Compound Angle Formulae

Compound Angle Formulae
1.
Using appropriate right-angled triangles, show that tan 45° = 1 and .
Hence show that .

[7]
2. You are given that f(x) = cos x + λ sin x where λ is a positive constant.
i. Express f(x) in the form R cos (x − α), where R > 0 and , giving R and α
in terms of λ.
[4]
ii. Given that the maximum value (as x varies) of f(x) is 2, find R, λ and α, giving your
answers in exact form.
[4]
3.
Express cos θ − 3 sin θ in the form R cos(θ + α), where R > 0 and .
Hence show that the equation cos θ − 3 sin θ = 4 has no solution.

[6]
4. In Fig. 8, OAB is a thin bent rod, with OA = 1 m, AB = 2 m and angle OAB = 120°. Angles θ ,
ϕ and h are as shown in Fig. 8.
Fig. 8
(a) Show that h = sinθ + 2sin(θ + 60°). [3]
The rod is free to rotate about the origin so that θ and ϕ vary. You may assume that the result
for h in part (a) holds for all values of θ.
(b) Find an angle θ for which h = 0. [5]
© OCR 2017. Page 1 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

5. (a)
Express cosθ + 2sinθ in the form R cos(θ −a) , where and R is positive
and given in exact form. [4]
The function f(θ) is defined by , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , k is a constant.
(b) [3]
The maximum value of f(θ) is . Find the value of k.
6. (See Insert for Specimen 64003.) Fig. 15 shows a unit circle and the escribed regular polygon
with 12 edges.
Fig. 15
(a) Show that the perimeter of the polygon is 24 tan15° . [2]
(b)
Using the formula for tan show that the perimeter of the polygon is .
[3]

7. (a)
Express 2 cos θ + 3 sin θ in the form R sin (θ + α), where and R is a
positive constant given in exact form. [4]
(b) Determine the set of values of k for which the curve y = k + 2 cos x + 3 sin x lies
completely above
the x-axis. [4]
(c)
Explain why the curve lies completely above the x-axis for [1]
the set of values
of k found in part (b).
8. (a) Write down the exact values of tan 45° and tan 60°. [1]
(b) In this question you must show detailed reasoning.
Show that [4]
9. In this question you must show detailed reasoning.
(a) Express 8 cos x + 5 sinx in the form R cos(x – α), where R and α are constants with R [3]
> 0 and .
(b) Hence solve the equation 8 cosx + 5 sinx = 6 for 0 ≤ x < 2π, giving your answers
correct to 4 decimal places. [3]
10.
(a) [3]
Express 7cosx − 24sinx in the form R cos(x + α), where .
Write down the range of the function

(b)
f(x) = 12 + 7cosx − 24sinx , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

[2]

11. (a) [3]

Express cosx – sinx in the form Rcos (x + α), where .
(b) You are given that
for 0 ≤ α ≤ 2π.
Find the minimum value of f(x), giving your answer in the form where a, b and c
are integers to be determined. [3]
12. [1]
(a) Write cos2x in terms of cos 2x.
[2]
(b) Express 6 sin 2x + 8 cos 2x in the form R cos(2x − θ), where 0 < θ < .
In this question you must show detailed reasoning.
(c) Hence solve the equation 6 sin 2x + 16 cos2x = 13 for 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π giving your
answers correct to 3 significant figures.
[5]
END OF QUESTION paper

Mark scheme Compound Angle Formulae
Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance
For both B marks AG so need to be convinced and need triangles but further explanation
need not be on their diagram.
1
Any given lengths must be consistent.
B1 Need √2 or indication that triangle is isosceles oe
B1 Need all three sides oe
tan 75° = tan (45° + 30°) M1 use of correct compound angle formula with 45°, 30° soi
A1 substitution in terms of √3 in any correct form
eliminating fractions within a fraction (or rationalising, whichever comes first) provided
M1
compound angle formula is used as tan(A + B) = tan(A ± B)/(1 ± tanAtanB).
M1 rationalising denominator (or eliminating fractions whichever comes second)
A1 correct only, AG so need to see working

Examiner's Comments
There were some good explanations with appropriate triangles in the first part.
However, too many candidates felt it was enough to only give the information given in the
question and this was not sufficient. More was needed than, for example, a right-angled
triangle with lengths of 1, 1 and 45º to show that tan 45º=1. It was necessary to clearly show
the triangle was isosceles by giving the other angle or showing that the hypotenuse was √2, or
equivalent. Some made errors when calculating the other lengths in both triangles. Some good
candidates failed to score here seemingly being unfamiliar with where these identities came
from.
The second part started well for most candidates, who usually used the correct compound
angle formula, (although there were a few who thought that tan75º=tan45º+tan30º) and made
the first substitution. Thereafter, this question gave the opportunity for candidates to show that
they could eliminate fractions within fractions and rationalise the denominator. This was a good
discriminator for the higher scoring candidates. A few candidates abandoned their attempt
at half way and equated
Total 7
Enter text
2 i cos x + λsin x = R cos(x − α) Enter text here.
here.
i = R cos x cos α + R sin x sin α Enter text here.
i ⇒ R cos α = 1, R sin α = λ M1 Correct pairs. Condone sign error (so accept R sin α = − λ)
i ⇒ R2 = 1 + λ2, R = √(1 + λ2) B1 Positive square root only – isw. Accept R = 1/cos(arctan λ)or R = λ/sin(arctan λ)
Follow through their pairs. tan α = λ with no working implies both M marks. However, cos α =
i tan α = λ (oe) M1 1, sin α = λ ⇒ tan α = λ scores M0M1. First two M marks may be implied by combining one of
the pairs with R

i ⇒ α = arctan λ (oe) A1
Accept embedded answers, eg, √ (1 + λ2)cos(x − λ) for full marks
ii max is R so R = 2 B1 Enter text here.
ii 1 + λ2 = 4 ⇒ λ = √3 M1 A1 M1 for using √ (1 + λ2) = Rmax, A0 for ± √ 3 as final answer
www (eg λ = 1 and cos α = (1 + λ)− 1 ⇒ α = π/3 is B0)
Exact answers only for final A and B marks
Examiner's Comments
This question differentiated well due to the coefficient of sin x taking the form of a positive
constant rather than a number. Many candidates, however, were unfazed by this and worked
out the correct values for R and α . Some candidates lost the first method mark by not
including R inthe expanded trigonometric statements Rcos α = 1,Rsinα = λ . Writing α in
ii α = arctan √3 = π/3 B1 terms of the more complex arcsin and arccos expressions was surprisingly common.
It was a littleworrying that a sizeable minority of candidates went from the correct
to the incorrect R = 1 + λ , thinking the squared terms and the square

root cancelled each other out. In part (ii) those candidates that realised that R = 2 usually went
on to get the correct values for λ and α. However it was common for λ to be incorrect due to
an incorrect expression for R from part (i). A fair proportion of candidates gave α in degrees
and those who gave α as either arccos or arcsin

were generally less successful in this part than those who gave α as arctanλ.
Total 8
cosθ − 3sinθ = R(cosθ cosα − sinθ sinα)

3 M1A1 Correct pairs. Condone sign errors for the M mark (so accept R sin α = −3)
⇒ 1 = R cos α,3 = R sin α
B1
R2 = 12 + 32 = 10 ⇒ R = Or 3.2 or better, not ± unless + chosen
ft their pairs (condone sign errors but division must be the correct way round),A1 for 1.249 or
tanα = 3 ⇒ α = 1.249 M1 A1
better (accept 1.25), with no errors seen in method for angle
Or equivalent convincing numerical statement that no solutions exist e.g. .
Maybe embedded in an attempt at a solution. Do not accept general statements e.g. ‘doesn't
work’ – must be clear why no solutions exist – dependent on first B1
SC: If candidates state that cosα = 1,sinα = 3 ⇒ tanα = 3 this could score M0A0B1M1A1B1
(so max 4/6)
Note that those candidates who state R = and tanα = 3 with no (wrong) working seen
B1 could go on to score full marks
Maximum value of cosθ − 3sinθ is <4
Examiner's Comments
The majority of candidates correctly worked out the values of R and α although some
candidates lost the first method mark by not including R in the expanded trigonometric
statements R cos α =1 and R sin α = 3. Some failed to give α in radians and a small minority
stated R as 10 rather than the correct . Candidates were less successfully in showing
that cos θ − 3 sin θ = 4 had no solutions with many simply stating that

‘does not work’ or gives a ‘math error’. Many candidates failed to explain or give an equivalent
mathematical statement that the maximumvalue of cos θ − 3 sin θ is which is less than
4 and so did not score the final mark in this question.
Total 6
BAC = 360 − 120 − 90 − (90 − θ)

= θ + 60 B1(AO3.1a)
4 a
⇒ BC = 2 sin(θ + 60) M1(AO1.1)
CD = AE = sin θ
E1(AO2.1)
⇒ h = CD + BC
= sin θ +2 sin (θ + 60°) [3] AG
M1(AO3.1a)
h = sin θ + 2sin (θ + 60°)
use of compound angle
= sin θ + 2(sinθ cos 60 + cosθ sin 60) A1(AO2.1)
formula
M1(AO1.1)
= sin θ + sin θ + cos θ
= 2sin θ + cos θ M1(AO1.1)
A1(AO1.1)
h=0⇒ 2sin θ + cos θ = 0 h = 0 soi
b M1(AO3.1a)
⇒ Use of
⇒ θ = −40.9° [so 40.9° below the horizontal]

or 319.1° or 139.1°
Alternative method
M1(AO2.1)
Diagram with h = 0
A1(AO1.1)

M1(AO1.1)
A1(AO1.1)
[5]
a2 =12 + 22 − 4cos120°
For final mark, θ shown

below horizontal in
diagram together with
θ = −40.9°[ so 40.9° below the horizontal]
40.9° is accepteble
Total 8
M1(AO1.1a)
cos θ + 2sin θ º R cos(θ − α)
⇒ Rcos α = 1, Rsin α = 2
B1(AO1.1)
⇒ R2 = 5, R =
5 a M1A1(AO1.1
1.1)
tan α = 2, α = 1.107
[4]
M1(AO3.1a)
b
max value is
M1(AO1.1)

A1(AO1.1)
[3]
[This is indep of so]

k=3
Total 7
M1(AO1.1)
Angle = 360 ÷ 24 = 15
Edge length = 2 tan15º E1(AO2.1)
6 a
Perimeter = 12 × 2 tan15º
= 24 tan15º
[2]
AG
B1(AO3.1a)
tan15º = tan (45º − 30º)
M1(AO1.1)
Exact values of tan 45º

and tan30º used
B1(AO3.1a)
b
Alternative method
M1(AO1.1)
tan15º = tan (60º − 45º)
E1(AO2.1)
Exact values of tan 60º
and tan15º used
[3]

Perimeter = 12 × 2 tan15º
=
Correct completion AG
Total 5
2cosθ + 3sinθ ≡ Rsin(θ + α) ⇒ Rcosα = 3, Rsinα = 2 M1(AO 1.1a)
B1(AO 1.1)
So
7 a
M1(AO 1.1)
and
A1(AO 1.1)
⇒ α = 0.588 [4]
k + 2cos x + 3sin x > 0 [for all x]

B1(AO 3.1a) oe
M1(AO 1.1)
Use of expression from

b part (a)
M1(AO 3.1a)
Minimum value of LHS is

A1(AO 2.2a)
Attempt to find minimum
May be by calculus
[4] value

E1(AO 2.4)
oe; accept e.g. statement
c that the reciprocal of a
positive number is positive
[1]
Total 9
B1(AO 1.2)
8 a
[1]
DR
M1(AO 3.1a) Other correct methods eg
use of double angle
formula are acceptable
M1(AO 1.1)
Substitution of their surds
in correct compound
M1(AO 1.1) angle formula
b
Multiply numerator and denominator by
A1(AO 2.1)
AG Convincing arithmetic
[4]
to given result
Total 5

DR
8 cos x + 5 sin x = R(cos x cos α +

sin x sin α), so
8 = R cos α and 5 = R sin α
M1(AO1.1a)
Equating coefficients
9 a
B1(AO1.1b)
Accept 9.43 or better

A1(AO1.1b)
Accept 0.559 or better
(No penalty for omission of

this step)
[3]
DR
M1(AO1.1a)
b
Method leading to at least
A1(AO1.1a)
one solution
x = 1.4401
A1(AO1.1a) If a rounded value from (a)

used max. A1 only
x = 5.9603 [3]
Total 6
B1
(AO 1.1)
10 a R = 25

M1
(AO 1.1)
or or 73.739795° rounded to 2
or more sf may imply
25cos(x + 1.29) A1 M1A0
(AO 1.1)
allow A1 for α found to 2
α = 1.28700221759 or more sf
[3]
rounded to 2 or
more sf
Examiner’s Comments
The majority of candidates gained full credit, with careless arithmetic resulting in dropped
accuracy marks on this routine item.
or one of − 13 and 37
M1 identified
(AO 3.1a)
12 ± their 25
allow eg from − 13 to 37
b A1 inclusive A0 if inequality is strict
(AO 1.1)
−13 ≤ f(x) ≤ 37
[2] Examiner’s Comments
Some candidates answered their own question, taken directly from part (a).
Total 5
B1 (AO1.1)
R = √3
M1 (AO1.1)
11 a
A1 (AO1.1)
[3]

α = 0.615
0.61547970… rounded to
2 or more significant
figures
M1 (AO3.1a) FT their R
b M1 (AO2.1)
At min value, cos(x + 0.62) = 1 soi A1 (AO1.1)
[3] BC rationalising
10 – 5√3
Total 6
B1 (AO 1.1a)
12 a [cos2x =] ½(1 + cos2x)
[1]
R = 10
B1 (AO 1.1)
b B1 (AO 1.1)
θ = arctan(0.75) isw or 0.643501…
[2]
to 3 or more sf
DR
substitution of results from parts (a) and (b) in the equation
M1 (AO 2.1)
6sin2x + 8cos2x = 5
A1 (AO 1.1)
c found FT their R
M1 (AO
0.845, 3.99, 3.1a)
A1 (AO 1.1)
2.94, 6.08 cao A1 (AO 1.1)

if A0A0 allow A1 for all four
[5] values correct to a different
precision
Total 8

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Compound Angle Formulae

Using appropriate right-angled triangles, show that tan 45° = 1 and .

Hence show that .

Hence show that the equation cos θ − 3 sin θ = 4 has no solution.

(b) Find an angle θ for which h = 0. [5]

© OCR 2017. Page 1 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

The function f(θ) is defined by , 0 ≤ θ ≤ 2π , k is a constant.

The maximum value of f(θ) is . Find the value of k.

(a) Show that the perimeter of the polygon is 24 tan15° . [2]

© OCR 2017. Page 2 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

(b) In this question you must show detailed reasoning.

Show that [4]

9. In this question you must show detailed reasoning.

Write down the range of the function

f(x) = 12 + 7cosx − 24sinx , 0 ≤ x ≤ 2π.

© OCR 2017. Page 3 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

11. (a) [3]

(b) You are given that

In this question you must show detailed reasoning.

END OF QUESTION paper

© OCR 2017. Page 4 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Question Answer/Indicative content Marks Guidance

B1 Need √2 or indication that triangle is isosceles oe

B1 Need all three sides oe

A1 substitution in terms of √3 in any correct form

M1 rationalising denominator (or eliminating fractions whichever comes second)

A1 correct only, AG so need to see working

© OCR 2017. Page 5 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

i = R cos x cos α + R sin x sin α Enter text here.

© OCR 2017. Page 6 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Accept embedded answers, eg, √ (1 + λ2)cos(x − λ) for full marks

ii max is R so R = 2 B1 Enter text here.

ii 1 + λ2 = 4 ⇒ λ = √3 M1 A1 M1 for using √ (1 + λ2) = Rmax, A0 for ± √ 3 as final answer

www (eg λ = 1 and cos α = (1 + λ)− 1 ⇒ α = π/3 is B0)

Exact answers only for final A and B marks

to the incorrect R = 1 + λ , thinking the squared terms and the square

and those who gave α as either arccos or arcsin

© OCR 2017. Page 7 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

cosθ − 3sinθ = R(cosθ cosα − sinθ sinα)

Or equivalent convincing numerical statement that no solutions exist e.g. .

© OCR 2017. Page 8 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

BAC = 360 − 120 − 90 − (90 − θ)

⇒ θ = −40.9° [so 40.9° below the horizontal]

© OCR 2017. Page 9 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

For final mark, θ shown

© OCR 2017. Page 10 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

[This is indep of so]

Exact values of tan 45º

© OCR 2017. Page 11 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

2cosθ + 3sinθ ≡ Rsin(θ + α) ⇒ Rcosα = 3, Rsinα = 2 M1(AO 1.1a)

k + 2cos x + 3sin x > 0 [for all x]

Use of expression from

Minimum value of LHS is

© OCR 2017. Page 12 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

Multiply numerator and denominator by

© OCR 2017. Page 13 of 17 PhysicsAndMathsTutor.com

8 cos x + 5 sin x = R(cos x cos α +

8 = R cos α and 5 = R sin α

Accept 9.43 or better

Accept 0.559 or better