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GENERAL ENGLISH · GRAMMAR PRACTICE · INTERMEDIATE (B1-B2)

MODAL
VERBS 5 -
PAST FORMS
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1 Modal verbs for obligation, prohibition, necessity, and advice

Study the table below.

Modal verb Past forms and examples

have to, must had to

I had to leave early this morning.

mustn’t We cannot use mustn’t to talk about the past. We use other structures,
for example:
We couldn’t arrive late.
We weren’t allowed to smoke.

don’t need/have to didn’t need/have to + infinitive

I didn’t need to go to bed so early, but I was tired.
I didn’t have to go to bed so early, but I was tired.

should/shouldn’t should/shouldn’t have + past participle

He failed his exams. He should have studied harder.
He failed his exams. He shouldn’t have been so lazy.

Dialogue
A: Fabio, you didn’t need to come. Today’s English class is canceled. Didn’t you get the email?
B: No, I didn’t.
A: I’m sorry. I should have called you to make sure.

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MODAL VERBS 5 - PAST FORMS

2 Practice

Make a sentence about each situation using the structures on page 1. More than one structure may
be possible in some of the sentences.

1. Omar couldn’t find his mobile phone, so he went to the shopping center and bought a new phone.
The next day, he found his old phone.
Omar didn’t have to buy a new phone.
2. Kate had a house party. She forgot to invite her friend Ross. Now he is very upset.
Kate . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . to invite Ross.
3. It was against the rules to use dictionaries during the exam.
The students . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . dictionaries during the exam.
4. Clark told Maria that he was quitting his job. Now, everybody knows his secret.
Clark . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . Maria that he was quitting his job.
5. I wanted to park in front of the bank, but there was a ‘No parking’ sign.
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in front of the bank.
6. The only available parking space was 100 meters from the bank. It was necessary to park there.
I . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . 100 meters from the bank.
7. Keith is feeling sick. He ate too much.
Keith . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so much.
8. David got up late. It was his day off from work.
David . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . early.

Now say something about you. Talk about something that you ...

1. didn’t need/have to do
2. shouldn’t have done
3. should have done
4. had to do

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MODAL VERBS 5 - PAST FORMS

3 Modal verbs for certainty, possibility, and expectation

Study the table below.

Modal verb Past forms and examples

must must have + past participle

Norman wasn’t at home. He must have been on his way to work.

may / may not may/may not have + past participle

Robert isn’t usually so rude. He may have been tired.
Dan didn’t say hello. He may not have seen me.

might / might not might/might not have + past participle

I’m not totally sure, but I think the game might have started already.
"Why wasn’t he at the meeting?" "He might not have known about it."

could / couldn’t could/couldn’t have + past participle

Why didn’t you answer the phone? It could have been Anne.

James couldn’t have been on vacation. I saw his wife at the supermarket.
(= it is not possible that James was on vacation.)

should / shouldn’t should/shouldn’t have + past participle

Where’s George? He should have been here an hour ago.
The price shouldn’t have been $10. It’s usually much more.

Dialogue
A: Where’s Carol? She should have been here an hour ago.
B: She might not have known about the meeting.
A: She must have known. I sent everyone a text message.
B: Her phone may have been switched off.

4 Must or could

Complete the following sentences with the past form of must or could.

1. I didn’t hear you come in last night. I (be) asleep.

2. Allie doesn’t look very happy. Her interview (go) well.
3. I didn’t receive your email. You (send) it to the wrong address.
4. I heard that Julie passed all her exams. She (be) delighted.
5. Mike’s first day at work (be) easy. His new boss is very demanding.
6. Look at Paul’s new sports car. It (cost) him a fortune.

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5 Should/shouldn’t have

Yesterday was a very strange day. A lot of unexpected things happened. Read the sentences below
and look at the pictures. Write a sentence about what should or shouldn’t have happened in each
picture.

1. Jack had never played chess before.

Jack shouldn’t have won (win) a game of chess.
2. The contract was carefully checked by the director.
There (be) so many mistakes in the contract.
3. Mr. Faber ordered an iPad.
Mr. Faber (receive) a laptop.
4. The weather forecast predicted sun.
It (be) sunny.
5. Mario locked his front door before he went out.
Mario’s front door (be) open.
6. Before the start of the race, nobody believed Derek had a chance of winning.
Derek (lose) the race.

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6 Practice

Make a sentence about each situation using a past modal verb structure. More than one structure
may be possible in some of the sentences.

1. It is possible that Bill was out of town.

Bill may/might/could have been out of town.
2. It is not possible that Jane knew about my birthday party.
Jane . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
3. I’m certain that Joseph was responsible for the mistake.
Joseph . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
4. It is possible that Andrew did not hear the news about his brother.
Andrew . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
5. It is strange that nobody called me yesterday.
Somebody . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
6. It is impossible that you saw me last weekend. I was on vacation.
You . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
7. I’m sure the politician knew that he was going to lose the election.
The politician . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
8. It is strange that it was so cold last month. Normally August is a very hot month.
It . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . so cold in August.
9. Her Russian is excellent. It is possible that she had a very good teacher.
Her Russian is really excellent. She . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . .
10. It is strange that Nick was in Paris. He booked a flight to Rome.
Nick . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Paris. He . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . . in Rome.

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TEACHER MATERIALS · INTERMEDIATE (B1-B2)

MODAL VERBS 5 - PAST FORMS

Key

2. Practice

2. Kate shouldn’t have forgotten to invite Ross.

3. The students weren’t allowed to use dictionaries during the exam. / The students couldn’t use dictionaries
during the exam.
4. Clark shouldn’t have told Maria that he was quitting his job.
5. I wasn’t allowed to park in front of the bank. / I couldn’t park in front of the bank.
6. I had to park 100 meters from the bank.
7. Keith shouldn’t have eaten so much.
8. David didn’t have to get up early. / David didn’t need to get up early.

4. Must or could

1. must have been

2. couldn’t have gone
3. must have sent
4. must have been
5. couldn’t have been
6. must have cost

5. Should/shouldn’t have

2. shouldn’t have been

3. shouldn’t have received
4. should have been
5. shouldn’t have been
6. should have lost

6. Practice

2. Jane couldn’t have known about my birthday party.

3. Joseph must have been responsible for the mistake.
4. Andrew may/might not have heard the news about his brother.
5. Somebody should have called me yesterday.
6. You couldn’t have seen me last weekend. I was on vacation.
7. The politician must have known that he was going to lose the election.
8. It shouldn’t have been so cold in August.
9. She might/may/could have had a very good teacher.
10. Nick shouldn’t have been in Paris. He should have been in Rome.

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