Midterm 1

Chapter 1: 1.1-1.7 & 1.
10
Introduction includes updated coverage of multicore systems, as well as new coverage of NUMA
systems and Hadoop clusters. Old material has been updated, and new motivation has been added
for the study of operating systems.
1.1 What operating system do

A computer system can be divided roughly into four components: the hardware, the operating
system, the application programs, and a user
operating systems from two viewpoints:
The user’s view: consists of PC consisting of a monitor, keyboard, and mouse to monopolize the
resources
The system’s view: The operating system acts as the manager of these resources of : CPU time,
memory space, storage space, I/O devices, and so on.
Moore’s Law predicted that the number of transistors on an integrated circuit would double every 18
months, and that prediction has held true
the operating system is the one program running at all times on the computer—usually called the
kernel. Along with the kernel, there are two other types of programs: system programs, which are
associated with the operating system but are not neces_sarily part of the kernel, and application
programs
1.2 Computer-System Organization

computer system consist of CPU and device controller connected through the common bus. Each
controller device controller connect a specific type of device and device driver provides the interface
between the OS and these devices
Interrupt: device driver loads registers of device controller -> device controller determine what
action to take -> after finished, the device controller return the status to driver. Interrupt will be
handled by interrupt routine which is the is pointed by interrupt vector will provides the address of
interrupt routine
device controller raises an interrupt by asserting a signal on the interrupt request line, the CPU
catches the interrupt and dispatches it to the interrupt handler, and the handler clears the interrupt
by servicing the device. Figure 1.4 summarizes the interrupt-driven I/O cycle
Storage structure: Main memory commonly is implemented in a semiconductor technology called

dynamic random-access memory (DRAM). Ram is volatile
EEPROM - erasable programmable read-only memory: storage that is infrequently written to and is
nonvolatile
execution cycle, as executed on a system with a von Neumann architecture: fetch from primary
memory to internal register -> decoded and executed -> store back in memory
I/O device: using direct memory access (DMA) is used to transfer block of data to memory
1.3 Computer-system architecture

Single-processor systems
Multiprocessor system ?
Clustered systems: composed of two or more individual systems – joined together provides high-
availability service, a service will still running if one of the node fail, runs in asymmetric (host -
server) or symmetric (server- server)
1.4 Operating system Operations

Multiprogramming increases CPU utilization, as well as keeping users satisfied, by organizing
programs so that the CPU always has one to execute.
Multitasking is a logical extension of multiprogramming. In multitasking systems, the CPU executes
multiple processes by switching among them, but the switches occur frequently, providing the user
with a fast response time
Dual mode provides us with the means for protecting the operating system from errant users
Chapter 2: All of it
Operating-System Structures provides a significantly revised discussion of the design and
implementation of operating systems. We have updated our treatment of Android and iOS and have
revised our Preface xiii coverage of the system boot process with a focus on GRUB for Linux systems.
New coverage of the Windows subsystem for Linux is included as well. We have added new sections
on linkers and loaders, and we now discuss why applications are often operating-system specific.
Finally, we have added a discussion of the BCC debugging toolset.
Chapter 3: 3.1-3.6
Chapter 4: 4.1-4.4 & 4.5.1
Chapter 5: 5.1-5.3 or practically everything covered by the end of lecture on Feb. 01, 2024

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Chapter 1: 1.1-1.7 & 1.

1.1 What operating system do

1.2 Computer-System Organization

Storage structure: Main memory commonly is implemented in a semiconductor technology called

1.3 Computer-system architecture

1.4 Operating system Operations

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