Fluid Mechanics-I

Teacher/Instructor :Engr. Muhammad Sumair

B.Sc. Mechanical Engineering (UET Lahore 2014-2018)

M.Sc. Thermal Power Engineering (UET Lahore 2018-2020)
Introduction to Subject
 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics
• Mechanics: The branch of science which deals with the behavior of
bodies under the application of forces
• Statics: The study of the behavior of body when body remains at rest
under the application of forces.
• Dynamics: The study of the behavior of body when bodies move
under the application of those forces. Bodies maybe solid or fluids.
• When the behavior of fluid is investigated at rest, it is called fluid
statics and otherwise it is fluid dynamics.
• When fluid is liquid, especially water and we study its behavior under
rest it is called hydrostatics while the study of water under motion
would be referred to hydrodynamics.
 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (Cont’d)
• Hydraulics: The branch of hydrodynamics in which the flow of water
in various turbomachines is studied e.g. through pumps and turbines
etc. (will be studied in detail in FM-II).
• Dynamics is further divided into two branches i.e., kinetics (when the
motion is studied while considering the forces which cause that
motion) and kinematics (the study of motion of objects without taking
into consideration the effects of forces which caused that motion).
 Introduction to Fluid Mechanics (Cont’d)
• A fluid is a substance that deforms continuously under the application of a
shear (tangential) stress no matter how small it may be.
• Because the fluid motion continues under the application of a shear stress,
we can also define a fluid as “Any substance that cannot sustain a shear
stress when at rest”.
• Applications of Fluid Mechanics: Following are some key areas of
application of fluid mechanics:
1. Human body- heart, lungs functioning
2. Buildings-pipeline for water, HVAC ducts, refrigerator, compressor
3. Automobile: supply of fuel from fuel tank to cylinder, lubrication
systems, cooling of engine blocks
4. Design and analysis of aircrafts, boats, rockets, jet engines etc.
 System and Control Volume
• System: Simply speaking, anything under our observation for a
particular purpose is called system and what is outside the system is
called its surroundings
• Open System: a system which has BOTH mass and energy
interactions with surroundings, also called Control Volume e.g.
turbines.
• Closed System: Such a system which has only energy interactions
with its surroundings, but no mass interaction happens is called closed
system, also called Closed (or Fixed) Mass system, e.g. IC engine.
• Isolated System: A system which has neither mass nor energy
interaction with surroundings is called isolated system e.g. universe
 System and Control Volume

Fig.2 (a) system, (b) closed system, (c) open system or control
volume system
 Concept of Continuum
• Matter is made up of atoms that are widely spaced in the gas phase.
Yet it is very convenient to disregard the atomic nature of a substance
and view it as a continuous, homogeneous matter with no holes, that
is, a continuum.
• This idealization is valid as long as the size of the system we deal with
is large relative to the space between the molecules. This is the case in
practically almost all problems.
 Properties of Fluids
• Intensive properties: Intensive properties are those that are
independent of the mass/size of a system, such as temperature,
pressure, and density.
• Extensive properties are those whose values depend on the size—or
mass—of the system. Total mass, total volume V, total momentum
(mass*velocity) and total energy are some examples of extensive
properties.
• An easy way to determine whether a property is intensive or extensive
is to divide the system into two equal parts with an imaginary
partition. Each part will have the same value of intensive properties as
the original system, but half the value of the extensive properties.
Properties of Fluid (Cont’d)

Fig.1. Criteria to classify intensive and extensive properties

 Properties of Fluid (Cont’d)
• Generally, uppercase letters are used to denote extensive properties
(with mass ‘m’ being a major exception), and lowercase letters are
used for intensive properties (with pressure ‘P’ and temperature ‘T’
being the obvious exceptions).
• Specific properties: Extensive properties per unit mass are called.
Some examples of specific properties are specific volume (v=V/m)
and specific total energy (e = E/m).These become intensive properties.
 Important Fluid Properties
1. Density, (or Mass Density) 𝝆 (kg/m3): The mass per unit volume is
called mass density (or simply density).
• The density of water at 4°C is 1000 kg/m3 and decreases slightly with
increasing temperature. The density of air at 20°C and standard
atmospheric pressure is 1.2 kg/m3 .
• Variation in Density: For most applications, water can be considered
incompressible and, in turn, can be assumed to have constant density.
• Air, on the other hand, is a relatively compressible fluid with variable
density.
 Important Fluid Properties (Cont’d)
2. Specific Volume (v): The volume per unit mass is called specific
volume. It is reciprocal of density.

• Its SI unit is m3/kg.

 Important Fluid Properties (Cont’d)
3. Specific Weight, 𝜸 [N/m3]: The weight per unit volume of fluid is
defined as specific weight.
𝑤𝑒𝑖𝑔ℎ𝑡 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑚𝑔
𝛾= = = 𝜌𝑔
𝑣𝑜𝑙𝑢𝑚𝑒 𝑜𝑓 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝑉
4. Specific Gravity, SG: The ratio of the specific weight of a given
liquid to the specific weight of water at a standard reference temperature
is defined as specific gravity.
𝛾𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑔 𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑 𝜌𝑓𝑙𝑢𝑖𝑑
𝑆𝐺 = = =
𝛾𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑔 𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟 𝜌𝑤𝑎𝑡𝑒𝑟
The specific gravity of mercury (Hg) at 20°C is
133 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
𝑆𝐺𝐻𝑔 = = 13.6
9.81 𝑘𝑁/𝑚3
 Important Fluid Properties (Cont’d)
• Volume (or density) of a fluid changes with a change in its temperature
or pressure. Fluids usually expand as they are heated or depressurized
and contract as they are cooled or pressurized. But the amount of
volume change is different for different fluids, and we need to define
properties that relate volume changes to the changes in pressure and
temperature. Two such properties are coefficient of compressibility
(k) and the coefficient of volume expansion (𝜷).
5. Coefficient of Compressibility (k): The coefficient of
compressibility represents the change in pressure corresponding to a
fractional change in volume or density of the fluid while the temperature
remains constant.
 Important Fluid Properties (Cont’d)
∆𝑃 ∆𝑃
𝑘=− =
∆𝑉ൗ ∆𝜌ൗ
𝑉 𝜌
• Then it follows that the coefficient of compressibility of a truly
incompressible substance (V= constant i.e. ∆𝑉=0) is infinity. What
would be the unit of k???
6. Coefficient of Volume Expansion (𝜷): The density of a fluid, in
general, depends more strongly on temperature than it does on pressure,
and the variation of density with temperature is responsible for
numerous natural phenomena such as winds, currents in oceans, rise of
plumes in chimneys, the operation of hot-air balloons, heat transfer by
natural convection.
 Important Fluid Properties (Cont’d)
• The property that provides that information is the coefficient of
volume expansion (or volume expansivity) , 𝜷 defined as
∆𝑉ൗ ∆𝜌ൗ
𝑉 𝜌
𝛽 = =−
∆𝑇 ∆𝑇
7. Viscosity: It is defined as the property of fluid which offers resistance
to the movement of one layer of the fluid over another adjacent layer of
the fluid. It is the property of a fluid due to which it offers resistance to
shear.
 Important Fluid Properties (Cont’d)
• Newton’s law of viscosity: “shear stress in a fluid is proportional to
the velocity gradient”. When two layers of a fluid, a distance “dy”
apart, move one over the other at different velocities, say u and u + du
as shown in Fig. , the viscosity together with relative velocity causes a
shear stress acting between the fluid layers. The top layer causes a
shear stress on the adjacent lower layer while the lower layer causes a
shear stress on the adjacent top layer. This shear stress is proportional
to the rate of change of velocity with respect to y. It is denoted by
symbol τ (Tau).
𝑑𝑢
OR 𝜏 = 𝜇
𝑑𝑦
where 𝜇(called mu) is the constant of proportionality and is known as
the coefficient of dynamic viscosity or only viscosity.
 Important Fluid Properties (Cont’d)
𝑑𝑢
represents the rate of shear strain or rate of shear deformation or
𝑑𝑦
𝜏
velocity gradient. Thus, we can write 𝜇 = 𝑑𝑢 . Thus viscosity is also
ൗ𝑑𝑦
defined as the shear stress required to produce unit rate of shear strain.
SI unit of viscosity is Ns/m2 (Pa.s). Another unit is Poise where 10
poise=1 Ns/m2

Fig.5. Velocity variation near solid boundary

 Important Fluid Properties (Cont’d)
• The viscosity of water at 20°C is 1 centipoise=0.01 poise=0.001 Ns/m2
• Kinematic Viscosity: It is defined as the ratio between the dynamic
viscosity and density of fluid. It is denoted by the Greek symbol (v)
called 'nu'. Thus, mathematically,

• The SI unit of kinematic viscosity is m2/s.

• Fluids which obey Newton’s law of viscosity are called Newtonian
fluids while others are Non-Newtonian fluids.
 Important Fluid Properties (Cont’d)
• Effect of Temperature on Viscosity: Temperature affects the
viscosity. The viscosity of liquids decreases with the increase of
temperature while the viscosity of gases increases with the increase of
temperature. This is due to reason that the viscous forces in a fluid are
due to cohesive forces and molecular momentum transfer.
• In liquids, the cohesive forces predominates the molecular momentum
transfer, due to closely packed molecules and with the increase in
temperature, the cohesive forces decreases with the result of
decreasing viscosity. But in case of gases the cohesive forces are small
and molecular momentum transfer predominates. With the increase in
temperature, molecular momentum transfer increases and hence
viscosity increases.
 Types of Fluid
Ideal Fluid: A fluid, which is incompressible and is having no viscosity, is
known as an ideal fluid. Ideal fluid is only an imaginary fluid as all the fluids,
which exist, have some viscosity.
Real Fluid: A fluid, which possesses viscosity, is known as real fluid. All the
fluids, in actual practice, are real fluids.
Newtonian Fluid: A real fluid, in which the shear stress is directly
proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient), is known as a
Newtonian fluid.
Non-Newtonian Fluid: A real fluid, in which the shear stress is not
proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity gradient), known as a Non-
Newtonian fluid.
Ideal Plastic Fluid. A fluid, in which shear stress is more than the yield value
and shear stress is proportional to the rate of shear strain (or velocity
gradient), is known as ideal plastic fluid.
Types of Fluid (Cont’d)

Fig.5. Types of fluid

 The No-Slip Condition
• Fluid flow is often confined by solid surfaces, and it is important to
understand how the presence of solid surfaces affects fluid flow. We
know that water in a river cannot flow through large rocks, and goes
around them.
• Consider the flow of a fluid in a stationary pipe or over a solid surface
that is nonporous (i.e., impermeable to the fluid). All experimental
observations indicate that a fluid in motion comes to a complete stop
at the surface and assumes a zero velocity relative to the surface. That
is, a fluid in direct contact with a solid “sticks” to the surface due to
viscous effects, and there is no slip. This is known as the no-slip
condition.
The No-Slip Condition (Cont’d)
 Numerical Problems
• Problem 1: Calculate the specific weight, density and specific gravity
of one liter of a liquid which weighs 7 N. (Ans: 7000 N/m3, 713.5
kg/m3, 0.7135)
• Problem 2: Calculate the density, specific weight and weight of one
liter of petrol of specific gravity = 0.7 (Ans: 700 kg/m3, 6867 N/m3,
6.867 N)
• Problem 3: If the velocity distribution over a plate is given by u =
(2/3) y - y2 in which u is the velocity in meter per second at a distance
y meter above the plate, determine the shear stress at (a) y = 0 and (b)
y = 0.15 m. Take dynamic viscosity of fluid as 8.63 poises. (Ans:
(a)0.5756 N/m2, (b) 0.3167 N/m2)
 Numerical Problems (Cont’d)
• Problem 4: A flat plate of area 1.5 m2 is pulled with a speed of 0.4
m/s relative to another plate located at a distance of 0.15 mm from it.
Find the force and power required to maintain this speed, if the fluid
separating them is having viscosity as 1 poise. (Ans: 400 N, 160 W)
• Problem 5: Determine the intensity of shear of an oil having viscosity
= 1 poise. The oil is used for lubricating the clearance between a shaft
of diameter 10 cm and its journal bearing. The clearance is 1.5 mm
and the shaft rotates at 150 r.p.m. (Ans: 52.33 N/m2)
Thanks for Listening