agree

Level of Significance of Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice in terms of Forgery Detection
 42

Table 2.c shows the level of significance of question document examination in the

administration of justice in terms of Forgery Detection. Statement 1 obtained the highest

mean of 4.3, indicating agreement, emphasizing that "Detecting forged documents

ensures that only genuine evidence is considered during investigations and legal

proceedings."

Statements 2, 4, and 7 received mean scores of 4.0, underlining the importance of

SOCOs' proficiency in forgery detection to enhance credibility, uncover efforts to deceive

investigators, and prevent unauthorized alterations that could compromise the integrity of

evidence.

Other statements, with mean scores ranging from 3.4 to 3.9, emphasize the role of

forgery detection in contributing to a fair legal system, constructing robust legal cases,

preventing false accusations, upholding ethical and professional standards, and fostering

public confidence in the justice system.

The Grand Mean of 3.83 reflects an agreement among respondents regarding the

substantial role of question document examination, particularly in forgery detection, in

ensuring the integrity and fairness of the administration of justice.

Questioned document examination helps in detecting and exposing various forms of

forgery, such as forged signatures, altered dates, or manipulated documents. This is

particularly important in legal matters such as wills, contracts, and checks, where the

authenticity of a document is essential. The examination can involve analyzing

 43

differences in handwriting strokes, ink, or other physical alterations to determine if a

document has been tampered with (Moses 2017).

Table 2.c Level of Significance of Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice in terms of Forgery Detection, November 2023.

Weighted Descriptive
Indicators
Mean Index

1. Detecting forged documents ensures that only 4.3 Agree

genuine evidence is considered during investigations
and legal proceedings.
2. The proficiency to detect forgeries strengthens SOCO 4 Agree
credibility as expert witnesses in court by showcasing
their expertise in identifying fake documents and
altered evidence.
3. Forgery detection in document examination 3.7 Agree
significantly contributes to a fair and just legal system.
4. SOCOs' expertise in forgery detection is pivotal in 4 Agree
uncovering efforts to deceive investigators, victims, or
suspects, thereby preventing manipulation of the
investigation.
5. SOCO’s expertise in detecting forgeries in criminal 3.7 Agree
cases plays a pivotal role in constructing robust legal
cases, whether aiming to incriminate or exonerate
suspects.
6. Forgery detection prevents innocent individuals from 3.9 Agree
being falsely accused based on manipulated evidence.
7. Detecting forgeries help prevent unauthorized 4 Agree
alterations that could compromise the integrity of
evidence.
8. Detecting forgeries upholds the commitment to 3.7 Agree
ethical and professional standards.
9. Detecting forged documents or altered evidence aids 3.4 Agree
in achieving accurate investigative outcomes, as
decisions and conclusions are based on reliable
information.
 44

10. The ability of SOCOs to identify forgeries foster public 3.6 Agree
confidence in the justice system.
Grand Mean 3.83 Agree

Level of Significance of Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice in terms of Crime Investigations

Table 2.d shows the level of significance of question document examination in the

administration of justice in terms of Crime Investigations. Statements 2, 5, 6, and 8

received the highest mean scores of 4.0, indicating “Properly gathered evidence on crime

investigations serves as a foundation for building a strong case that can withstand legal

scrutiny”, “Insights gained from crime scene investigations help law enforcement

agencies identify patterns and modus operandi, allowing them to take proactive measures

to prevent similar crimes in the future”, and The information gathered by SOCOs can

inform the development of targeted crime prevention strategies, helping law enforcement

agencies allocate resources effectively to combat specific types of crime”.

Other statements, with mean scores ranging from 3.7 to 3.9, further emphasize the

contributions of crime investigations. These include the pivotal role of crime

investigations in uncovering the truth, assisting law enforcement in identifying and

apprehending suspects, reconstructing events for a comprehensive narrative, potentially

leading to the exoneration of innocent individuals, and contributing to the advancement

of forensic science. The Grand Mean of 3.96 reflects a agreement among respondents,
 45

highlighting the substantial role of question document examination, particularly in the

realm of crime investigations.

Questioned document examination often plays a crucial role in criminal

investigations. By analyzing documents found at crime scenes, such as ransom notes,

threatening letters, or anonymous messages, examiners can provide valuable insights.

They can assist in linking suspects to the crime through handwriting or document

characteristics and provide expert testimony in court. Criminal investigation is an applied

science that involves the study of facts that are then used to inform criminal trials. A

complete criminal investigation can include searching, interviews, interrogations,

evidence collection and preservation, and various methods of investigation (O’Hara,

2019). Modern-day criminal investigations commonly employ many modern scientific

techniques known collectively as forensic science.

Table 2.d Level of Significance of Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice in terms of Crime Investigations
Weighted Descriptive
Indicators
Mean Index

1. Crime investigations play a pivotal role in uncovering 4 Agree

the truth behind criminal activities and ensuring that
justice is served for victims and society at large.
2. Properly gathered evidence on crime investigations 4.1 Agree
serves as a foundation for building a strong case that
can withstand legal scrutiny.
3. Through meticulous analysis of evidence, SOCOs help 3.8 Agree
law enforcement agencies identify and apprehend
 46

the suspect responsible for committing crimes.

4. By reconstructing the sequence of events leading up 3.7 Agree
to and following a crime, SOCOs assist investigators in
piecing together a comprehensive narrative that aids
in understanding motives, methods, and potential
connections.
5. Evidence collected and analyzed by SOCOs serves as 4.1 Agree
the basis for legal proceedings, including arrests,
trials, and convictions.
6. Insights gained from crime scene investigations help 4.1 Agree
law enforcement agencies identify patterns and
modus operandi, allowing them to take proactive
measures to prevent similar crimes in the future.
7. Thorough crime scene investigations it may lead to 3.9 Agree
the exoneration of innocent individuals who may
have been wrongly accused.
8. The information gathered by SOCOs can inform the 4.1 Agree
development of targeted crime prevention strategies,
helping law enforcement agencies allocate resources
effectively to combat specific types of crime.
9. The professionalism and accuracy demonstrated by 4.0 Agree
SOCOs in their investigations contribute to building
public trust in law enforcement agencies and the
criminal justice system as a whole.
10. Crime investigations contribute to the advancement 3.8 Agree
of forensic science, benefiting both law enforcement
practices and scientific knowledge.
Grand Mean 3.96 Agree
Level of Significance of Administration of Justice to Question Document
Examination in terms of Accuracy and Reliability of Analysis

Table 3 shows the level of significance of administration of justice to question

document examination terms of Accuracy and Reliability of Analysis. Statement 1 got

the highest mean 4.4 (Agree) which stated that, “The accuracy and reliability of analysis

are fundamental to the administration of justice, ensuring that individuals are treated
 47

fairly and equitably under the law”. Statements 2 and 4 closely followed which obtained

mean scores of 4.3, highlighting the importance of accurate and reliable analysis in

upholding the principle of "innocent until proven guilty" and supporting defense

attorneys in constructing effective strategies to challenge evidence, ensuring a robust

adversarial process in court proceedings.

Other statements, with mean scores ranging from 3.4 to 4.0, underscore the

broader impact of accurate and reliable analysis. These include preventing wrongful

convictions, confidence on verdicts, instilling public trust in the justice system, serving as

a deterrent for potential offenders, establishing high professional standards, ensuring fair

sentencing, and maintaining the admissibility of evidence and the integrity of legal

proceedings.

The Grand Mean of 3.93 reflects an overall agreement among respondents

regarding the crucial role of question document examination in contributing to the

accuracy and reliability of analysis within the administration of justice. This emphasizes

the pivotal nature of this process in ensuring fairness, trust, and integrity in legal

proceedings.

According to Hilton (2019), the accuracy and reliability of analysis in the

administration of justice is vital to ensure that justice is served fairly and justly for all

parties involved. The justice system has a responsibility to uphold integrity and

credibility, and therefore, it is essential to prevent wrongful convictions and miscarriage

of justice. In this essay, we will explore the importance of accuracy and reliability in the
 48

administration of justice, factors affecting accuracy and reliability in analysis, and

strategies to improve accuracy and reliability in analysis.

Table 3. Level of Significance of Administration of Justice to Question Document

Examination in terms of Accuracy and Reliability of Analysis.

Weighted Descriptive
Indicators
Mean Index

1. The accuracy and reliability of analysis are fundamental 4.4 Agree

to the administration of justice, ensuring that individuals
are treated fairly and equitably under the law.
2. Accurate and reliable analysis helps uphold the principle 4.3 Agree
of "innocent until proven guilty" by ensuring that
evidence presented in court accurately represents the
facts of the case.
3. Inaccurate analysis can lead to wrongful convictions. 4 Agree
Ensuring the reliability of evidence helps prevent the
tragic consequences of imprisoning innocent individuals.
4. Reliable analysis supports defense attorneys in 4.3 Agree
constructing effective strategies to challenge evidence,
ensuring a robust adversarial process in court
proceedings.
5. When analysis is accurate and reliable, judges and juries 3.9 Agree
can have confidence that their verdicts are based on
sound evidence, leading to just outcomes.
6. The thorough and accurate examination of evidence 3.9 Agree
bolsters public trust in the justice system by instilling
faith in the legal process.
7. The accurate analysis will be used in court serves as a 3.6 Agree
deterrent for potential offenders and contributes to the
prevention of future crimes.
8. Upholding accuracy and reliability establishes high 3.4 Agree
professional standards for law enforcement, forensic
experts, and legal professionals involved in the justice
system.
9. Accurate analysis ensures that sentences are 3.7 Agree
commensurate with the severity of the crime and the
actual evidence presented, promoting a fair and just
 49

sentencing process.
10. Ensuring the accuracy and reliability of analysis helps 3.8 Agree
maintain the admissibility of evidence and the integrity
of legal proceedings.
Grand Mean 3.93 Agree

Level of Significance of Administration of Justice to Question

Document Examination in terms of Adherence to
Establishment Forensic Standards

Table 3.a shows the level of significance of administration of justice to question

document examination terms of Adherence to Establishment Forensic Standards.

Statement 1 got the highest mean of 4.4 (Agree), emphasizing that " Adherence to

established forensic standards is essential to maintain the integrity of evidence,

investigations, and legal proceedings within the administration of justice". Statements 2,

3, and 5 closely follow with mean scores of 4.2, emphasizing the significance of

following forensic standards to ensure the reliability of evidence, prevent misconduct by

providing clear guidelines, and uphold the scientific rigor required in evidence analysis.

Other statements, with mean scores ranging from 3.5 to 3.9, highlight the broader

impact of adherence to forensic standards. These include promoting fair trials and just

outcomes, increasing transparency in evidence collection and analysis, bolstering the

credibility of forensic experts in court testimony, supporting the legal process, and

ensuring consistency and comparability of evidence across different cases and

jurisdictions.
 50

The Grand Mean of 3.96 indicates an overall agreement among respondents

regarding the crucial role of administration of justice in adhering to establishment

forensic standards. This reflects the collective acknowledgment of the importance of

maintaining integrity, reliability, and fairness within the justice system through adherence

to recognized forensic standards.

According to Ellen (2017) the administration of justice is a fundamental aspect of

any democratic society. Forensic science plays a crucial role in the administration of

justice by providing scientific evidence to support legal proceedings. However, the

reliability and accuracy of forensic evidence depend on adherence to established forensic

standards. This essay will provide an overview of forensic standards in the administration

of justice, analyze the challenges in adhering to these standards, and suggest strategies for

improving adherence to forensic standards.

Table 3.a Level of Significance of Administration of Justice to Question Document

Examination in terms of Adherence to Establishment Forensic Standards

Weighted Descriptive
Indicators
Mean Index

1. Adherence to established forensic standards is 4.4 Agree

essential to maintain the integrity of evidence,
investigations, and legal proceedings within the
administration of justice.
 51

2. Following forensic standards ensures that evidence 4.2 Agree

collected, analyzed, and presented in court is reliable,
reducing the risk of errors, contamination, or
misinterpretation.
3. Adhering to standards helps prevent misconduct by 4.2 Agree
setting clear guidelines for professionals involved in
evidence collection, analysis, and presentation.
4. Consistent adherence to forensic standards 4 Agree
guarantees that all parties involved in legal
proceedings have access to accurate and unbiased
evidence, promoting fair trials and just outcomes.
5. Forensic standards uphold the scientific rigor 4.2 Agree
required in evidence analysis.
6. Standards provide a framework for accountability. 3.6 Agree
7. Adhering to established standards increases 3.9 Agree
transparency by clearly outlining the methods and
processes used in evidence collection and analysis.
8. Forensic experts providing testimony in court can 3.8 Agree
confidently defend their methods and findings when
they adhere to recognized standards, bolstering their
credibility.
9. Adhering to standards help maintain the admissibility 3.8 Agree
of evidence and supports the legal process.
10. Following established standards ensures consistency 3.5 Agree
and comparability of evidence across different cases
and jurisdictions, promoting uniformity in the
administration of justice.
Grand Mean 3.96 Agree

Level of Significance of Administration of Justice to Question Document

Examination in terms of Expertise of the Examiner

Table 3.b shows the level of significance of administration of justice to question

document examination terms of Expertise of the Examiner. Statement 2 got the highest

mean score of 4.6 (Strongly Agree), highlighting that "An expert examiner contributes to

the collection, preservation, and presentation of high-quality evidence, which is essential

 52

for building a solid case." Statements 1, 3, and 5 closely follow with mean scores of 4.3,

emphasizing the pivotal nature of examiner expertise in ensuring accurate analysis,

enhancing the credibility of evidence through clear and knowledgeable testimony, and

mitigating biases to maintain objectivity in evidence analysis.

Other statements, with mean scores ranging from 3.5 to 4.2, underscore the

broader impact of examiner expertise. These include the reliance of justice administration

on the accuracy and reliability of expert testimony, the use of specialized techniques and

tools for complex evidence analysis, collaboration with other professionals for a

comprehensive understanding of evidence, and the ability of skilled examiners to identify

broader implications and enhance public confidence in the administration of justice.

The Grand Mean of 4.17 reflects an overall agreement among respondents

regarding the significant role of the expertise of examiners in question document

examination within the administration of justice. This emphasizes the importance of

employing highly skilled and knowledgeable professionals to ensure fair, just, and

reliable legal proceedings.

According to Morris (2020) the administration of justice is a critical component of

any society. It ensures the maintenance of law and order, as well as the protection of

individual rights and liberties. One key factor that influences the effectiveness of the

judicial system is the expertise of the examiner. An examiner's proficiency in various

aspects of the law, including legal knowledge, analytical skills, and ethical conduct, is

essential for the fair and impartial administration of justice.

 53

Table 3.b Level of Significance of Administration of Justice to Question Document

Examination in terms of Expertise of the Examiner, November 2023.

Weighted Descriptive
Indicators
Mean Index

1. The expertise of the examiner is pivotal in ensuring 4.3 Agree

accurate analysis of evidence, leading to reliable
conclusions that are crucial for fair and just legal
proceedings.
2. An expert examiner contributes to the collection, 4.6 Strongly
preservation, and presentation of high-quality Agree
evidence, which is essential for building a solid case.
3. The ability of expert examiner's provides clear and 4.3 Agree
knowledgeable testimony in court enhances the
credibility of evidence and supports the judge and jury
in making informed decisions.
4. The administration of justice heavily relies on the 4.1 Agree
accuracy and reliability of expert testimony in
document examination.
5. Examiners with expertise are better equipped to 4 Agree
mitigate personal biases and subjectivity, ensuring
that evidence analysis remains objective and unbiased.
6. The expert examiner depth of knowledge of allows 4.2 Agree
them to effectively during cross-examination,
reinforcing the reliability of their conclusions.
7. Expertise examiners enables to employ specialized 4.2 Agree
techniques and tools that might be required for
complex evidence analysis, such as DNA profiling or
digital forensics.
8. Examiner expertise facilitates collaboration with other 4.3 Agree
professionals, such as medical experts or ballistics
analysts, to provide a comprehensive understanding of
evidence.
9. Skilled examiners can identify the broader implications 4.2 Agree
of their findings, helping legal teams anticipate and
address potential lines of argument during trial.
10. The expertise of examiners enhances public 3.5 Agree
 54

confidence in the administration of justice.

Grand Mean 4.17 Agree

Relationship Between Question Document Examination

in the Administration of Justice

Table 4 reveals the relationships between question document examination in the

administration of justice. Analysis revealed the P-value of .289 which was greater than

the alpha value of 0.05 level of significance and r-value of .225. The results showed that

there is no significant relationship between the two variables. Hence, the null hypothesis

which stated that there is no significant relationship between question document

examination in the administration of justice is accepted.

Questioned document experts ponder a series of thoughts prior to unknown

analysis for furthering examination processes and arriving at supported results. Scientists

work to determine the author of a document, time frame the paper and ink were

produced, if any alterations were made to the note and consistency between the

unidentified handwriting to known samples (Beck, 2019). Complete analysis occurs in

laboratories, away from the crime scene, except for ransom and bank robbery notes

(Beck, 2019). Immigration and border control also require immediate investigation of

paper authenticity and security, by placing laboratories directly at the site of question

(Guide for the Development, 2020). If there is a possibility for innocent lives and

property to be at risk, the crime scene unit must decide which documents to prioritize and

which evidence to save for future analysis.

 55

Table 4. Relationship Between Question Document Examination in the

Administration of Justice, November 2023.

Question Document Administration of Justice

Examination N=10
Accuracy and Adherence to Expertise of
Reliability of Established Forensic the Overall
Analysis Standards Examiner

Correlation
Document Authentication Coefficient -.166 .496 .693* .341
Sig. (2- .648 .145 .026 .273
tailed)

Correlation
Establishing Authorship Coefficient -.494 .531 .354 .130
Sig. (2- .147 .114 .316 .192
tailed)

Correlation
Expert Testimony Coefficient -.207 .424 .231 .149
Sig. (2- .567 .222 .520 .436
tailed)
Correlation
Coefficient
Forgery Detection
Sig. (2- .522 -.035 .470 .319
tailed) .122 .923 .170 .405
Correlation
Coefficient
Crime Investigation
Sig. (2- -.492 .453 .589 .183
tailed) .149 .188 .073 .137

Overall Correlation
Coefficient -.167 .374 .467 .225
Sig. (2- .327 .318 .221 .289
tailed)

**Significant at the 0.01 level

*Significant at the 0.05 level
 56

CHAPTER V

SUMMARY, CONCLUSIONS AND RECOMMENDATIONS

SUMMARY
 57

The study aims to determine the significance of question document examination

in the administration of justice. Its specifically, aim to determine the significance of

question document examination in the administration of justice in terms of document

authentication, establishing authorship, expert testimony, forgery detection, and crime

investigations. It also aims to determine the level of significance of administration of

justice to question document examination in terms of accuracy and reliability of analysis,

adherence to established forensic standards and expertise of the examiner.

Findings indicated a consensus among respondents on the crucial role of

document authentication in legal proceedings, with a strong agreement on the

significance of establishing authorship, expert testimony, forgery detection, and accuracy

of analysis. The majority expressed the importance of adherence to forensic standards

and the expertise of examiners in ensuring fairness, reliability, and credibility within the

justice system.

According to Corpuz (2020), the judicial system is the front runner on the

administration of justice, but it must always work in coordination with the other pillar of

Justice system most specially to the Criminal justice system to work effectively and

speedily. Questioned document examination plays a significant role in the administration

of justice. It is a field of forensic science that involves the analysis and comparison of

documents to determine their authenticity, origin, and authorship.

CONCLUSIONS
 58

The analysis revealed a substantial acknowledgment among respondents

regarding the pivotal role of questioned document examination within the administration

of justice. The consensus highlights the significance of various elements such as

authentication, establishing authorship, expert testimony, forgery detection, and accuracy

of analysis in ensuring fair legal proceedings, maintaining integrity, and upholding

credibility.

It's evident that the perceptions align with the fundamental principles of justice

administration, emphasizing the necessity of accurate and reliable evidence, adherence to

standards, and the expertise of professionals involved in questioned document

examination.

RECOMMENDATIONS

The researchers recommend that the administration of justice in the office of

North Cotabato Provincial Forensic Unit (NCPFU), Kidapawan City are:

1. Encouraged to undergo more training programs involved in questioned document

examination to keep abreast of evolving techniques and technologies.

2. Advocate for strict adherence to established forensic standards to maintain integrity

and reliability in evidence analysis. We also recommend to

 59

3. Promote awareness among the public, legal practitioners, and law enforcement

agencies regarding the importance of questioned document examination in ensuring

justice and fairness.

4. Encourage interdisciplinary collaboration among experts from various fields to

enhance expertise and accuracy in document examination.

For the future researchers, further research in the field to explore emerging trends,

advancements in technology, and their impact on questioned document examination

within the administration of justice.

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 60

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 63

APPENDICES
 64

APPENDIX-A
(LETTER TO CONDUCT THE STUDY)
 65

APPENDIX –B
(LETTER TO VALIDATORS)
 66

APPENDIX-C
(VALIDATION SHEET)
 67

APPENDIX –D
(SURVEY QUESTIONAIRES)
 68

APPPENDIX-E
(ROUTING SLIP)
 69

APPENDIX-F
(CERTIFICATE OF ENGLISH CRITIC)
 70

APPENDIX-G
(DOCUMENTATION)
 71

APPENDIX-H
(CURRICULUM VITAE)
 72

Angel Rose S. Gido

Taran, Subd. Poblacion, Kidapawan City
09454030528
[email protected]

Research Title:
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS EXAMINATION: ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Birth Date : December 28, 1998

Birth Place : Kidapawan City
Age : 24
Religion : Roman Catholic
Nationality : Filipino
Civil Status : Single
Father : Alex S. Gido
Occupation : Driver
Mother : Jovy S. Gido
Occupation : Housewife

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary : Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Colegio de Kidapawan
Quezon Blvd. Poblacion Kidapawan City
2023-present

Secondary : Kidapawan City National High School, 2016-2017

Elementary : Saint Gregory Public Elementary School 2012- 2013

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

 First Aid and Water Survival

Held at RC Martinez Farm and Resort, Mua-an, Kidapawan City
2022
 73

 Gun Handling and Safety Procedure Seminar

Held at Colegio de Kidapawan Gymnasium, Kidapawan City
2023
 Cybercrime Webinar
Held at Colegio de Kidapawan Gymnasium, Kidapawan City
2023
 Forensic Ballistics Training and Seminar Workshop
Held at Colegio de Kidapawan Gymnasium, Kidapawan City
2023
 74

Kim Ryan Masibay

Poblacion, Kidapawan, Province of North Cotabato
09956536670
[email protected]

Research Title:
QUESTIONED DOCUMENTS EXAMINATION: ITS SIGNIFICANCE IN THE
ADMINISTRATION OF JUSTICE

PERSONAL INFORMATION

Birth Date :
Birth Place :
Age :
Religion :
Nationality :
Civil Status :
Father :
Occupation :
Mother :
Occupation :

EDUCATIONAL BACKGROUND

Tertiary : Bachelor of Science in Criminology

Colegio de Kidapawan
Quezon Blvd. Poblacion, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato
2023-present

Secondary : Kidapawan City National High School

Roxas Street, Poblacion, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato
2019-2020

Elementary : Kidapawan City Pilot Elementary School

Laurel Street, Poblacion, Kidapawan City, North Cotabato
2013-2014

SEMINARS/TRAININGS ATTENDED

 HAM Radio Orientation and Seminar

 75

Held at Bartolaba Subd. Lanao, Kidapawan City

2016
 Emergency Service Training Course
Held at Camp Baden Powell, Old Bulatukan, Makilala, North Cotabato
2017
 Red Cross Youth Training
Held at Lanao Central Elementary School, Lanao, Kidapawan City
2017
 First Aid and Water Survival
Held at RC Martinez Farm and Resort, Mua-an, Kidapawan City
2022
 Gun Handling and Safety Procedure Seminar
Held at Colegio de Kidapawan Gymnasium, Kidapawan City
2023
 Cybercrime Webinar
Held at Colegio de Kidapawan Gymnasium, Kidapawan City
2023
 Forensic Ballistics Training and Seminar Workshop
Held at Colegio de Kidapawan Gymnasium, Kidapawan City
2023

AFFILIATIONS

 Cotabato Amateur Disaster Radio Enthusiast

 Emergency Service Corps.
 Provincial Incident Management Team during Mindanao Earthquake 2019
 Boy Scouts of the Philippines
 Philippine Red Cross
 Vice President of School Watch Team (2019)
 Philippine Air Force (Reserve)