Maths Notes Removed

Real Numbers
/padhleakshay
Number System
Let us once recall the Types of Numbers that we know till now.
Natural Numbers: The Counting numbers are called 'natural numbers' which are
denoted by N = {1,2,3,4,5,........}
Whole Numbers: Zero and all the natural numbers are together called 'whole
numbers' which are denoted by W = {0,1,2,3,4,........}
Integers: All the negative numbers, zero and all positive numbers are
called 'Integers' denoted by Z = {-3,-2,-1,0,1,2,3,4}
Rational Numbers: Any number which can be expressed in the form p/q, where p&q
/padhleakshay
are integers and q =/ 0 are called 'rational numbers. Such
numbers are denoted as Q = {5/3, 7/2, 8/5,} etc....
Irrational Numbers:Numbers which cannot be expressed in the form p/q are called
√√√√
'irrational numbers'. E.g: 2 , 3 , 5 , 11 , etc......
Real Numbers: All the rational numbers as well as the irrational numbers are
called 'real numbers'.
Prime Numbers: Those numbers which have only two factors i.e. 1 and the
number itself are called 'Prime Numbers'.E.g: 2,3,5,7,11, etc....
Composite Numbers: Numbers having more than two factors i.e 1, the number
itself and some other number(s) are called 'Composite
Numbers'. E.g: 4,6,8,9,10,12, etc....
*Note: 1 is neither prime number nor a composite number as it has only one factor.
Fundamental Theorem of Arithmetic
"Every composite number can be expressed (factorised) as a product of primes, and this
factorisation is unique, apart from the order in which the prime factors occur".
Example: Express 32760 as a product of primes.
Solution: 32760 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 3 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 13 2 32760
/padhleakshay
3 2 2 16380
32760 = 2 × 3 × 5 × 7 × 13 2 8190
#Toh ye hamne ek composite number (32760) ko 3 4095
prime numbers ke product ki form me express kar 3 1365
diya hai jaisa ki theorem kehta hai...OK. 5 455
7 91
13 13
1
How to Find the LCM & HCF

We can easily find the LCM & HCF of numbers using "Prime Factorisation Method".
Example: Find LCM and HCF of 6 and 20.
/padhleakshay
Solution: Prime factorisation of 6 = _
2×3 2 6 2 20
Prime factorisation of 20 = 2 × 2 × 5 3 3 2 10
2 5 5
= 2_ × 5 1
1
For LCM: Prime factors Greatest Power
2 2
3 1
5 1
2 1 1
So, LCM(6,20) = 2 × 3 × 5 = 4 × 15 = 60
For HCF: Common factors Least Power

2 1
1
So, HCF(6,20) = 2 = 2
*Note: For any two positive integers a and b,
HCF(a,b) × LCM(a,b) = a × b
i.e. HCF × LCM = Product of two numbers
** Toh yaad rakhna ki HCF × LCM = Product of two numbers, important hai questions me
bhi use hoga..OK. Chalo ek question kar bhi lete hain.
Example:
Find the HCF of 96 and 404 by using Prime Factorisation Method. Also, find their LCM.
Sol: Prime Factorisation of 96 = 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 2 × 3
2 96 2 404
_
5 1
=2×3
2 48 2 202
Prime Factorisation of 404 = 2 × 2 × 101 2 24 101 101
12
_2
= 2 × 101
1
2
/padhleakshay
2 6
3 3
For HCF: Common factors Least power 1
2 2
2
So, HCF(96,404) = 2 = 4
Also we know that,
LCM(96,404) × HCF(96,404) = 96 × 404
=> LCM(96,404) × 4 = 96 × 404
=> LCM(96,404) = 96 × 404
4
=> LCM(96,404) = 9696
Hence,LCM(96,404) = 9696 and HCF(96,404) = 4
/padhleakshay
#For your self practice do the following questions:
Q1) Find HCF and LCM :
(i) 90 and 144 (ii) 144, 180 and 192 (iii) 336 and 54
Q2) The HCF of two numbers is 16 and their product is 3072. Find their LCM.
Q3) The HCF of two numbers is 145 and their LCM is 2175. If one number is 725,
find the other.
Theorem1.2 :
"Let p be a prime number. If p divides a2, then p divides a also, where a is a positive
integer".
2
For e.g, if p = 5, a = 25 and a = 625
so here 5 divides 625 i.e p divides a2
also 5 divides 25 i.e. p divides a also.
#Haan toh bhyi aayi theorem samajh me!
Revisiting Irrational Numbers
**Suno iss topic me Irrational numbers ko Irrational prove karne wale questions aayenge
and iska ek question exam me pakka aata hai..toh acche se karna. Mai tumhe iss topic
se 2 type ke questions karwa deta hun..koi bhi aa sakta hai..OK!
√√√√√
TYPE 1 Questions: 2 , 3 , 5 , 7 , 11 , etc... Ko Irrational prove karna
/padhleakshay
Example: Prove that √2 is an irrational number.
SOLUTION: Let us assume on the contrary that √2 is a rational number. Then, there
exist positive integers a and b such that
√ _
2 = a where, a and b, are co-prime i.e. their HCF is 1
b
Squarring both sides, we get
=> √ 2
( 2) = (a/b)
2
=> 2=a _
2
2
b
2
=> 2b = a2
=>
2
b =a_
2
.............(i)
2
/padhleakshay
The above equation implies that a2 is divisible by 2,
so using theorem 1.2 a is also divisible by 2.
Now, let a = 2m for some integer m, then
√2 = 2m
b
Squarring both sides, we get
=> 2 = 4m2
2
2
b
=> 2b2 = 4m2 2
=> b2 = 4/2m2
=> b2 = 2m
=> _
b = m2
2
.............(ii)
2
Which implies that b is divisible by 2,
So then b is also divisible by 2.
From (i) and (ii), we obtain that 2 is a common factor of a and b. But this contradicts
our assumption that a and b are co-prime.
√
Hence, 2 is an irrational number.
*Suno same pattern par baki questions bhi hote hain....Kar lena OK!
TYPE 2 Questions:
Example: Prove that 5 - √3 is an irrational number.
√
SOLUTION: Let us assume on the contrary that 5 - 3 is rational. Then, there exist
co-prime positive integers a and b such that
√ _
5- 3 = a
b
=>
b
√
5 - a_ = 3 {root Wale ko ek side aur baki sab ko dusri side}
√
5b - a = 3
/padhleakshay
=>
b
=> √ [ ]
3 is rational a, b are integers, so 5b - a is a rational number
b
√
This contradicts the fact that 3 is irrational. So, our assumption is incorrect.
√
Hence, 5 - 3 is an irrational number.
#For your self practice do the following questions:

√
Q1. Prove that 3 + 2 5 is irrational.
√ √
Q2. Prove that 2 + 5 is irrational.
√
Q3. Show that 2 - 3 is an irrational number.
√
Q4. Show that 3 + 2 is an irrational number.
√
/padhleakshay
Q5. Prove that 2 - 3 5 is an irrational number.
*After studying from

these notes
*NOTE: Worksheet (important questions of all typology with answers) is
provided as a separate PDF on website padhleakshay.com
Polynomials
/padhleakshay
Introduction
• The word 'Polynomial' is itself made up of two words i.e. Poly which means "many" and
Nomial which means "Terms".
• So Polynomial is an algebraic/mathematical expression which has many terms or more
than one term.
What are Terms?
Terms are simply the combination of "Variables" & "Coefficients".
Variables : All the "Alphabets" or "Letters" are called Variables. E.g: a,b,c,......x,y,z.
2x, 5y, 7a, -4z, etc..... here x, y, a & z are variables.
Coefficient : Number with variable is called coefficient.
/padhleakshay
E.g: 3x, 4y, -2z, -7b, etc.... here 3, 4, -2 & -7 are the coefficients.
Therefore, Example of Terms = -2x, 5y, 4t, -6z, etc.......
Degree of Polynomial
If P(x) is a polynomial in X, the highest power of X in P(x) is called 'the degree of
Polynomial'. For example, 4x + 2 is a polynomial in the variable X of degree 1.
Example of a Polynomial P(x) :
2
P(x) = 3x + 4x + 7
3 is the
coefficient Of X
2 CONSTANT
4 is the Term
coefficient Of X
*Note: The above given P(x) is a polynomial in Variable X.
Types of Polynomial
On the basis of degree, Polynomials are divided into few types:
• Linear Polynomial: A polynomial whose highest power is 1 is called a Linear Polynomial.
For example: x + 1 ; y + 7 ; z - 3
• Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial whose highest power is 2 is called a Quadratic
Polynomial. For example: x2 + 7x + 10 ; x2 - 5x + 3 ;
• Cubic Polynomial: A polynomial whose highest power is 3 is called a Cubic Polynomial.
For example: 4x3 + 7x2 + 9x -3
• Bi-Quadratic Polynomial: A polynomial whose highest power is 4 is called a Bi-Quadratic
/padhleakshay
Polynomial. For example: 7x4+ 9x3 + 3x2 + 5x - 10
• Constant Polynomial: A polynomial having a power of 0 is called a Constant Polynomial.
0
For example: X = 1 (which is a constant)
General Forms of Polynomials

(General Forms bole toh saare Polynomials inhi forms ki tarah ke dikte hain...OK)
• Linear Polynomial: ax + b ; For e.g: 2x + 3
• Quadratic Polynomial: ax2 + bx + c ; For e.g: 2x2 + 3x - 7
• 3 2 3 2
Cubic Polynomial: ax + bx + cx + d ; For e.g: 4x + 3x - 7x + 2
• 4
Bi-Quadratic Polynomial: ax + bx3+ cx2 + dx + e ; For e.g: 4x4 + 3x3 - 7x2 + 2x + 6
#Suno ye forms yaad bhi rakhni hain.. important hoti hain, questions me confusion se
/padhleakshay
bachna hai toh yaad karlena..OK.
Zeroes of a Polynomial
It refers to those values of variables (such as x) for which the Polynomial P(x) becomes
Zero.
Example: Check if X = 2 is a zero of P(x) = x2- 2x
ANSWER: Put X = 2 2in P(x)
=> P(2) = (2) - 2 × 2 = 4 - 4 = 0
Hence X = 2 is a zero of P(x).
# IMPORTANT RESULTS
• A Linear Polynomial P(x) = ax + b will have only 1 zero.
• A Quadratic Polynomial P(x) = ax + bx + c will have 2 zeroes.
2
• A Cubic Polynomial P(x) = ax + bx + cx + d will have 3 zeroes.

3 2
#Bole toh jitni polynomial ki degree utne hi no. of zeroes hote

hain..OK!
How to find No of zeroes from Graph?
(Ye topic exercise 2.1 me aata hai and iska 1M ka question aa jaata hai Boards me)
• Iss tarah ke questions ko karne ki trick ye hai ki bas ye dekho Y
ki graph me x-axis kitni jagah par cut raha hai..ok.
• In the given graph of a polynomial P(x), the x-axis is
cutting at 2 points. Hence, no of zeroes of P(x) = 2 X
0
P(x)
/padhleakshay
Relation between Zeroes & Coefficients V.V.V.Imp
• If Alpha(α) is the Zero of a Linear Polynomial P(x) = ax + b, then

α = -b
a
_
• If Alpha(α) & Beta(β) are the two Zeroes of a Quadratic Polynomial P(x) = ax + bx + c, 2
then
α + β = -b
a
_ αβ = c _
a
-coefficient of x Product of Zeroes = Constant
Sum of Zeroes = 2 coefficient of x2
coefficient of x
/padhleakshay
• If Alpha(α), Beta(β) & Gamma(γ) are the Zeroes of a Cubic Polynomial
P(x) = ax3+ bx2 + cx + d, then
α + β + γ = -b/a ; αβ + βγ + γα = c/a ; αβγ = -d/a

• If Alpha(α) & Beta(β) are the Zeroes of a Quadratic Polynomial, then P(x) will be
given by a formula
P(x) = k [ X2 - (α + β)X + αβ ]
2
i.e P(x) = [X - (sum of Zeroes)X + Product of Zeroes]

these notes
Pair of Linear Equations
in two Variables
/padhleakshay
Introduction
• Recall, in Class9, we have learnt that an equation having the highest degree of variables
as one is called a Linear Equation.
• An equation which can be put in the form ax + by + c = 0, where a,b and c are real no.s
and a&b =/ 0.
• For example: 2x + 3y = 6 ; x - 2y - 4 = 0, etc.... are Linear Equations in two variables.
Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables

• When we study two linear equations at a time, then such a pair of equations is known
as "Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables"
Example: 2x + 3y + 5 = 0
5x + 7y + 9 = 0 }
Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables
/padhleakshay
• GENERAL FORM of a Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables:
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2 y + c2 = 0 } (Sari linear equations issi taraf ki dikhti hain..OK)
• A solution of such an equation is a pair of values x&y, which makes the two sides of the
equation equal.
For example, let us put x = 1 and y = 1 in the LHS of the equation 2x + 3y + 5 = 0.
LHS = 2(1) + 3(1)
=2+3
=5
which is equal to the RHS.
Therefore, x = 1 and y = 1 is a solution of the equation 2x + 3y = 5
(*Solution of linear equations ka matlab x aur y ki values nikalna...Ok)

Solution of Linear Equations
A pair of linear equations in two Variables can be solved by using two methods:
1) Graphical Method
2) Algebraic Method
Substitution Method
Elimination Method
Cross-multiplication Method
(NOT IN SYLLABUS)
/padhleakshay
Graphical Method (Imp)
For any two Linear Equations in two Variables, only one of the following three
possibilities can arise:
(i) The two lines will "intersect each other at one point".
Y
•
X
0
(ii) The two lines will not "intersect each other i.e they are"parallel"
Y
/padhleakshay
0
X
(iii) The two lines will become "Coincident or overlapping".

Y
X
0
*Matlab jab bhi ham 2 linear equations ka graph banaege toh upar ki 3 situations me se koi
bhi ek tarah ka graph ban sakta hai..theek hai. Jab question karoge toh jyada acche se samaj
aayega don't worry!
RATIO COMPARISON: (V.imp)
If we have two linear equations as
a1 x + b1 y + c1 = 0
a2x + b2y + c2= 0 , then following situations are possible.
*a * *
1
/ b1
= Intersecting One Solution CONSISTENT
a2 b2
|
|
lines (unique Sol.) Equations
/padhleakshay
a1 b1 c1 Infinitely CONSISTENT (Ratt Lo iss
a2 = b2 = c2
Coincident
|
|
|
lines many sol. Equations

table ko)
a1 b1 c1
No Solution INCONSISTENT
a2 = b2 = c2
| Parallel
|
|
|
lines Equations
* * *
#Abb jara dekho question kaisa pucha jata hai...
Example: On Comparing the ratios a1/a2, b1/b2 & c1/c2 state whether the following
linear equations will intersect at a point, are parallel or coincident:
(i) 5x - 4y + 8 = 0
7x + 6y - 9 = 0
/padhleakshay
SOL: Comparing given equations with the general form we get:
a1 = 5 , b1 = -4 , c1 = 8
a2= 7 , b2= 6 , c2 = -9
a1 5 b1 -4 -2 c1 8
=> a2 = 7
; = = ;
c2 = -9
|
b2 6 3
|
|
|
|
|
5 -2
Clearly, a1 = b1 as 7 = 3
| |
|
|
|
a2 b2
|
Hence, the given lines will intersect at one point.

(ii) 2x + 3y = 9
4x + 6y = 18
(iii) x + 2y - 4 = 0
2x + 4y - 12 = 0
(*Ye Wale dono khud karke dekhna ho jayenge abb toh tumse...OK!)
Algebraic Methods
*Suno iske dono methods tumhe questions ki practice se jyada samajh aayenge rather ki
mai tumhe kuch bhi verbally batau isliye questions karte hain...Ok!
(1) SUBSTITUTION METHOD
Example: Solve: x - 2y = 8
x+y=5
/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: Given equations are x - 2y = 8 ..............(1)
x + y = 5 ..............(2)
From equation(2), we get x = 5 - y ..............(3)
Now, Substituting x = 5 - y in equation(1), we get
x - 2y = 8 Putting y = -1 in eq(3), we get
=> (5-y) - 2y = 8 => x = 5 - (-1)
=> 5 - 3y = 8 => x = 5 + 1
=> - 3y = 8 - 5 => x = 6
=> - 3y = 3
=> y = 3/-3
=> y = -1
Therefore, the solution is x = 6 & y = -1.

Example: Solve: x + y = 14
/padhleakshay
x-y=4
SOLUTION: Given equations are x + y = 14 ..............(1)
x - y = 4 ..............(2)
From equation(1), we get y = 14 - x ..............(3)
Now, Substituting y = 14 - x in equation(2), we get
x-y=4 Putting x = 9 in eq(3), we get
=> x - (14 - x) = 4 => y = 14 - 9
=> x - 14 + x = 4 => y=5
=> 2x = 4 + 14
=> 2x = 18
=> x=9
Therefore, the solution is x = 9 & y = 5.
(2) ELIMINATION METHOD
Example: Solve: 3x + 4y = 10
2x - 2y = 2
SOLUTION: In this method, we always try to eliminate any one of the variables,
either x or y.
We have, 3x + 4y = 10 ..........(1)
2x - 2y = 2 ..........(2)
Multiplying eq(2) by 2, the equation becomes
/padhleakshay
3x + 4y = 10 ..........(3)
4x - 4y = 4 ..........(4)
Now, adding eq(3) & (4) to eliminate the variable y, we have
/
3x + 4y = 10
/
4x - 4y = 4
7x = 14
x = 14/7
x=2
Putting x = 2 in equation(1), we get
=> 3 × 2 + 4y = 10
=> 6 + 4y = 10
/padhleakshay
=> 4y = 10 - 6
=> 4y = 4
=> y=1
Therefore, the solution is x = 2 & y = 1.

these notes

Quadratic
Equations
Introduction
•In chapter2, we have studied about 'Quadratic Polynomials' of the form ax + bx + c, a =0
/padhleakshay
2
/
(i.e. whose highest degree is 2).

•When we equate this polynomial to zero, we get a 'Quadratic Equation'.
2
i.e ax + bx + c = 0 gives a quadratic equation.
This is also called the Standard form of a quadratic equation.
Examples: (i) 7x2 + 3x + 9 = 0
2
(ii) 5x + 3 = 0
2
(iii) 2x - 3x + 1 = 0, etc....
Roots of a Quadratic Equation
It refers to those values of x that satisfies the equation.
Example: Consider an equation x2- 3x - 10 = 0
"5 is a root of the above equation"
/padhleakshay
2
because (5) - 3 × 5 - 10
=> 25 - 15 - 10 = 25 - 25 = 0 = R.H.S
Clearly, the equation gets satisfied.
How to identify Quadratic Equations? (1 ya 2 marks me pooch lete hai)
Example: Check whether the following are quadratic equations:
2
(i) (x - 2) + 1 = 2x - 3. (ii) x(x + 1) + 8 = (x + 2) (x - 2)
2 2 2
SOLUTION: (i) (x - 4x + 4) + 1 = 2x - 3 SOLUTION: (ii) x + x + 8 = x - 2x + 2x - 4
2 2 2
=> x - 4x + 5 = 2x - 3 => x + x + 8 = x - 4
2 2
=> x2 - 4x - 2x + 5 + 3 = 0 => x - x + x + 8 + 4 = 0
2
=> x - 6x + 8 = 0 => x + 12 = 0
2 2
It is of the form ax + bx + c = 0. It is not of the form ax + bx + c = 0.
Therefore, the given equation is a Therefore, the given equation is not
quadratic equation. a quadratic equation.
Solution of a Quadratic Equation
Factorisation Completing the Quadratic

Method Square Method Formula
(not in syllabus)
/padhleakshay
1. Factorisation Method :
(Middle term splitting)
Example: Find the roots of the following equations by factorisation:
(i) 2x2- 5x + 3 = 0
2
(ii) 2x + 7x - 9 = 0 √ 2
√
(iii) 2 x + 7x + 5 2 = 0
SOLUTION: (i) We need to split the middle term -5x into two numbers such that they
give -5x on adding them and 6x2on multiplying them(i.e 2x2× 3 = 6x2).
2
=> 2x - 5x + 3 = 0
=> 2x 2- 2x - 3x + 3 = 0
=> 2x(x - 1) -3(x - 1) = 0
=> (x - 1) (2x - 3) = 0
putting both brackets equal to 0
x-1=0 ; 2x - 3 = 0
/padhleakshay
x=1 ; 2x = 3
x = 3/2
Hence, the required roots of the given equation are x = 1 & x = 3/2
2
(ii) 2x + 7x - 9 = 0 √ 2
√
(iii) 2 x + 7x + 5 2 = 0
=> 2x + 9x - 2x -9 = 0 => √ √
2 x2 + 2x + 5x + 5 2 = 0
=> x(2x + 9) -1(2x + 9) = 0 => √ √√ √
2 x2+ 2 . 2 x + 5x + 5 2 = 0
=> (2x + 9) (x - 1) = 0 √ √ √
=> 2x (x + 2) + 5 (x + 2) = 0
putting both brackets equal to 0 => (x + √2) (√2x + 5) = 0
=> 2x + 9 = 0 ; x-1=0 putting both brackets equal to 0
=> 2x = -9 ; x=1 => x + √2 = 0 ; √2 x + 5 = 0
=> x = -9/2 x = -√2 ; √2x = -5
x = -5/√2
=>
Hence, the required roots of the given
equation are x = -9/2 & x = 1. Hence, the required roots of the given
√
equation are x = - 2 & x = -5/ 2 . √
2. Quadratic Formula:
Given a quadratic equation ax2+ bx + c = 0, we can find the roots of this equation by
uaing the formula given below:
2
-b + b - 4ac
X= -
2a
2
*Note that b - 4ac is called the discriminant of quadratic equation denoted by D.
Example: Find the roots of 2x2+ 7x - 9 = 0 by Quadratic Formula
/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: Comparing given equation 2x2+ 7x - 9 = 0 with ax2+ bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = 7 & c = -9
Now using the Quadratic Formula to find the roots, we have
2
=> X = -b -+ b - 4ac
2a
2
-7 -+ (7) - 4×2×(-9)
=> x=
2×2
49 + 72
=> x = -7 -+
4
=> x = -7 -+ 121
4
=> x= --7 + 11
4
/padhleakshay
Now, x = -7 + 11 and x = -7 - 11
4 4
x = 4/4 ; x = -18/4
x=1 x = -9/2
Nature of Roots V.V.imp

2 2
Given a quadratic equation ax + bx + c = 0, here b - 4ac is called the discriminant of
this quadratic equation denoted by D. And a quadratic equation has
2
(i) two distinct real roots, if b - 4ac > 0 (i.e D is positive)
2
(ii) two equal roots, if b - 4ac = 0
2
(iii) no real roots, if b - 4ac < 0 (i.e D is negative)
(*upar ki teeno conditions ko ratt Lena most imp. hai...Ok!
Kuch questions Mai tumhe karwa deta hun..par tumhe bhi baaki questions ki practice
jarur karni hai apne end se theek hai..
Example: Find the discriminant of the quadratic equation 2x2- 4x + 3 = 0, and hence
find the nature of the roots
2
SOLUTION: We have given equation 2x - 4x + 3 = 0
here, a = 2, b = -4 and c = 3
2
We know Discriminant, D = b - 4ac
2
= (-4) - 4×2×3
= 16 - 24
= -8 < 0
/padhleakshay
2
Since b - 4ac < 0, the given equation has no real roots.
Example: Find the values of K so that the following quadratic equations has two
equal roots.
2
(i) 2x + kx + 3 = 0 (ii) kx(x - 2) + 6 = 0
2
SOLUTION: (i) On comparing with ax + bx + c = 0, we get
a = 2, b = k & c = 3
2
Dicriminant, D = b - 4ac
2
= k - 4×2×3
2
= k - 24
2
For equal roots, D = b - 4ac = 0
k 2- 24 = 0
2
k = 24
√
/padhleakshay
k = -+ 24
√
k = -+2 6
(ii) We have kx(x - 2) + 6 = 0 => kx2- 2kx + 6 = 0
here, a = k, b = -2k & c = 6
2
Discriminant, D = b - 4ac
2
= (-2k) - 4×k×6
2
= 4k - 24k
2
For equal roots, D = b - 4ac = 0
2
4k - 24k = 0 k = 24/4
2
4k = 24k k=6
4k = 24

these notes
Arithmetic
Progressions
/padhleakshay
What is Sequence?
'A specific pattern of numbers or a definite order of numbers is called a sequence'.
Example: (i) 1, 2, 3, 4,. . .
(ii) 4, 8, 12, 16, 20,. . .
(iii) 10, 20, 30, 40,. . .
(iv) -2, -4, -6, -8,. . .
Each of the numbers in the list is called a term.
Arithmetic Progression
"An arithmetic progression is a list of numbers in which each term is obtained by
/padhleakshay
adding a fixed number to the preceding term except the first term".
For e.g. the list of numbers 4, 8, 12, 16, 20, 24,...... is an A.P because each term
is obtained by adding a fixed number 4 to the preceding term.
#ALWAYS REMEMBER
• The fixed number between two consecutive terms of an A.P is called common
difference denoted by d. This d can be positive, negative or zero.
Example: Positive d = 3, 6, 9, 12, 15,.... here d = 6 - 3 = 3
Negative d = 12, 10, 8, 6, 4,..... here d = 10 - 12 = -2
Zero d = 4, 4, 4, 4, 4, 4,..... here d = 4 - 4 = 0.
• Each of the numbers in an A.P is called a term.
• We denote the first term of an A.P by a1 , second term by a2, . . ., nth term by an .
Then the A.P becomes a 1 , a2 , a3 , . . ., an .
General form of an A.P
An arithmetic progression where a is the first term and d is the common difference
can be represented as a, a + d, a + 2d, a + 3d, . . . . This is called the general form of
an AP.
For e.g. Consider 2, 4, 6, 8, . . . here d = 2
observe a=2, 2+2=4, 2+2(2)=6, 2+3(2)=8
/padhleakshay
Therefore it implies that a1 = a ; a2= a + d ; a3= a + 2d ; a4= a + 3d ; a5= a + 4d
Types of APs
(i) Finite A.P : Any arithmetic progression having a finite number of terms or countable
no of terms is called a Finite AP. Such APs always has a last term.
For e.g. 2, 6, 10, 14, 18, 22 is a finite AP having last term 22.
(ii) Infinite A.P : Arithmetic progressions with infinite number of terms are known as
Infinite APs. Such APs do not have a last term.
For e.g. 1, 4, 9, 16, 25, 36, . . . is an infinite AP having no last term.
*suno agar hame koi bhi A.P form karni hai toh uske liye we need to know just two
things - first term (a) & common difference (d) and we can easily form the A.P.
/padhleakshay
*aise hi agar hame koi bhi list of numbers diye ho and hame batana ho ki is it an
A.P or not toh we need to find common difference(d) and see ki saari d ki values
same aa rahi hai ki nhi....Ok!
Example: Write first four terms of an A.P when a = 10 and d = 10.
ANSWER: a 1= a = 10 ; a2= a1 + d = 10 + 10 = 20 ; a3= a2+ d = 20 + 10 = 30 ;
a4= a3+ d = 30 + 10
So, the required A.P is 10, 20, 30, 40, . . .
Example: Is the following list of numbers form an AP?
(i) 2, 4, 8, 16, . . . (ii) a, 2a, 3a, 4a, . . .
ANSWER: We need to find the Common difference (d)
d = a2- a1 = 4 - 2 = 2 d = a2 - a1 = 2a - a = a
a3- a2 = 8 - 4 = 4 a3- a2= 3a - 2a = a
a4- a3= 16 - 8 = 8 a4- a3= 4a - 3a = a
clearly value of d is not same clearly value of d is same
everytime, so it is not an AP. everytime, so it is an AP.
nth Term of an AP
Let a1 , a2, a3, . . . be an AP whose first term a1 is a and the common difference is d
Then, the Second term a2 = a + d = a + (2 - 1) d
the third term a3 = a 2+ d = a + 2d = a + (32 - 1) d
the fourth term a4 = a3+ d = a + 3d = a + (4 - 1) d
.........
.........
/padhleakshay
The nth term an of an AP with first term a and common difference d is given by
an = a + (n - 1) d
an is also called the general term of the AP. If there are m terms in the AP, then
a m represents the last term which is sometimes also denoted by l.
Example: Find the 10th

• • term of the AP : 2, 7, 12, . . .
SOLUTION: Here first term a = 2, common difference d = 7 - 2 = 5 and n = 10

We know that an= a + (n - 1) d
• • a10 = 2 + (10 - 1) × 5 = 2 + 9(5) = 2 + 45 = 47
•
Therefore, the 10th term of the given AP is 47.
/padhleakshay
Example: Which term of the AP : 3, 8, 13, 18, . . . , is 78?
SOLUTION: Given here a = 3 , d = 8 - 3 = 5 and an = 78 and to find n = ?
We know that an= a + (n - 1) d
=> 78 = 3 + (n - 1) 5
=> 78 - 3 = 5n - 5 = 75 + 5 = 5n
=> 80 = 5n = n = 80/5
=> n = 16
Hence, 16th term of this AP is 78.
Example: Check whether -150 is a term of the AP : 11, 8, 5, 2 . . .
SOLUTION: For this AP a = 11, d = 8 - 11 = -3 & a n = -150
By using a n = a + (n - 1) d
=> -150 = 11 + (n - 1)(-3)
=> -150 = 11 - 3n + 3 = -150 = 14 - 3n
=> -150 - 14 = -3n = -164 = -3n
=> n = 164/3 (not possible)
Since no of terms can't be a decimal number.
Therefore, -150 is not a term of the given AP.
Example: Find the 31st term of an AP whose 11th term is 38 and the 16th term is 73.
SOLUTION: Given that a 11 = 38 => a + (11 - 1)d = 38 => a + 10d = 38 ..........(1)
a16= 73 => a + (16 - 1)d = 73 => a + 15d = 73 ..........(2)
Subtracting eq(1) from eq(2) using elimination method
/a + 15d = 73 putting d = 7 in eq(1), we get
/padhleakshay
_/a +_ 10d =_38 a + 10(7) = 38
a + 70 = 38
5d = 35
a = 38 - 70
d = 35/5
a = -32
d=7
31st term = a31 = a +(31 - 1)d
= -32 + 30(7)
= -32 + 210
= 178
Example: An AP consists of 50 terms of which 3rd term is 12 and the last term is 106.
Find the 29th term.
SOLUTION: It is given that total no of terms in AP is 50 i.e. n = 50.
Also, 3rd term = 12 i.e a3= 12 => a + 2d = 12 ...........(1)
/padhleakshay
last term = 106 i.e an= 106 => a50= 106 = a + 49d = 106 ..........(2)
Subtracting eq(1) from eq(2), using elimination method, we get
/a + 49d = 106 putting d = 2 in eq(1), we get
_/a +_ 2d = _12 a + 2(2) = 12
a + 4 = 12
47d = 94
a = 12 - 4
d = 94/47
a=8
d=2
Now, 29th term = a29 = a + (29 - 1)d
= 8 + 28 × 2
= 8 + 56
= 64
Therefore, 29th term of the given AP is 64.
Example: How many three-digit numbers are divisible by 7?
SOLUTION: The list of all three digit numbers that are divisible by 7 is :
105, 112, 119, . . . , 994
Clearly the above sequence is an AP, with first term a = 105, and common
difference, d = 112-105 = 7 and an = 994.
We know that an = a + (n - 1)d
994 = 105 + (n - 1)(7)
=> 994 - 105 = (n - 1)(7)
/padhleakshay
=> 889/7 = n - 1
=> 127 + 1 = n
=> n = 128
Therefore, 128 three-digit numbers are divisible by 7.
Example: Subha Rao started work in 1995 at an annual salary of 5000 and
received an increment of 200 each year. In which year did his income
reach 7000?
SOLUTION: We can observe that the incomes obtained by Subha Rao in various years
are in AP as every year, his salary is increased by 200.
Therefore, AP is : 5000, 5200, 5400, . . .
here a = 5000, d = 5200-5000 = 200 and an = 7000.
/padhleakshay
We know that a n = a + (n - 1)d
=> 7000 = 5000 + (n - 1)(200)
=> 2000 = 200n - 200 = 2000 + 200 = 200n
=> 2200 = 200n
=> n = 11
Therefore, in 11th year, his salary will be 7000.
Example: Ramkali Saved 5 in the first week of a year and then increased her
savings by 1.75. If in the nth week, her savings become 20.75, find n.
SOLUTION: Here a = 5, d = 1.75 and a = 20.75 ; n = ?
=> 20.75 = 5 + (n - 1)(1.75)
=> 20.75 - 5 = (n - 1)(1.75)
=> 15.75 = n - 1 = 1575 = n - 1 = 9 = n - 1
1.75 175
=> n=9+1
=> n = 10
Sum of First n Terms of an AP
• The Sum of the first n termsnof an AP is given by
Sn = [2a + (n - 1)d]
|
2
where, n = number of terms
/padhleakshay
a = first term
d = common difference
• If we are given the last term(l) of the AP, then

S = n (a + l)
n
| 2
*the above formula is to be used when the first and last terms of an AP are given
but the common difference is not given.
• The nth term of an AP is athe= difference

S -S
of the sum to first n terms and the sum
to first (n - 1) terms, i.e., n n n-1
Example: Find the sum of the first 22 terms of the AP : 8, 3, -2, . . .

SOLUTION: Here, a = 8, d = 3 - 8 = -5, n = 22.
/padhleakshay
We know that Sn = n [2a + (n - 1)d]
|
2
S22 = 22 [2×8 + (22 - 1)(-5)
|
2
= 11[16 + 21(-5)]
= 11(16 - 105)
= 11 × (-89) = -979
So, the sum of the first 22 terms of the AP is -979.
Example: Find the sum of the first n positive integers.

SOLUTION: Let Sn = 1 + 2 + 3 + 4 + . . . + n
Here a = 1 and the last term l is n.
Sn n(1 + n) n(n + 1)
= =
2 2
So, the sum of first n positive integers is given by
Sn = n(n + 1)
2
Example: The first term of an AP is 5, the last term is 45 and the sum is 400. Find
the number of terms and the common difference. =>
SOLUTION: Given that a = 5, l = 45 and Sn = 400
n=?&d=?
Now, using Sn = n (a + l) Also, l = a + (n - 1)d
|
2
=> 400 = n (5 + 45) => 45 = 5 + (16 - 1)d
|
2
=> 45 - 5 = 15d
/padhleakshay
=> 400 × 2 = 50n
=> 800 = 50n => 40 = 15d
=> n = 800 => d = 40/15
|
|
50
=> d = 8/3
=> n = 16
Example: The first and the last term of an AP are 17 and 350 respectively. If the
common difference is 9, how many terms are there and what is their sum?
SOLUTION: Given that a = 17, l = 350 and d = 9
Let there be n terms in the AP.
l = a + (n - 1)d Now, Sn = n (a + l)
|
2
=> 350 = 17 + (n - 1)(9)
= 38 (17 + 350)
/padhleakshay
||
=> 350 - 17 = (n - 1)(9) 2
=> 333 = (n - 1)(9) = 19 × 367
=> 333/9 = n - 1 Sn = 6973
=> 37 + 1 = n
=> n = 38
Thus, there are 38 terms in this A.P and their Sum is 6973.
Example: If the sum of the first 14 terms of an AP is 1050 and its first term is 10,
find the 20th term.
SOLUTION: Given that S14= 1050, n = 14, a = 10
S14 = 14 [2a + (n - 1)d] So, 20th term is given by,
||
2
=> 1050 7[2×10 + (14 - 1)d]
= a20 = a + (20 - 1)d
=> 1050 = 20 + 13d = 10 + 19 × 10
|
||
7
=> 150 = 20 + 13d = 10 + 190
=> 13d = 130
a20 = 200
=> d = 10
Example: Find the sum of first 40 positive integers divisible by 6.
SOLUTION: The positive integers that are divisible by 6 are:
6, 12, 18, 24, . . .
Clearly, the above numbers are in AP with first term(a) = 6 and common
difference(d) = 12 - 6 = 6. We need to find S40 .
S40 = 40 [2(6) + (40-1)6]
|
2
= 20[12 + 39 × 6]
/padhleakshay
= 20(12 + 234)
= 20 × 246
= 4920
Example: A contract on construct. job specifies a penalty for delay of completion

beyond a certain date as follows:Rs200 for the first day,Rs250 for the
second day,Rs300 for the third day, etc.The penalty for each succeeding
day being Rs50 more than the preceding day. How much money the
contractor has to pay penalty, if he has delayed the work by 30 days?
SOLUTION: Clearly these penalties are in AP with a = 200 and d = 50.
We need to find penalty for 30 days i.e S30
= 30 [2(200) + (30-1)50]
|
/padhleakshay
2
= 15[400 + 29 × 50]
= 15[400 + 1450]
= 15 × 1850
= 27750
Therefore, the contractor has to pay Rs 27750 as penalty.

these notes
*Note: Worksheet (important questions of all typology with answers) is
Triangles
Introduction
/padhleakshay
• In Class9, we have studied about ''Congruent triangles''. Let us once recall them.
Two triangles are said to be Congruent, if they have the Same Shape and the Same
Size. A P
~
//
B C Q R
We use the Symbol of Congruency to denote that two triangles are Congruent i.e.
∆ ~∆
ABC PQR
//
*Symbol of Congruency
• In Class10th we are going to learn about "Similarity of Triangles".

Two triangles are said to be Similar, if they have the Same Shape but different
/padhleakshay
Sizes. A P
~
B C
Q R
We use the Symbol of Similarity to denote that two triangles are Similar i.e.
∆ ~∆
ABC PQR
*Symbol of Similarity
#REMEMBER
"All congruent figures are Similar but all Similar figures need not be Congruent".
Ab aisa kyu?
Congruent figures ka matlab unka Shape bhi Same hai Size bhi same hai, lekin
Similar hone ke liye hame sirf Shape Same chahiye, Size same ho toh bhi chalega,
nhi ho to bhi chalega.
Congruent and Similar Similar but not Congruent

Similarity of Triangles
Two triangles are said to be Similar, if
(i) their Corresponding angles are equal and
(ii) their Corresponding Sides are in the same ratio (or proportion).
∆ ∆
A
P
i e. In ABC and PQR, if
(
/A=/P,/B=/Q,/C=/R
(
|
|
(
AB = BC = AC
B C
/padhleakshay
(
(
|
|
PQ QR PR |
∆ ∆
then, ABC ~ PQR Q R
*Suno agar question me ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR (given), then
}
/A=/P,/B=/Q,/C=/R
ye dono results ham
|
|
|
AB = BC = AC
use kar sakte hain directly!
|
|
|
PQ QR PR
(*Note that if corresponding angles of two triangles are equal, then they are
known as "equiangular triangles. Also the ratio of any two corresponding sides
in two equiangular triangles is always the same.)
Theorem 6.1:If a line is drawn parallel to one side of a triangle to intersect the
/padhleakshay
other two sides in distinct points, the other two sides are divided in
the same ratio.
∆
Given : A ABC in which a line DE parallel to BC intersecting AB at at D
A
and AC at E, i.e. DE||BC.
N M
To Prove : AD = AE
_
_
/
/
|
|
DB EC D E
Construction : Join BE and CD and draw DM | AC
|
and EN | AB. B
∆
Proof : We know that, Area of a = 1 × base × height
C
∆ ∆
2
|
• ar( ADE) = 1 × AD × EN ; ar( BDE) = 1 × DB × EN

• •
|
2 2
|
∆
Now, ar( ADE)
= 1/2 × AD × EN =
AD
| |
| |
...........(1)
∆
|
ar( BDE) 1/2 × DB × EN DB

Similarly, ar( ∆ADE) = 1 × AE × DM ∆
; ar( DEC) = 1 × EC × DM
|
2 2
∆ = 1/2 × AE × DM = AE
ar( ADE) ...........(2)
∆
| |
| |
|
ar( DEC) 1/2 × EC × DM EC
Since ∆BDE and ∆DEC are on the Same base DE and between the Same Parallels
BC and DE.
• • ar(∆BDE) = ar(∆DEC)
• ...........(3)
Now, from eq(1), eq(2) & eq(3), we get
AD = AE
|
|
DB EC Hence proved.
/padhleakshay
• The above theorem is known by the name Basic Proportionality Theorem or
Thales Theorem after the name of famous Greek mathematician Thales.
Corollary of BPT :
AE
From the BPT theorem, we have AD = |
|
DB EC
DB = EC (by reciprocal of both sides)
=>
|
|
AD AE
Now, adding 1 on both sides
=> DB + 1 = EC + 1
|
|
AD AE
DB + AD = EC + AE
/padhleakshay
=>
AD AE
=> AB = AC
|
|
AD AE
Now, again doing reciprocal of both sides, we get
AD = AE
=>
|
|
AB AC
* Please note that this Corollary result is very very useful while solving questions
of BPT/Thales theorem. Now just once compare the result of BPT and this
Corollary by looking at the diagram and have a clear understanding of both of
them.
And guess what yeh chizz kafi saare teachers batate hi nhi hain ki BPT theorem
ki corollary bhi hoti hai and they directly use it in questions jisse baccho ko
confusion hoti hai, trust me apne teaching experience se bata raha hoon....toh
please do not forget this result....OK!
Theorem 6.2: If a line divides any two sides of a triangle in the same ratio, then the
line is parallel to the third side
Given : A ∆ABC and a line DE intersecting AB at D and AC at E such that
AD AE ............(1) A
=
|
|
DB EC
To Prove : DE||BC E'
Construction : Draw DE ' ||BC intersecting AC at E' . D E
/padhleakshay
Proof : We assume that in ABC, DE is not parallel C
B
to BC. Also by construction we have DE ' ||BC.
AD AE' ............(2)
On applying BPT, we have =
|
|
DB E'C
AE'
Now, from eq(1) & eq(2), we get AE = ............(3)
|
|
EC E'C
Adding 1 on both sides of eq(3), we get
AE 1 = AE' + 1
=> +
|
|
EC E'C
AE + EC
=> = AE' + E'C
EC E'C
AC
=> = AC
|
|
/padhleakshay
EC E'C
=> EC = E'C
Thus, from the above result, it can be said that point E and E'
Coincides i.e DE' coincides with DE.
Hence, DE||BC
Let's Practice:
Example: In the given fig. if DE||BC, find EC.
SOLUTION: It is given that DE||BC A
By using Thales theorem, we have 1.5cm 1cm
AD AE
= EC D E
|
| |
DB
=> 1.5 1
= 3cm ?
|
3 EC
=> 1.5EC = 3
3 B C
=> EC =
|
1.5
=> EC = 2Cm
Example:In the given figure, if LM||CB and LN||CD, prove that AM = AN .
|
|
AB AD
SOLUTION:Observe in this question we need to use the corollary result of BPT.

∆
In ABC, LM||CB
AM = AL [By BPT] ...........(1)
/padhleakshay
|
|
AB AC
∆
In ADC, LN||CD
AN = AL [By BPT]
| ...........(2)
|
AD AC
On Comparing eq(1) & eq(2), we get
AM AN
=
|
|
AB AD Hence proved.
Example: In the given figure, if DE||AC and DF||AE. Prove that BF = BE .
|
|
FE EC
/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: It is given that DE||AC and DF||AE, so we will use BPT theorem
∆
In ABC, DE||AC
BD BE [By BPT] ...........(1)
=
|
|
DA EC
∆
In ABE, DF||AE
BD BF
= [By BPT] ...........(2)
|
|
DA FE
On Comparing eq(1) & eq(2), we get
BE BF
=
|
|
EC FE
BF BE
or =
|
|
FE EC Hence proved.
Example: ABCD is a trapezium in which AB || DC and it's diagonals intersect each
other at the point O. Show that AO = CO .
|
|
BO DO
SOLUTION: Given ABCD is trapezium i.e. AB||DC such that it's diagonals intersect each
other at point O. A B
E
O
D C
/padhleakshay
Draw a line EO through point O, such that EO || AB.
∆
In ABD, EO || AB
AE = BO [By BPT] ...........(1)
|
|
ED DO
∆
In ADC, EO || DC
AE = AO
| [By BPT] ...........(2)
|
ED CO
Now, on comparing eq(1) & eq(2), we get
AO = BO
|
|
CO DO
or AO = CO
Hence proved.
|
|
BO DO
Example: In the given figure, PS = PT and / PST = / PRQ. Prove that PQR is an
/padhleakshay
|
|
/
/
SQ TR
isosceles triangle.
SOLUTION: It is given that PS = PT .

|
|
SQ TR
=> ST || QR [By converse of BPT]
=> / PST = / PQR (Corresponding angles) ...........(1)
/
/
Also, it is given that / PST = / PRQ ...........(2)

/
/ PQR = / PQR (from (1) and (2)

/
=> PQ = PR (Sides opposite to equal angles

Hence, PQR is an isosceles triangle.
Criteria for Similarity of Triangles
There are three Criterias for Similarity of Triangles :
(i) AAA Similarity Criteria
(ii) SSS Similarity Criteria
(iii) SAS Similarity Criteria
Theorem 6.3:
/padhleakshay
If in two triangles, corresponding angles are equal, then there corresponding sides
are in the same ratio i.e. proportional and hence the two triangles are similar.
(AAA Similarity Criterion)
A P
)
)
)))
)) )))
B C
Q
)) R
i.e. if / A = / P ; / B = / Q ; / C = / R
/
/
/
/
then AB BC AC
= =
|
|
|
PQ QR PR
Hence, ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR .
/padhleakshay
*Suno agar question me kabhi sirf do corresponding angles hi equal aata hain,
toh bhi dono triangles Similar ho jaate hain by AA Similarity Criterion.
Theorem 6.4:
If in two triangles, sides of one triangle are in the same ratio i.e. proportional to
the sides of other triangle, then their corresponding angles are equal and hence
the two triangles are similar.
(SSS Similarity Criterion)
A P
)
) ))
B C ))
)))
Q R
i.e.if AB = BC = AC
|
|
|
PQ QR PR
then / A = / P ; / B = / Q ; / C = / R
/
/
Hence, ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR .

Theorem 6.5:
If one angle of a triangle is equal to one angle of the other triangle and the sides
including these angles are proportional, then the two triangles are similar.
SAS Similarity Criterion
A P
(
B C
Q R
/padhleakshay
i.e. / A = / P and AB = AC
|
/
/
|
PQ PR
∆
then, ABC ~ PQR ∆
Let's Practice :
Example: In the given figure, find the value of / P .
∆ABC and ∆PQR, we have
/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: In
AB = 3.8 = 1 ; BC = 6 = 1 ; CA 3 3 1 √
= =
√
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
||
RQ 7.6 2 QP 12 2 PR 6 3 2 |
Clearly, AB = BC = CA = 1
|
|
|
|
RQ QP PR 2
∆ ∆
So, ABC ~ RQP [By SSS Similarity Criteria]
Therefore, / C = / P ...........(1)
/
[Corresponding angles of similar

triangles are equal]
∆
Now, In ABC, by using Angle Sum Property of a ∆ we have
/ A + / B + / C = 180°
/
/
/
80° + 60° + / C = 180°

/
/ C = 180° - 140°
/
/ C = 40°
/
•
• • From eq(1), / C = / P = 40°
/
/
Example: In the following figure, QR QT and / 1 = / 2. Show that
= ∆PQS ~ ∆TQR.
|
|
/
/
QS PR
SOLUTION: In ∆PQR, / PQR = / PRQ (given)
/
• [sides opposite to equal angles] ...........(1)
• • PQ = PR
/padhleakshay
Given, QR = QT
|
|
QS PR
Using (1), we get QR = QT ...........(2)
|
|
QS PQ
∆ ∆
In PQS and TQR, we have
QR QT
= [Using (2)]
|
| QS PQ
/Q=/Q (common)
∆ ∆
/
•
• • PQS ~ TQR [SAS Similarity criterion]
Example: Sides AB and BC and median AD of a triangle ABC are respectively
proportional to sides PQ and QR and median PM of ∆PQR. Show that
∆ ∆
ABC ~ PQR.
/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: Given that, AB = BC = AD
|
|
|
PQ QR PM
=> AB = 1/2BC = AD
|
|
|
|
PQ 1/2QR PM
=> AB = BD = AD [Since median of a triangle divides the
|
|
|
PQ QM PM
side equally]
∆ ∆
Therefore, ABD ~ PQM [By SAS Similarity criterion]
∆ ∆
Now, In ABC and PQR we have
/B=/Q [Corresponding angles of similar 's] ∆
/
AB = BC (given)
|
|
PQ QR
• ∆ ∆
• • ABC ~ PQR [By SAS Similarity criterion]
Example: In given figure, ∆ABC ~ ∆DEF. AP bisects / CAB and DQ bisects / FDE.
Prove that :
(a) AP = AB (b) ∆CAP ~ ∆FDQ
|
|
DQ DE F
C
P Q
A B
D E
/padhleakshay
∆
SOLUTION: Since it is given that ABC ~ DEF, therefore, ∆
_ _ _
/A=/D,/B=/E,/C=/F _ _
_ _
Now, / A = / D => 1 / A = 1 / D _ _
_ _
=> / BAP = / EDQ and / CAP = /_FDQ _
/
/
2 2
∆
(a) In ABP and DEQ, we have ∆ (b) In CAP & FDQ, we have ∆ ∆
_ _
/ BAP = / EDQ [Proved above] / CAP = / FDQ [Proved_ _
/_B = / E _
[Given] above]
So, by AA Similarity criterion /C=/F [Given] _ _
∆ABP ~ DEQ ∆ So, by AA Similarity criterion
CAP ~ FDQ ∆ ∆
Example: D is a point on the side BC of a triangle ABC such that _/ ADC = /_ BAC.
Show that CA2 = CB.CD.
/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: Let us first draw the triangle in which /_ ADC = /_ BAC
∆ ∆
•
Now, In ABC and ADC, we have
/A=/D _ _(given) (
_ _
(
/C=/C (common)
So, ∆ ∆
ABC ~ ADC [By AA Similarity criteria]
=> CA = CB [Corresponding Sides of similar ∆'s are prop.]
|
|
CD CA
=> CA × CA = CB × CD
=> CA2= CB.CD Hence proved.

these notes
Coordinate
Geometry
Introduction
/padhleakshay
In Class9, we have learnt about 'Cartesian Coordinate System'. Let us once recall it.
Y
II Quadrant I Quadrant
(-, +) (+, +)
X' 0 X
/padhleakshay
(-, -) (+, -)
III Quadrant IV Quadrant
Y'
• In the cartesian co-ordinate system, there is a cartesian plane which is made up
of two number lines i.e. X-axis (horizontal) ; Y-axis (Vertical)
• The intersection point of these two lines is known as centre or the "Origin" of the
co-ordinate plane denoted by O.
• Any point on this co-ordinate plane is represented by the ordered pair of
numbers. Let (a,b) is an ordered pair then a is the x-coordinate and b is the
y-coordinate.
• The distance of any point from the y-axis is called its x-coordinate or abscissa
and the distance of any point from x-axis is called its y-coordinate orordinate .
E.g. (7, 3) => here 7 is abscissa and 3 is ordinate.
Distance Formula
The distance between any two points A(x 1 , y1 ) and B(x2, y2 ) is given by
A(x 1 , y 1 )• d
•B(x , y )
2 2
Remarks :
/padhleakshay
(i) The distance of a point P(x , y) from the origin O(0, 0) is given by
OP =
(ii) Ham agar chahe toh ye formula bhi use kar sakte hain, answer dono se same
aata hai.
d=
Let's Practice :
Example: Find the distance between the following pairs of points:
(i) (2, 3) , (4, 1) (ii) (a, b) , (-a, -b)
SOLUTION: Using above distance formula to find distance between given points.
(i) d = (ii) d =
= =
/padhleakshay
= =
= = units
= units
Example: Determine if the points (1, 5), (2, 3) and (-2, -11) are collinear.
Three points A, B and C are collinear if AB + BC = AC.
Here points are A(1, 5), B(2, 3) and C(-2, -11).
•
• • AB = = = √
= 5
= √
|
BC = = 212
=√
|
AC = = 265
Since, clearly AB + BC =/ CA.
Therefore, the points (1, 5), (2, 3) and (-2, -11) are not collinear.
Example: Find the point on the X-axis which is equidistant from (2, -5) and (-2, 9).
SOLUTION: We know that y-coordinate of any point on x-axis is 0.
So, let the required point on X-axis be P(x, 0).
It is given that P is equidistant from A(2, -5) and B(-2, 9).
••• PA = PB
=
/
=>
/
/
/
/
/
/
2 2
=> (x - 2) + 25 = (x + 2) + 81
=> X2 - 4x + 4 + 25 = X2 + 4x + 4 + 81
/padhleakshay
2 2
=> X - X - 4x - 4x = 4 + 81 - 4 - 25
=> - 8x = 85 - 29
=> x = 56 = -7
|
-8
• Required point on X-axis = (-7, 0)
••
Example: Find a relation between X and y such that the point (x, y) is equidistant
from the point (3, 6) and (-3, 4).
Let the point P(x, y) is equidistant from the points A(3, 6) and B(-3, 4)
•
• • PA = PB
=
/ / /
/
/
/
/
/
Squarring both the sides, we get

2 2 2 2
=> (x - 3) + (y - 6) = (x + 3) + (y - 4)
/padhleakshay
2 2
=> X - 6x + 9 + y2 - 12y + 36 = X + 6x + 9 + y2 - 8y + 16
2
=> X 2 - X - 6x - 6x + y2 - y2 - 12y + 8y = 9 + 16 - 9 - 36
=> - 6x - 6x - 12y + 8y = 25 - 45
=> -12x - 4y = -20

|
|
|
4 4 4
=> -3x - y = -5
=> 3x + y = 5
=> 3x + y - 5 = 0
Hence, this is the required relation between X and y.
*Tip: Practice different types of questions from PYQ's , reference books, etc to
be fully prepared from this topic, because NCERT me kam questions hain.
Section Formula
•
A(x1 , y1 )
m
•
P(x , y )
n
•
B(x2, y2)
If P(x, y) is any point on the line segment AB, which divides AB in the ratio m : n
then the coordinates of the point P(x, y) will be
( X=
mx2 + nx1
m+n
, y=
my2 + ny1
m+n )
/padhleakshay
*Note: Point P(x, y) has divided the line segment internally here.
• Mid-Point Formula
• 1
1
1
• 1
A(x , y ) P(x , y )
•
B(x2, y2)
If P(x, y) is the mid-point of the line segment AB, which divides AB in the ratio of
1 : 1 then the coordinates of the point P(x, y) will be
(X=
x1 + x2
2
y+y
, y= 1 2
2 )
• IMP for Questions:
If the Point P(x, y) divides the line segment AB internally, but the ratio is not
given in the question, then it is taken to be k : 1 and the coordinates of point P
/padhleakshay
will be
Example: Find coordinates of the point which divides the line segment joining
(4, -3) and (8, 5) in 3 : 1 internally.
SOLUTION: Let P(x, y) the the required point which divides AB in the ratio of 3:1.
By using the Section formula, we have
A(4, -3) •3 1
•
P(x , y ) B(8, 5) •
3(8) + 1(4) y = 3(5) + 1(-3)
=> X= ;
3+1 3+1
=> X = 24 + 4 ; y = 15 - 3
4 4
28 y = 12
=> X= ;
|
4 4
=> X=7 ; y =3
Therefore, (7, 3) is the required point.
Example: Find the ratio in which the line segment joining the points A(-6, 10) and
B(3, -8) is divided by (-4, 6).
*suno ratio nahi diya hai, toh k : 1 lene ko kaha tha.....Remember!
SOLUTION: Let (-4, 6) divides AB internally in the ratio k : 1. Using section formula,
•
A(-6, 10)
k
•
(-4, 6)
1
•
B(3, -8)
=> ( 3k + 1(-6) , -8k + 1(10)

k+1 k+1 )
= -4, 6 ( )
/padhleakshay
3k - 6 , -8k + 10
=> ( k+1 k+1 ) ( )
= -4, 6
3k - 6 -4 =>
Taking = 3k - 6 = -4(k + 1) => 3k - 6 = -4k - 4
k+1
=> 3k + 4k = -4 + 6 => 7k = 2
=> k = 2
Ratio = k : 1 => 2 : 1 => 2 : 7
7 |
|
7
So, the point (-4, 6) divides the line segment joining the points A(-6, 10)
and B(3, -8) in the ratio 2 : 7.
Example: Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of a circle

whose centre is (2, -3) and B is (1, 4).
SOLUTION: Let the coordinates of point A be (x, y).
/padhleakshay
AB is a diameter of circle, then mid-point of AB is centre of circle which
is (2, -3).
A • B
Mid point of A and B =

•
••
=> =2 ; = -3
=> x+1=4 ; y + 4 = -6
=> x=4-1 ; y = -6 - 4
=> x=3 ; y = -10
Therefore, coordinates of A are (3, -10)
Example: If the points (6, 1), (8, 2), (9, 4) and (p, 3) are the vertices of a
parallelogram, find the value of p.
SOLUTION: Let the points A(6, 1), B(8, 2), C(9, 4) and D(p, 3) are the vertices of a
parallelogram. Also we know that diagonals of a ||gm bisect each other.
D(p, 3)
C(9, 4)
O
A(6, 1) B(8, 2)
/padhleakshay
If O is the mid point of AC, then coordinates of O are =
If O is the mid point of BD, then coordinates of O are =

Since both coordinates are of the same point O
• =
••
15 = 8 + p
|
2 2
15 = 8 + p
/padhleakshay
p = 15 - 8
p= 7
Hence, the value of p is 7 and so the coordinates of D are (7, 3).

these notes
Introduction to
Trigonometry
Introduction
/padhleakshay
• The word 'trigonometry' is derived from the Greek words 'tri', 'gon' and 'metron'.
tri means - Three ; gon means - Sides or Angles ; metron means - Measure.
• Trigonometry is the study of relationships between the sides and angles of a
triangle, specially, Right-Angle Triangle.
• Some basic things about Right-Angle Triangle: A
θ a greek letter
Hypotenuse
(theta) used as a symbol to
Perpendicular
represent angles
Pythagoras theorem: )θ | B
|
C
2 2 2
(Hypotenuse) = (Base) + (Perpendicular) Base
/padhleakshay
• Ye ham decide kaise karte hain ki kis side ko Base, kisko Perpendicular aur kise
Hypotenuse bolenge?
Ham ye dekhte hain ki Triangle me kis Angle ke respect me baat ho rhi hai
because...
(a) The Side opposite to the angle θ is taken as "Perpendicular".
(b) The Side of the triangle which is slant is taken as "Hypotenuse".
(c) The remaining third Side will be "Base".
Perpendicular
Hy (Sla
Hy (Sl
(θ के सामने)
θ
(बची हुई Side)
po nt
po an
te )
Base
te t)
nu
nu
se
se
θ
Perpendicular Base
(θ के सामने) (बची हुई Side)
Trigonometric Ratios
There are some 6 ratios of the sides of a right triangle with respect to its acute angles,
which are called trigonometric ratios of the angle.
A
se
P - Perpendicular
nu
te
Perpendicular
po
B - Base
Hy
H - Hypotenuse C )θ B
Base
P ; Cosθ = B ; tanθ = P
/padhleakshay
Sinθ = H
|
|
H B
Cosecθ = H ; Secθ = H ; Cotθ = B
B |
|
|
P P
Inn saare ratios ko easily yaad rakhne ke liye ek Ninja Technique batata hoon...bas
yaad ho jayega isliye
Bolo Pandit Badri Prasad Har Har Bhole equals to Sona Chandi Tole
PANDIT BADRI PRASAD

= Sona Chandi Tole
|
||
||
||
||
||
||
|
HAR HAR BHOLE

P = Sinθ B = Cosθ P = tanθ Sinθ Cosθ Tanθ
/padhleakshay
|
H B
|
उल्टा H
करदो अगर
H = Cosecθ H = Secθ B = Cotθ
|
P
|
B
|
P
#ALWAYS REMEMBER
1 1
Sinθ = Cosθ = 1 tanθ =
|
||
||
||
||
|
||
Cosecθ Secθ Cotθ

Inverse Inverse Inverse
Cosecθ = 1 1 Cotθ = 1
Secθ = Cosθ
|
|
|
||
|
|
|
|
Sinθ tanθ
#Do formula aur yaad rakhna abhi ke liye :

Sinθ
tanθ = ; Cotθ = Cosθ
||
||
||
||
Cosθ Sinθ
*Dhyan se dekho toh ye dono formule ek doosre ke Inverse hi hain...
Let's Practice:
Example: Given tanA = 4 , calculate all other trigonometric ratios.
∆
|
3
SOLUTION: Let us first draw a right angle ABC. C
Given, tanA = 4 = P
|
|
3 B 5
• Perpendicular = 4 & Base = 3 4
••
By using Pythagoras theorem in ABC,∆ )
(Hypo.) 2 = (Base)2 + (Perpendicular)2 A
3
B
2 2 2
=> AC = AB + BC
2 2 2
=> AC = (3) + (4)
/padhleakshay
2 2
=> AC = 25 = (5)
=> AC = 5
Abb aasani se baaki bache hue ratios nikal jayenge..
SinA = P = 4 CosecA = H = 5
|
|
|
|
H 5 P 4
B
CosA = H = 3 SecA = H = 5
|
|
|
|
5 B 3
tanA = P = 4 CotA = B = 3
|
|
|
|
B 3 P 4
Example: In a right triangle ABC, right angled at B, if tanA = 1, then verify that
2SinACosA = 1. A
Given that tanA = 1 or 1 P
√2
/padhleakshay
|
|
1 B
(
•
• • Perpendicular = 1 & Base = 1 1
Applying Pythagoras theorem in ABC∆
AC2 = AB2 + BC2 C B
1
=> AC2 = (1)2 + (1) 2 = 1 + 1
=> √
AC = 2
Now, finding the required ratios in L.H.S
SinA = P = 1 CosA = B = 1
√ √
|
|
|
|
H 2 H 2
Now, taking L.H.S, i.e. 2SinACosA, we have

= 2× 1 × 1
√ √
|
|
2 2
= 2
|
2
= 1 = R.H.S
•
• • L.H.S = R.H.S Hence proved.
Example: If / A and / B are acute angles such that CosA = CosB, then show that / A = / B.
/•
/•
/•
/•
SOLUTION: Let us first draw a right triangle in which / A & / B are acute angles.
A
/
Given : / A & / B are acute angles and
/
•
CosA = CosB
(
To Prove : / A = / B
∆
/
/
B AC
Proof : In ABC, CosA = = } )
|
||
H AB *remember that B C
B BC Pandit wala quote
CosB = = }
|
||
H AB
/padhleakshay
Now, Since CosA = CosB
AC BC
=
| ||
||
AB AB
AC = BC
=> / A = / B [angles opp. to equal sides of a ] ∆
/
/
Hence proved.
Example: If Secθ = 5 , verify that tanθ Sinθ

=
/
|
||
|
|
|
|
|
4 1 + tan2 θ Secθ
H A
Given Secθ = 5 =
/
|
4 B
• Hypotenuse = 5 & Base = 4
•• 5
By Using Pythagoras theorem in ABC ∆ 3
2 2
AC = AB + BC
2 )θ
/padhleakshay
2 2 2
C 4 B
5 = 4 + BC
2
BC = 25 - 16 = 9
=> BC = 3
• P 3 P 3
• • tanθ = B = 4 and Sinθ = H = 5
|
|
|
|
tanθ 3/4 3/4 3/4 3/4 3 12

Now, = = = = = × 16 =
||
|
|
|
|
|
||
|
| ||
||
||
|
2
||
||
||
||
|
||
||
1 + tan θ 1 + (3/4)
|
1+ 9
2 16 + 9 25/16 4 25 25
16
||
||
|
16
Sinθ 3/5 3
= = × 45 = 12
|
|
||
|
||
|
||
Secθ 5/4 5 25
• tanθ Sinθ
•• =
||
|
|
|
|
|
|
|
1 + tan θ Secθ
2
Hence verified.
Trigonometric Ratios of Some Specific Angles
/padhleakshay
*inko ratt Lena
do chaar baar
Abb ye saari values yaad kaise hongi?

Dekho saare trigonometric ratios ki values yaad rakhne ki jarurat nhi hoti, sirf Sinθ
ki values learn karlo baaki sabki apne aap use karna seekh jaaoge...batata hu kaise?
Dekho agar tumhe Sinθ ki O° se 90° tak ki values yaad ho, toh Cosθ ki values ke liye
/padhleakshay
inn sabhi values ko reverse order me likh do, toh Cos ki values aa jayengi......thik hai.
Tanθ ki values Sin ki saari values ko Cos ki saari values se divide karke mil jaati hain..
Cosecθ ki values Sinθ ki values ka inverse(ulta) karke mil jaati hain, aise hi Secθ ki Cosθ
ki values ko ulta karke and lastly Cotθ ki saari values tanθ ki values ko ulta karke..
Dekhlo...baaki jitni jyada practice karoge iske questions ki, apne aap yaad ho jati hain.
Example: Evaluate the following :

(i) Sin60°cos45° + Cos60°sin45° (ii) Cos60°cos30° - sin60°sin30°
SOLUTION: (i) 3 √ 1 1 × 1 √ √
(ii) 1 × 3 - 3 × 1
√
×
√ +
|
|
|
|
|
|
2 2 2 2
|
|
2 2 2 2
√
3 1 = √3 - √3
=
√ √+
|
|
|
|
2 2 2 2 4 4
√
= 3+1 =
√3 - √3
√
||
|
|
4
|
|
2 2
=0
Example: If Sin(A - B) = 1 , cos(A + B) = 1 , 0° < A + B _< 90°, find A and B.
|
2 2
SOLUTION: Given, Sin(A - B) = 1 *इसको हम Sin की Terms me kya
|
2 लिख sakte hain? सोचो
Sin(A - B) = Sin30°
=> A - B = 30° ..............(1)
Also, Cos(A + B) = 1 *इसको हम Cos की Terms me kya
2
|
लिख sakte hain? सोचो
Cos(A + B) = Cos60°
=> A + B = 60° ..............(2)
/padhleakshay
Now, using Elimination method to solve eq(1) & eq(2)
A - B = 30° Putting A = 45° in eq(2)
|
|
A + B = 60° A + B = 60°
2A = 90° 45° + B = 60°
A = 45° B = 60° - 45° => B = 15°
Example: Find the value of X in each of the following:

(i) tan3x = Sin45°cos45° + sin30° (ii) Cosx = Cos60°cos30° + sin60°sin30°
(iii) Sin2x = Sin60°cos30° - cos60°sin30°
SOLUTION: (i) Given, tan3x = Sin45°cos45° + sin30°
tan3x = 1 × 1 + 1
√ √
|
|
|
2 2 2
tan3x = 1 + 1 = 2
/padhleakshay
|
|
|
2 2 2
tan3x = 1 => tan3x = 45° => 3x = 45° => x = 15°
√ √
(ii) Given, Cosx = Cos60°cos30° + sin60°sin30°
Cosx = 1 ×
3
+ 3×1
|
|
|
2 2
|
2 2
√ √ √
Cosx =
3
+ 3
=
2 3
|
|
|
|
4 4 4
√
Cosx = 3 => Cosx = Cos30° => x = 30°
|
√ √
(iii) Given, Sin2x = Sin60°cos30° - cos60°sin30°
Sin2x = 3 ×
3
- 1 × 1
|
|
|
|
2 2 2 2
1 1
Sin2x = 3 - = 2 =
|
|
|
|
4 4 4 2
Sin2x = 1 => Sin2x = sin30° => 2x = 30° => x = 15°
|
2
Trigonometric Identities (V.V imp)
There are 3 main Trigonometric Identities which are to be used while solving questions
of this topic. Several other identities will also be derived from these 3 identities.
Identity 1 : Cos2θ + Sin2 θ = 1

Identity 2 : 1 + tan2 θ = Sec2θ
Identity 3 : Cot2θ + 1 = Cosec2θ
/padhleakshay
Now, let's do a quick proof of the above identities :-
Let us consider a right-angled triangle ABC, which is right-angled at B.
∆
In ABC, right-angled at B, by Pythagoras theorem
AB2 + BC2 = AC2 ...........(1)
2
Dividing each term of eq(1) by AC , we get
AB
2
BC2 AC2
+ =
|
|
AC2 AC2
|
AC 2
2 2 2
i.e. + =
2
i.e. (CosA) 2 + (SinA) = 1
i.e. (Cos2A) + (Sin2A) = 1 ...........(2)
/padhleakshay
2
Let us now divide eq(1) by AB , we get
AB2 BC2 = AC2
+
|
|
|
AB2 AB2 AB2

2 2 2
i.e. + =
i.e. 1 + tan2A = Sec2A ...........(3)

2
Let us now divide eq(1) by BC , we get
AB2 BC2 AC2
+ =
|
|
|
BC2 BC2 BC2

2 2 2
i.e. + =
2 2
i.e. Cot A + 1 = Cosec A
All Identities(formulas) of this topic :
These three identities and some more identities obtained from these identities by
performing simple algebraic operations like addition, subtraction are listed below
for ready reference.
(i) Sin2 θ + Cos2θ = 1 (vii) 1 + Cot2θ = Cosec2θ
(ii) Sin2θ = 1 - Cos2θ (viii) Cosec2θ - Cot2θ = 1
(iii) Cos2θ = 1 - Sin2 θ (ix) Cot2 θ = Cosec2 θ - 1
1
(iv) 1 + tan2 θ = Sec2θ (x) Cosecθ + Cotθ =
||
||
||
||
Cosecθ - Cotθ
(v) Sec2θ - tan2 θ = 1
1
(vi) tan2 θ = Sec2θ - 1
/padhleakshay
(xi) Secθ + tanθ =
||
||
||
|
Secθ - tanθ
Let's Practice :
TYPE 1 : Direct Formula Based Questions
Example: Prove the following trigonometric identities :
(i) (1 - sin θ)Sec θ = 1 (ii) cos2θ (1 + tan2θ) = 1
1 1
(iii) cos2θ + =1 (iv) cot2θ - = -1
|
|
|
sin2θ
||
||
||
|
2
1 + cot θ
SOLUTION: (i)LHS = (1 - sin2 θ)Sec2θ (ii) LHS = cos2θ (1 + tan2 θ)
= cos θ Sec θ
2 2
= cos2θ sec2θ
1 1
= cos θ
2
( ) = cos2θ ( )
||
|||
cos2θ
||
||
cos2θ
/padhleakshay
= 1 = 1
• •
• • LHS = RHS • • LHS = RHS
2 1
(iii) LHS = cos2θ +
1 (iv) LHS = cot θ -
|
||
||
sin2 θ
||
||
||
||
1 + cot2θ
2 2
1 = cot θ - cosec θ
= cos θ +
2
||
||
||
||
||
Cosec2θ = -1
= cos θ + sin θ
2 2 •
• • LHS = RHS
=1
•
• • LHS = RHS
*Note: In the above questions while solving, I have not mentioned the formulas used at
every step, but whenever you are doing these questions you must write the formulas
used at every step (in brackets), it is a very good practice to do any question
properly.
TYPE 2 : Rationalisation
Example: Prove the following identities :
(i) secA (ii)
SOLUTION: (i) Rationalising LHS by multiplying both Nr and Dr with
= × =
= *square se root cancel ho gya yahaan
/padhleakshay
*alag alag kar liya yahan
= secA + tanA = RHS

•
• • LHS = RHS Hence proved.
(ii) Rationalising LHS by multiplying both Nr and Dr with
= ×
= _ _
= *square se root cancel ho gya yahaan
/padhleakshay
= = cosecA - cotA = RHS
• LHS = RHS Hence proved.

••
(iii) =
Rationalising LHS by multiplying both Nr and Dr with (1 - sinθ)
= =
= = = = RHS
•
TYPE 3 : Converting tanθ/Cotθ in terms of Sinθ/Cosθ
Example: Prove the following identities:
(i) tanθ - cotθ = tan2 θ - cot2θ (ii) CotA - CosA = CosecA - 1
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sinθcosθ CotA + CosA CosecA + 1
tanθ - cotθ
SOLUTION: (i) LHS =
|||
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sinθcosθ
LHS = = =
*upar le jao
| _
/padhleakshay
LHS = =
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||
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2 2 2 2
LHS = sec θ - cosec θ = (1 + tan θ) - (1 + cot θ)
LHS = 1 + tan2θ - 1 - cot2θ = tan2 θ - cot2θ = RHS
•
CotA - CosA
(ii) LHS =
||
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CotA + CosA
| CosecA - 1
LHS = = =
|||
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| CosecA + 1
/padhleakshay
•
CosA SinA
(iii) + = cosA + sinA
||
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1 - tanA 1 - cotA
Cos sin
LHS = + =
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_ sin
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| |
LHS = =
Cos2A - Sin2A
LHS =
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Cos A - Sin A
(cosA - sinA) (cosA + sinA)
LHS =
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Cos A - Sin A
LHS = cosA + sinA = RHS

•
TYPE 4 : Solving both LHS and RHS separately
Example: Prove the following identities:
1
(i) (cosecA - sinA) (secA - cosA) =
||
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tanA + cotA
(ii)
1 _ 1 = 1 _ 1
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cosecA - cotA sinA sinA cosecA + cotA
SOLUTION: (i) LHS = (cosecA - sinA) (secA - cosA)
LHS = =
Cos2θ Sin2 θ
| || |
| || |
×
/padhleakshay
LHS = = SinθCosθ ...........(i)
Sinθ Cosθ
1 1 SinθCosθ
RHS = = =
||
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|| ||
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2
tanA + cotA Sinθ Cosθ
+ Sin 2
θ + Cos θ
Cosθ Sinθ
SinθCosθ
RHS = = SinθCosθ ...........(ii)
|||
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1
•
• • From (i) & (ii), LHS = RHS
(ii) LHS = 1 _ 1
||
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cosecA - cotA sinA

1 cosecA + cotA _ 1
LHS = × ||
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cosecA - cotA cosecA + cotA sinA

cosecA + cotA _ cosecA cosecA + cotA _ cosecA
LHS = =
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2 2
cosec A - cot A 1
cosecA + cotA _ cosecA [•••cosec2A - cot 2A = 1]
/padhleakshay
LHS =
| ||
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1
LHS = cosecA + cotA - cosecA = cotA ...........(i)
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1 _ 1
RHS =
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sinA cosecA + cotA

1 _ 1 cosecA - cotA
RHS = ×
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sinA cosecA + cotA cosecA - cotA
RHS =
1 _ cosecA - cotA = 1 _ cosecA - cotA
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sinA cosec2A - cot2A sinA 1

RHS = cosecA - cosecA + cotA
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RHS = cotA ...........(ii)
•
• • From (i) & (ii), LHS = RHS
TYPE 5 : p /q /m /n type of question
Example: If sinθ + cosθ = p and secθ + cosecθ = q, show that q(p2- 1) = 2p.
SOLUTION: LHS = q(p2 - 1)
2
LHS = (secθ + cosecθ) {(sinθ + cosθ) - 1 }
LHS = {sin θ + cos θ + .........(1)
2sinθcosθ - 1}
LHS = (1 + 2sinθcosθ - 1)
/padhleakshay
LHS = (2sinθcosθ) = 2 (sinθ + cosθ) = 2p = RHS
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Example: If tanθ + sinθ = m and tanθ - sinθ = n, show that m - n2 = 4√mn
||
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LHS = m2 - n2
2 2
LHS = (tanθ + sinθ) - (tanθ - sinθ)
LHS = 4tanθsinθ .........(1) [•••(a + b)2- (a - b) = 4ab]
2
RHS = 4 mn√
||
RHS = 4
RHS = 4
RHS = 4 = 4
/padhleakshay
RHS = 4 =4 sinθ
= 4sinθ
||
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cosθ
RHS = 4sinθtanθ .........(2)

•
• • From (1) & (2) LHS = RHS

these notes
Some Applications
Of Trigonometry
Heights and Distances

• In the last chapter, we learnt about six trigonometric ratios. This chapter basically
/padhleakshay
talks about the application of trigonometry in real life situations.
• Trigonometry is used for finding the "Heights and Distances" of various objects,
without actually measuring them.
For this chapter, you must have studied the previous chapter and should have basic
knowledge of all trigonometric ratios.
Example:
Consider, the given below diagram of a girl looking at a boy who is at the top of
this tower. Now, using the concept of Trigonometry, we can easily tell the distance
of this boy from the girl who is on the ground. Also, we can find the height of the
tower without actually measuring it. Similarly, the distance of this girl from the
foot of the tower can also be determined easily using Trigonometry.......
/padhleakshay
Besides this, the angle which is formed from the eyes of the girl standing on the
ground can also be found, if we know the height of tower and the distance of girl
from the foot of this tower.
Some Basic Terms :
(1) Line of Sight : It is the line drawn from the eye of an observer to the point in
the object viewed by the observer.
/padhleakshay
(2) Angle of Elevation : It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the
(नीचे से ऊपर बनता है।) horizontal level when observed from bottom to top.
/padhleakshay
(3) Angle of Depression : It is the angle formed by the line of sight with the
(ऊपर से नीचे बनता है।) horizontal level when observed from top to bottom.
*सुनो इस Chapter के Questions solve करने के लिए the main thing is to draw a rough
Diagram while reading question. Kyuki गलती होने के chances कम हो जाते हैं।
Let's Practice :
Example: The angle of elevation of the top of a tower from a point on the ground,
which is 30m away from the foot of the tower is 30°. Find the height of
the tower.
SOLUTION: Let AB be the tower of height h metres and the angle of elevation from
the point C is 30°. A
∆
Now, In ABC, tan30° = AB P
/padhleakshay
|
BC B
1 = AB
=> |√
| √ √
3 30
AB = 30 × 3 = 30 3
=>
√ √ √
||
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|
|
3 3 3
=> √
AB = 10 3 30°
B
√
Therefore, the height of the tower is 10 3 m
C
30m
Example: A tree breaks due to storm and the broken part bends so that the top of
the tree touches the ground making an angle 30° with it. The distance
between the tree to that point is 8m. Find the height of the tree.
SOLUTION: Let AC was the original tree. Due to storm, it was broken into two parts.
The broken part A'B is making an angle of 30° with the ground.
∆
/padhleakshay
Now, In A'BC, we have A
tan30° = BC P
|
A'C B
1 = BC => BC = 8 m B
√ √
|
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3 8 3
A'C B
Also, Cos30° =
|
A'B H
√3 = 8 => A'B = 16 m
30°(
√ C A'
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2 A'B 3
Height of the tree = A'B + BC
= 16 + 8 = 24 m
√ √ √
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3 3 3
√ √
= 24 × 3 =
24 3 8 3 m √
√ √ =
||
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3 3 3
√
Therefore, the height of the tree is 8 3m
Example: From a point on the ground, the angles of elevation of the bottom and
the top of a transmission tower fixed at the top of a 20m high building
are 45° and 60° respectively. Find the height of the tower.
SOLUTION: Let AB be the building, BC be the tower, and D be the point on the
ground where both angles are made.
Now, In ABD ∆
tan45° = BC P
|
CD B
1 = 20 => CD = 20m
|
CD
/padhleakshay
Also, In ∆ACD
tan60° = AC
|
CD
=> √
3 =
AB + BC
||
||
CD
=> √
3 =
AB + 20
|
|
|
|
20
=> √
20 3 = AB + 20
=> √
AB = 20 3 - 20
=> √
AB = 20( 3 - 1)m
Therefore, the height of the transmission tower is 20( 3 - 1)m. √
/padhleakshay

these notes
Circles
Introduction
• A circle is a collection of all points in a plane which are at a constant distance
(radius) from a fixed point (centre).
/padhleakshay
P
O
A B
• In the above diagram, the point O is the centre of circle, OP is the radius of
circle and AOB is the diameter of the circle.
Some Basic Terms :
(1) Circumference of a Circle :
Circumference of the circle or perimeter of the circle is the measurement of
/padhleakshay
the boundary of the circle. It is calculated by the formula 2πr, where r is the
radius of the circle.
(2) Chord of a Circle :

The line segment within the circle joining any two points on the circumference
of the circle is called "chord of the circle". Diameter is the longest chord of a
circle.
O
•
A B
(3) Secant of a Circle:
A line intersecting a circle in two distinct points is called "Secant of circle".
(4) Tangent of a Circle:

A tangent to a circle is a line that intersects or touches the circle at only one
point.
/padhleakshay
O
P A Q
(5) Point of Contact :
The common point of the tangent and the circle is called the 'point of contact'
and the tangent is said to 'touch' the circle at the common point.
THEOREM 10.1 :
The tangent at any point of a circle is perpendicular to the radius through the
/padhleakshay
point of contact.
Given : A circle with Centre O and a tangent XY at a point P to the circle.
To Prove : OP is perpendicular to XY
Construction : Take a point Q on XY and join OQ.
Proof : We need to show that line OP is the shortest
of all other lines joined from O to XY.
We see, OP = OM (radii of same circle)
OQ = OM + MQ
OQ > OM
OQ > OP (OP = OM)
⊥
=> OP XY
Hence proved.
Example: A tangent PQ at a point P of a circle of radius 5cm meets a line through
the centre O at a point Q so that OQ = 12cm. Find the length PQ?
⊥
SOLUTION: By theorem 10.1, we know that OP PQ
By applying Pythagoras theorem in ∆OPQ, we have
/padhleakshay
2 2 2
OP + PQ = OQ
2
(5) + PQ2 = (12)2
2
PQ = 144 - 25 = 119
√
||
|
PQ = 119 cm
THEOREM 10.2 :
The lengths of tangents drawn from an external point to a circle are equal.
/padhleakshay
Given : A circle with centre O have two tangents PQ and PR drawn from
an external point P.
To Prove : PQ = PR
Construction : Join OP, OQ and OR.
∆ ∆
Proof : In POQ & POR
OQ = OR (radii of same circle)
∠ OQP = ∠ ORP (each 90° from theorem 10.1)
OP = OP (common side of both triangles)
•
•• ∆POQ ≅ ∆POR by RHS Criterion
=> PQ = PR [By CPCT]
Hence proved.
Example: In the given figure, if TP and TQ are the two tangents to a circle with
centre O so that / POQ = 110°, then / PYQ is equal to
|
⊥ ⊥
/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: From the figure, OP TP and OQ TQ (By theorem 10.1)
i.e / OPT = 90° and / OQT = 90°
|
|
Now, OQTP is a Quadrilateral and Sum of all its interior angles is 360°
/ OPT + / POQ + / OQT + / PTQ = 360°
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90° + 110° + 90° + / PTQ = 360°
|
290° + / PTQ = 360°
|
/ PTQ = 360° - 290°
|
/ PTQ = 70°
|
Example: Prove that the tangents drawn at the ends of a diameter of a circle
are parallel.
Given : PQ and RS are two tangents and AB is the
diameter.
/padhleakshay
To Prove : PQ || RS
Proof : / OAQ = 90° and
} [By theorem
|
/ OBR = 90°
|
10.1]
Also, / OAQ = / OBR [Alternate interior
|
angles are equal]

=> PQ || RS.
Hence proved.
Example: Two concentric circles are of radii 5cm and 3cm. Find the length of
the chord of the larger circle which touches the smaller circle.
m
5c
3cm
SOLUTION: We observe that PQ is a tangent to the smaller circle.
/padhleakshay
=> / OMA = 90° [theorem 10.1]
∆
Now, In OMA applying Pythagoras theorem, we have
OM2 + AM2 = OA2 AM2 = 25 - 9 = 16
2
(3)2 + AM2 = (5)2 AM = (4)
2
9 + AM = 25 AM = 4cm
∆
Now, In OAB, OM AB ⊥
MA = MB (perpendicular from centre of the circle bisects
the chord)
•
• • AB = 2MA = 2 × 4 = 8cm
Therefore, the length of the chord of the larger circle is 8cm.
Example: A quadrilateral ABCD is drawn to circumscribe a circle. Prove that
/padhleakshay
AB + CD = AD + BC
SOLUTION: It can be observed that
AP = AS (tangents from point A to circle)
BP = BQ (tangents from point B to circle)
CR = CQ (tangents from point C to circle)
DR = DS (tangents from point D to circle)
Adding all these 4 equations, we get

(AP + BP) + (CR + DR) = (AS + DS) + (BQ + CQ)
=> AB + CD = AD + BC
Hence proved.
Example: Prove that the parallelogram circumscribing a circle is a rhombus.
Given : ABCD is a parallelogram i.e. AB = CD & AD = BC

To Prove : ABCD is a rhombus i.e. AB = BC = CD = DA
/padhleakshay
Proof : From the figure, AP = AS [By theorem 10.2] ........(1)
BP = BQ [By theorem 10.2] ........(2)
CR = CQ [By theorem 10.2] ........(3)
DR = DS [By theorem 10.2] ........(4)
Adding all these above 4 equations, we get
AP + BP + CR + DR = AS + BQ + CQ + DS
=> AB + CD = AD + BC
=> AB + AB = BC + BC [AB = CD & AD = BC]
=> 2AB = 2BC
=> AB = BC
•
• • We now have, AB = CD, AD = BC, AB = BC
•
• • AB = BC = CD = AD
/padhleakshay
So, ABCD is a rhombus.
Hence proved.

these notes
*Note: Worksheet important questions of all typology with answers is

Areas Related
to Circles
Areas of Sector and Segment of a Circle

The portion of the circular region enclosed by two radii (OA & OB) and the
/padhleakshay
corresponding arc (APB) is called a sector of the circle.
In the above figure, shaded region OAPB is a sector of the circle with centre O.
∠ AOB is called the angle of the sector. Note, the unshaded region OAQB is also
a sector of the circle.
Minor Sector A sector of a circle is called a minor sector if the minor arc of
/padhleakshay
the circle is a part of its boundary. In the below fig. OAPB is
called the minor sector.
Major Sector A sector of a circle is called a major sector if the major arc of
the circle is a part of its boundary. In the above fig. OAQB is
called the major sector.
The angle of the major sector is 360° – ∠ AOB.
Area of a Sector
(1) Area of the sector of angle θ =

(minor)
/padhleakshay
(2) Area of major sector OAQB = Area of circle - Area of minor sector
(3) Length of an arc of a sector of angle θ =
Example: Find the area of the sector of a circle with radius 4 cm and
of angle 30°. Also, find the area of the corresponding major
sector (Use π = 3.14).
/padhleakshay
SOLUTION: It is given that radius (r) of circle = 4 cm & angle is 30°
And given sector is OAPB
Area of the sector =
= 12.56 = 4.19 (approx.)

|
||
|
3
Area of the corresponding major sector
= πr2 - area of sector OAPB
= (3.14 × 16 - 4.19)
= 46.05 = 46.1 (approx.)
Segment of a circle
The portion of the circular region enclosed between a chord (AB) and the
corresponding arc (APB) is called a segment of the circle.
/padhleakshay
In the above figure, AB is a chord of the circle with centre O. The shaded
region APB is a segment of the circle. Also, the unshaded region AQB is
another segment of the circle formed by the chord AB.
Minor Segment If the boundary of a segment is a minor arc of a circle, then

the corresponding segment is called a minor segment. In the
above figure, APB is the minor segment of the circle.
Major Segment A segment corresponding a major arc of a circle is known as
the major segment. In the above figure AQB is the major
segment of the circle.
Area of a Segment of a Circle
/padhleakshay
(1) Area of minor segment APB = Area of sector OAPB - Area of ∆OAB
= 1 Sinθ
-
|
2
(2) Area of major segment AQB = Area of circle - Area of minor segment
= - Area of minor segment APB

Example: In figure, there is a chord AB of a circle, with centre O and radius
10cm, that subtends a right angle at the centre of the circle. Find
the area of the minor segment AQBP. Hence find the area of major
segment ALBQA.
/padhleakshay
Area of a sector OAPB of a circle of radius 10cm subtends an angle
of 90° at the centre
90°
=
= 1 × π × (10)2cm2 = 1 × 3.14 × 100 = 78.5 cm2

4 4
|
Area of a triangle OAB subtends an angle of 90° at O

= 1 Sinθ
|
/padhleakshay
= 1 × (10) × sin90° cm2
2
|
2
= (50 × 1) cm2 = 50cm2
Area of minor segment of the circle
= Area of sector OAPB - Area of triangle OAB
= (78.5 - 50) cm2 = 28.5 cm2
Area of major segment of the circle

= Area of circle - Area of minor segment of circle
2
= π(r) - 28.5 cm2
= [3.14 × (10)2 - 28.5] cm2
= [314 - 28.5] cm2
= 285.5cm2
#Some useful results to remember:
(i) Angle described by minute hand in 60 minutes = 360°
• Angle described by minute hand in one minutes = = 6°
••
||
|
Thus, minute hand rotates through an angle of 6° in one minute.
(ii) Angle described by hour hand in 12 hours = 360°
•
•• Angle described by hour hand in one hour = = 30°
=> Angle described by hour hand in one minute =
/padhleakshay
Thus, hour hand rotates through in one minute.
Example: The minute hand of a clock is 10cm long. Find the area of the face
of the clock described by the minute hand between 9 A.M. and 9.35
A.M.
SOLUTION: Angle described by the minute hand in one minute = 6°
•
• • Angle described by minute hand in 35 minutes = (6 × 35)° = 210°
•
• • Area swept by the minute hand in 35 minutes
= Area of sector of angle 210° in a circle of radius 10 cm
/padhleakshay
183.3
Example: The length of minute hand of a clock is 14 cm. Find the area swept
by the minute hand in one minute.
SOLUTION: Clearly, minute hand of a clock describes a circle of radius equal to
its length i.e., 14 cm. Also, we know minute hand rotates through 6°
in one minute. Hence, required area A is given by
Example: A brooch is made with silver wire in the form of a circle with diameter
35mm. The wire is also used in making 5 diameters which divide the
circle into 10 equal sectors as shown in given figure. Find
(i) the total length of the silver wire required.
(ii) the area of each sector of the brooch.
(i) Total length of the silver wire
= Circumference of the circle of radius 35 mm
||
2
+ Length of five diameters
= 2π × 35 + 5 × 35 mm
||
2
/padhleakshay
285mm
(ii) The circle is divided into 10 equal sectors. Therefore,

Area of each sector of the brooch
/padhleakshay

these are
Surface Areas
and Volumes
Formulas
/padhleakshay
1. CUBOID Height 2. CUBE
a
th
ead
Length Br a
a
(i) Surface Area of a Cuboid (TSA) (i) Surface Area of a Cube (TSA)
= 2(lb + bh + hl) = 6a 2
(ii) Lateral surface area of a Cuboid (ii) Lateral surface area of a Cube
(Area of four walls) (Area of four walls)
= 2(l + b)h = 4a2
(iii) Volume of a Cuboid (iii) Volume of a Cube
= Length × Breadth × Height = edge × edge × edge = a3
/padhleakshay
3. CYLINDER 4. CONE
(i) Curved Surface Area (CSA) = 2πrh (i) Curved Surface Area (CSA) = πrl
(ii) Total Surface Area (TSA) = 2πr(r + h) (ii) Total Surface Area (TSA) = πr(l + r)
(iii) Volume of a Cylinder = πr2h (iii) Volume of a Cone = 1 πr 2h

\
3
where, h = Height and l = Slant height
2 2
=
5. SPHERE 6. HEMISPHERE
. r
(i) Surface Area of a Sphere (CSA = TSA) (i) Curved Surface Area (CSA) = 2πr2
= 4πr 2
(ii) Total Surface Area (TSA) = 3πr2
(ii) Volume of a Sphere = 43 πr3 2
\
(iii) Volume of a Hemisphere = 3 πr3
/padhleakshay
Example: A medicine capsule is in the shape of a cylinder with two hemispheres
stuck to each of its ends. The length of the entire capsule is 14 mm
and the diameter of the capsule is 5 mm. Find its surface area.
14
SOLUTION: Radius (r) of Cylindrical part = Radius (r) of two Hemispheres
= Diameter = 5
\
2 2
Length of Cylindrical part = Total length - 2 × r
= 14 - /2 × 5
/padhleakshay
/2
\
= 14 - 5 = 9mm
Surface area of capsule = 2 × CSA of Hemispheres + CSA of Cylinder

= 2 × 2πr 2 + 2πrh
= 2πr (2r + h)
/ × 5 + 9)
= /2π × 5 (2
2 2
\
\
/
/
= 5π (5 + 9)
= 5π × 14
= 70π
/
= 70 × 22
\\
7
/
= 10 × 22
= 220mm2
Example: A wooden article was made by scooping out a hemisphere
from each end of a solid cylinder. If the height of the
cylinder is 10 cm, and it's base is of radius 3.5 cm, find
the total surface area of the article.
SOLUTION: Radius (r) of Cylinder = Radius (r) of Hemisphere = 3.5cm
Height of Cylinder (h) = 10cm
Surface area of Article = CSA of the Cylinder + 2 × CSA of the
hemispherical part
= 2πrh + 2 × 2πr 2
/padhleakshay
= 2πr (h + 2r)
= 2π × 3.5 (10 + 2 × 3.5)
= 7π × (10 + 7) = 7π × 17
= 7 × 22 × 17 = 22 × 17 = 374cm2
\
\\7
Example: The decorative block shown in given figure is made of two solids —
a cube and a hemisphere. The base of the block is a cube with edge
5 cm, and the hemisphere fixed on the top has a diameter of 4.2cm.
Find the total surface area of the block.
4.2 cm
SOLUTION: The total Surface area of the cube
2
= 6 × (edge) = 6 × 5 × 5 cm2
/padhleakshay
= 150 cm2 5
Now, the surface area of the block
5 cm
= TSA of cube - base area of hemi.
+ CSA of hemisphere
= 150 - πr2 + 2πr2
5
= (150 + πr2) cm2
= 150 cm2 + 2
= (150 + 13.86) cm2 = 163.86 cm2

Example: A gulab jamun, contains sugar syrup up to about 30% of its volume.
Find approximately how much syrup would be found in 45 gulab jamuns,
each shaped like a cylinder with two hemispherical ends with length 5cm
and diameter 2.8 cm (given fig.).
SOLUTION:
5 cm
2.2 cm
1.4 cm
1.4 cm
1.4 cm
1.4 cm
/padhleakshay
Radius (r) of cylinder = Radius (r) of hemispheres = 2.8/2 = 1.4 cm
Length of Cylindrical part = (5 - 2 × 1.4) cm = (5 - 2.8) cm = 2.2 cm
Volume of one gulab jamun
= Volume of Cylindrical part + 2 × Volume of hemispherical part
= πr2h + 2 × 2/3 πr 3
= πr2h + 4/3 πr 3
= πr2 (h + 4/3r) = 22/7 × 1.4 × 1.4 × (4/3 × 1.4 + 2.2) cm3
= 22 × 0.2 × 1.4 × 12.2/3 cm3 = 75.152/3 cm3
Volume of 45 gulab jamuns = 75.152/3 × 45 cm3
= 1127.28 cm3
/padhleakshay
Volume of syrup = 30% of 1127.28 cm3
30
= × 1127.28 cm3
/
100
= 338.184 cm3

these notes
Statistics
Introduction
"Statistics is the study of collection, organisation, analysis and interpretation
/padhleakshay
of data".
What is Data?
A piece of information in the form of facts or figures collected or represented
for any specific purpose is called Data.
Central Tendency
There are three measures of central tendency :-
(i) Mean (ii) Median (iii) Mode
Mean of Grouped Data

The Mean is the sum of values of all the observations divided by the total no.
/padhleakshay
of observations .
3 METHODS
Direct Assumed Mean Step-Deviation

Method Method Method
1. DIRECT METHOD
If a variate X takes values x1 , x2, ..., xnwith corresponding frequencies f1 , f2 , f3 , ...,fn
/
respectively, then arithmetic mean X is given by
f1 x1 + f2 x2+ ... + fn xn
/
X=
f1 + f2 + ... + fn
/ i i
X=
i
Example: Find the mean of the following distribution:
/padhleakshay
x: 4 6 9 10 15
f: 5 10 10 7 8
SOLUTION: Calculation of Arithmetic Mean
xi fi fi x i
4 5 20
6 10 60
9 10 90
10 7 70
15 8 120
Total fi = 40 fi x i = 360
/padhleakshay
= 360 = 9
i i
Mean = X =
/
i
40
# ALGORITHM or STEPS:
STEP I Prepare frequency table with first column consisting of the values of
variate and second column the corresponding frequencies.
STEP II Multiply the frequency of each row with the corresponding values of
variable to obtain third column fi x i .
STEP III Find the sum of all entries in column III to obtain Σfi xi = N
STEP IV Find the sum of all frequencies in column II to obtain Σfi = N
STEP V Use the formula:
i i
/
X=
i
2. ASSUMED MEAN METHOD
i i
Mean, +
/
=
i
NOTE (i)The number 'a' is generally known as the assumed mean and is generally
chosen from the values of class marks i.e x i .
(ii)'di ' are deviations calculated as xi - a. Class mark = UL +2 LL
# ALGORITHM or STEPS
/padhleakshay
STEPI Prepare frequency table with first column consisting of the values of class
intervals and second column of corresponding frequencies.
STEP2 Calculate all class marks values i.e x i 's by using its formula.
STEP3 Choose a number 'a' from values of xi 's and take deviations di = x i - a. Write
these deviations in the fourth column.
STEP4 Multiply the frequencies in column 2 with corresponding deviations d i in
column 4 to prepare column 5 of fi di and find their sum Σf id i.
STEP5 Use the formula:
i i
= +
/
Example: Find the mean of the following frequency distribution:

Class-interval: 10-25 25-40 40-55 55-70 70-85 85-100
/padhleakshay
Frequencies: 2 3 7 6 6 6
SOLUTION:
=a
i i
Mean, = +
/
. = 47.5 + 14.5 = 62
/
=
3. STEP DEVIATION METHOD
i i
Mean,
/
=
i
# ALGORITHM or STEPS
STEP1 Prepare frequency table with first column consisting of the values of class
intervals and second column of corresponding frequencies.
STEP2 Calculate all class marks values i.e x i 's by using its formula.
STEP3 Choose a number 'a' and take deviations d i = x i - a. Write these deviations
/padhleakshay
in the fourth column.
STEP4 Choose a number 'h' generally common factor of all d i's in IV column,
divide deviations di by h to get u i . Write these u i 's against corresponding
di 's in the Vth column.
STEP5 Multiply the frequencies in 2 column with the corresponding u i's in V col.
to prepare VI column fi u i .
STEP5 Use the formula: i i
/
=
i
Example: Find the mean of the following frequency distribution:

Class-interval: 10-25 25-40 40-55 55-70 70-85 85-100
/padhleakshay
Frequencies: 2 3 7 6 6 6
SOLUTION:
=a
i i
Mean,
/
=
i
= . = 47.5 + 14.5 = 62
/
Mode of Grouped Data
The Mode is the value that appears most often in a set of data values i.e the value
of the observation having the maximum frequency.
_
Mode = l + 1
_
0
_ ×
1 0 2
where l = lower limit of the modal class,
/padhleakshay
h = size of the class interval (assuming all class sizes to be equal),
f1 = frequency of the modal class,
f0= frequency of the class preceding the modal class,
f2 = frequency of the class succeeding the modal class.
NOTE Modal class is the class which is having the maximum frequency among all
the observations .
Example: A survey conducted on 20 households in a locality by a group of
students resulted in the following frequency table for the number
of family members in a household:
/padhleakshay
Find the mode of this data.
SOLUTION: Here the maximum frequency is 8 and the class which is corresponding
to this frequency is 3 - 5. So, the modal class is 3 - 5.
Now, l = 3, f1 = 8, f0 = 7, f2 = 2, h = 2
1
_
0
Mode = l + _ _ ×
1 0 2
=3+ 8-7
2×8-7-2
× 2 = 3 + 2/7 = 3.286
Median of Grouped Data
The Median is the middle value of the given number of observations which
divides it into exactly two parts.
n cf
2 ×
Median = l +
f
/padhleakshay
where l = lower limit of median class,
n = number of observations,
cf = cumulative frequency of class preceding the median class,
f = frequency of median class,
h = class size (assuming class size to be equal)
NOTE Median class is the class whose cumulative frequency is greater than or
nearer to n/2.
Example: Find the median of the given data:
/padhleakshay
Cf
f
SOLUTION: Here, n = 53 so, n/2 = 53/2 = 26.5

Now, 60 - 70 is that class whose cumulative frequency (cf) 29 is
greater than or nearest to n/2 i.e 26.5.
Therefore, 60 - 70 is the median class.
so, n/2 = 26.5, l = 60, cf = 22, f = 7, h = 10
Now, by using the above formula we can calculate the
value of median easily.
26.5 - 22
Median = 60 + × 10
7
= 60 + 45/7
= 60 + 6.4
= 66.4
So, about half the students have scored marks less than 66.4, and the other
half have scored marks more than 66.4.
/padhleakshay
Relation Among Mean, Median and Mode
There is a empirical relationship between the three measures of central tendency:
3 Median = Mode + 2 Mean
Example: Find mode, using an empirical relationship, when it is given that mean
and median are 10.5 and 9.6 respectively.
By using the relation, we can find the value of mode
Mode = 3 Median - 2 Mean
= 3(9.6) - 2(10.5)
= 28.8 - 21.0
= 7.8
/padhleakshay
Hence, mode = 7.8

these notes

Probability
Introduction
• "Probability is that branch of mathematics which calculates or studies the
degree of uncertainty i.e the chances of happening of an event".
/padhleakshay
• Probability is simply how likely something is to happen. Whenever we're unsure
about the outcome of an event, we can talk about the probabilities of certain
outcomes—how likely they are.
What is an Experiment?
An operation which can produce some well defined outcomes is called an
experiment. Each outcome (result) is an Event.
For eg :- When we toss a coin, we know that we will get the following well-
defined outcomes — Head or Tail.
Random Experiment?
/padhleakshay
An experiment in which all the possible outcomes are known but the exact
outcome cannot be predicted in advance, is called a random experiment.
For eg :- When we throw a coin we know that it's possible outcomes are Head
and Tail. But, we cannot predict in advance whether the coin will show a head
or a tail.
SOME EXPERIMENTS and THEIR OUTCOMES

1. Tossing a coin (2) 1 :- T or H
2
2. Tossing two coins (2) :- TT, TH, HT, HH
3. Tossing three coins (2)3 :- HHH, HHT, HTH, THH, HTT,
THT, TTH, TTT
4. Throwing a die (6) 1 :- 1, 2, 3, 4, 5, 6
Two Basic Terms
(1) Equally Likely Outcome : If in an experiment, we have the same possibility of
getting each outcome then it is called equally likely
outcomes. For eg :- A dice after rolling has the same possibility of getting 1, 2, 3,
4, 5 and 6 as well.
(2) Not Equally Likely Outcome : If in an experiment, we don't have the same
possibility of getting each outcome then it is
said to be not Equally Likely Outcome. For eg :- Suppose in a bag which has
5 yellow balls and 2 red balls, they are not equally likely as the possibility of
/padhleakshay
the yellow ball is 5 and of red ball 2.
Types of Events
(i) Impossible Event :
If there is no possibility of an event to occur then its probability is zero.
This type of event is known as impossible event.
For eg :- It is not possible to draw a blue ball from a group of red balls.
(ii) Sure or Certain Event :
If the possibility of an event to occur is sure and known then it is said to
be the sure event or certain event and it's probability is 1.
/padhleakshay
This shows that the probability of an event could be
0 <_ P(E) <_ 1

The probability of an event E written as P(E) is given by
Number of favourable outcomes

P(E) =
Total number of outcomes
For any event E,
/
P(E) + P(E) = 1
/
where E stands for 'not E and is called the complement of event E.

Also, event E and E are called 'complementary events'.
Example: Suppose we throw a die once. Find the probability of getting:
(i) a number greater than 4?
(ii) a number less than or equal to 4?
SOLUTION: When we throw a die once, the total no of possible outcomes is six :
1, 2, 3, 4, 5, or 6.
(i) Let E = event of 'getting a number greater than 4'
Favourable outcomes 2 1
P(E) = = =
//
//
Total number of outcomes 6 3
Here, favourable outcomes to E are 5 and 6. So,
Number of favourable outcomes = 2
/padhleakshay
(ii) Let F = event of 'getting a number less than or equal to 4'
here favourable no. of outcomes are 4 i.e 1, 2, 3, 4.
4 2
P(F) = =
//
6 3
Example: Two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously. Find the probability
of getting
(i) two heads (ii) one head (iii) atleast one head (iv) no head
SOLUTION: If two unbiased coins are tossed simultaneously the following are the
possible outcomes that can be obtained :
HH, HT, TH, TT
Therefore, total no of possible outcomes = 4
/padhleakshay
(i) Two heads are obtained only if the HH event occurs
so, favourable number of outcomes = 1
Hence, required probability = 1/4
(ii) One head is obtained only if HT, TH events occur
Hence, required probability = 2/4 = 1/2
(iii) Atleast one head is obtained only if HH, HT, TH events occur
(iv) No head is obtained only if TT event occurs
Concept of Cards
A pack of playing cards consists 52 cards which are divided into 4 suits of 13
cards each. Each suit consists of one Ace, one King, one Queen, one Jack and 9
other cards numbered from 2 to 10.
♠️ ❤️ ♦️
Four suits are named as spades ( ), hearts ( ), diamonds ( ) and clubs ( ). ♣
52 Cards
/padhleakshay
26 RED 26 BLACK
13 13 13 13
♦️
Heart Diamond Spade Club
❤️ ♠ ♣
13 cards of
each shape
:- K Q J A 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10
Honour cards
/padhleakshay
Number cards
#Important points to remember
(1) The cards of King, Queen and Jack have a face drawn on them and thus are
called 'Face Cards'. Each of the 4 suits have 3 face cards each. So, total no of
face cards are 3 × 4 = 12 (6 BLACK + 6 RED).
(2) The cards having a digit written on them are called 'Digit Cards or Number
Cards'. Total no of digit cards are 9 × 4 = 36 (18 BLACK + 18 RED)
(3) There are 2 Kings of Red colour and 2 Kings of Black colour.
(4) The cards like King, Queen, Jack and Ace are called 'Honour Cards' having the
highest value among all 52 cards.
(5) Total number of Honour Cards = 4 × 4 = 16 (8 BLACK + 8 RED).
Example: One card is drawn from a well shuffled pack of 52 cards. Find the
probability that the card drawn is:
(i) an ace (ii) red card
(iii) either red or king (iv) red and a king
SOLUTION: Out of 52 cards, one card can be drawn in 52 ways.
So, the total number of outcomes = 52.
(i) There are 4 Ace cards in a pack of 52 cards.
Therefore, favourable number of outcomes = 4
/padhleakshay
(ii) There are 26 Red cards in a pack of 52 cards. Out of 26 Red cards
one card can be chosen in 26 ways.
(iii) There are 26 Red cards, including two red kings. Also, there are
4 kings, two red and two black.
Therefore, favourable number of outcomes = 26 Red + 2 Black = 28
Hence, required probability = 28/52 = 7/13.
(iv) A card drawn will be red as well as king, if it is a red king. There
are 2 red kings in a pack of 52 playing cards.
/padhleakshay
Example: Find the probability that a leap year selected at random will contain
53 Sundays.
SOLUTION: In a leap year there are 366 days & 366 days = 52 weeks and 2 days.
Thus, a leap year has always 52 Sundays.
The remaining 2 days can be:
(i) Sunday & Monday (ii) Monday & Tuesday
(iii) Tuesday & Wednesday (iv) Wednesday & Thursday
(v) Thursday & Friday (vi) Friday & Saturday
(vii) Saturday & Sunday.
Clearly, there are seven elementary events associated with this random
experiment.
Let A be the event that "a leap year has 53 Sundays".
Clearly, favourable outcomes to event A are either Sunday & Monday
or Saturday & Sunday.
Example: Two dice are thrown simultaneously. Find the probability of getting:
(i) an even number as the sum (ii) the sum as a prime number
(iii) a doublet of even number
SOLUTION: When two dices are thrown simultaneously, then total no of outcomes
/padhleakshay
will be 62 = 36 which are as follows:
1 2 3 4 5 6
1 (1,1) (1,2) (1,3) (1,4) (1,5) (1,6)
2 (2,1) (2,2) (2,3) (2,4) (2,5) (2,6)
3 (3,1) (3,2) (3,3) (3,4) (3,5) (3,6)
4 (4,1) (4,2) (4,3) (4,4) (4,5) (4,6)
5 (5,1) (5,2) (5,3) (5,4) (5,5) (5,6)
6 (6,1) (6,2) (6,3) (6,4) (6,5) (6,6)
(i) Let A be the event of 'getting an even number as the sum'

Clearly, favourable number of outcomes to A are 18
/padhleakshay
(ii) Let B be the event of 'getting the sum as a prime number '
Clearly, favourable number of outcomes to B are 15
(iii) Let C be the event of 'getting a doublet of even number '
Clearly, favourable number of outcomes to C are 3

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Real Numbers

How to Find the LCM & HCF

For HCF: Common factors Least Power

Hence,LCM(96,404) = 9696 and HCF(96,404) = 4

#For your self practice do the following questions:

*After studying from

General Forms of Polynomials

• A Cubic Polynomial P(x) = ax + bx + cx + d will have 3 zeroes.

#Bole toh jitni polynomial ki degree utne hi no. of zeroes hote

• If Alpha(α) is the Zero of a Linear Polynomial P(x) = ax + b, then

α + β + γ = -b/a ; αβ + βγ + γα = c/a ; αβγ = -d/a

*After studying from

Pair of Linear Equations in two Variables

(*Solution of linear equations ka matlab x aur y ki values nikalna...Ok)

(iii) The two lines will become "Coincident or overlapping".

lines (unique Sol.) Equations

lines many sol. Equations

Hence, the given lines will intersect at one point.

Therefore, the solution is x = 6 & y = -1.

Therefore, the solution is x = 2 & y = 1.

*After studying from

*NOTE: Worksheet (important questions of all typology with answers) is

(i.e. whose highest degree is 2).

Factorisation Completing the Quadratic

Nature of Roots V.V.imp

*After studying from

Example: Find the 10th

SOLUTION: Here first term a = 2, common difference d = 7 - 2 = 5 and n = 10

Therefore, the 10th term of the given AP is 47.

• If we are given the last term(l) of the AP, then

• The nth term of an AP is athe= difference

Example: Find the sum of the first 22 terms of the AP : 8, 3, -2, . . .

Example: Find the sum of the first n positive integers.

Example: A contract on construct. job specifies a penalty for delay of completion

Therefore, the contractor has to pay Rs 27750 as penalty.

*After studying from

• In Class10th we are going to learn about "Similarity of Triangles".

Congruent and Similar Similar but not Congruent

*Suno agar question me ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR (given), then

• ar( ADE) = 1 × AD × EN ; ar( BDE) = 1 × DB × EN

ar( BDE) 1/2 × DB × EN DB

SOLUTION:Observe in this question we need to use the corollary result of BPT.

Example: In the given figure, if DE||AC and DF||AE. Prove that BF = BE .

SOLUTION: It is given that PS = PT .

Also, it is given that / PST = / PRQ ...........(2)

/ PQR = / PQR (from (1) and (2)

=> PQ = PR (Sides opposite to equal angles

Hence, ∆ABC ~ ∆PQR .

∆ABC and ∆PQR, we have

[Corresponding angles of similar

80° + 60° + / C = 180°

SOLUTION: In ∆PQR, / PQR = / PRQ (given)

*After studying from

Squarring both the sides, we get

=> -12x - 4y = -20

=> ( 3k + 1(-6) , -8k + 1(10)

Example: Find the coordinates of a point A, where AB is the diameter of a circle

Mid point of A and B =

If O is the mid point of BD, then coordinates of O are =

*After studying from