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Saturated fat raises your LDL-cholesterol level more than anything else in the diet. If not enough
oxygen-carrying blood reaches the heart, you may experience chest pain called angina. If any
blockage is found, a balloon may be pushed through the catheter and inflated; this squashes the clot
and improves blood flow. Whatever the cause, taking steps to keep your heart and blood vessels
healthy starting early in life can prevent risk factors from ever developing. Coronary heart disease by
itself is the most common cause of death in Europe: accounting for nearly two million deaths in
Europe each year. Put simply, a small length of vein tubing is taken from one part of the body, one
end of it is attached to just before the blockage, while the other end is attached to just after the
blockage - the blood then effectively bypasses the blockage. These factors are synonymous with bad
diet and poor health, which consequentially results in an increased risk in heart disease. Informed
Consent Statement Informed consent was obtained from all subjects involved in the study. In the
ROI, which is divided into four components after the wavelet transform, 34 features, five statistical,
22 GLCM, and seven GLRLM features were extracted for each component. According to the results
of the other classifiers, it can be said that the CAD classification of the values of accuracy and other
metrics yielded successful results. We use cookies on our website to ensure you get the best
experience. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is characterized by insulin
resistance. This, of course, is a controllable risk factor and giving up at least halves the risk of
developing coronary heart disease. (1). Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin surface allowing
measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. Feature papers represent the most advanced
research with significant potential for high impact in the field. A Feature. Factors Affecting the
Development of Coronary Heart Disease. Early diagnosis of CAD can prevent the disease from
progressing and can make treatment easier. Excess levels may encourage the clumping of platelets,
resulting in the formation of clots. Activity helps to control appetite, which reduces the habit of
unhealthy snacking. Like any muscle, the heart needs a constant supply of oxygen and nutrients,
which are carried to it by the blood in the coronary arteries. When this occurs in the heart we have a
condition called ischaemia. There are two types of lipoproteins low density and high density. Learn
about steps you can take to lead a more heart-healthy lifestyle. This is more likely to accompany
physical exertion, but it can happen at any time. Bad cholesterol is Low Density Lipoprotein
Cholesterol (LDL) which lays down fat in the tissues - including the coronary arteries. This is called
vasospasm — the spasm causes the arteries to narrow temporarily and blocks blood flow to the heart.
These are all warning signs of a heart attack and you should seek medical attention if you have any of
the signs or symptoms of CAD. Any pain in the heart that is associated with this condition is called
angina. This can lower or block blood flow to the heart muscle, preventing the heart from getting
enough oxygen-rich blood. The ECG provides 3-dimensional information about the conduction
system of the heart, the myocardium, and other cardiac structures.
When the pressure is persistently high, this is called high blood pressure. This is a particularly
concerning warning sign if you have other symptoms of CAD as well, but it can be the only
symptom. The exposure to the fumes produced from the smoke cause free radicals (homolytic
fission: bond breaks evenly leaving two reactive radicals) (1). If you are a woman who has chest
discomfort or shortness of breath during physical activity, ask your healthcare provider about tests to
check for nonobstructive coronary artery disease or coronary microvascular disease. Bid goodbye to
wheat-based noodles with these vegetable based spaghetti, pasta types. However, if the diabetes is
kept under control and glucose levels in the sufferer are controlled, the risk of the diabetic suffering
from coronary heart disease is greatly reduced. (5). Empty reply does not make any sense for the end
user Submit reply Cancel RosMcL 4 years ago report 5 Great detail. GLRLM is a two-dimensional
matrix and is used for texture feature extraction. It is also estimated that 36% of deaths is due to lack
of physical activity, which could be avoided if people who are not exercising enough or not at all
increased it to a moderate level. In addition, smoking has harmful effects on the heart and blood
vessels. Medium and Coarse Gaussian SVM were the best classifiers for the AUC value. This is
because the hormone oestrogen acts to protect the arteries; it is thought that oestrogen acts as an anti-
oxidant, which clears up the free radicals, which are involved in the development of atherosclerosis.
After leaving the heart, blood goes to the lungs where it gathers oxygen. The four components were
labeled cA, cH, cV, and cD. It is thought that flawed functioning of the endothelium could be the
basis of CHD. Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Using Machine Learning Techniques with Iris
Analysis. The HL, LH, and HH sub-bands add high-frequency detail to the approximate image.
These radicals promote the growth of plaque inside arteries causing atherosclerosis. In fact, your
body makes all the cholesterol it needs, and it is not necessary to take in any additional cholesterol
from the foods you eat. The heart gets these nutrients and oxygen by the blood carried to it by the
coronary arteries. Treatment is primarily based on reducing the heart's oxygen demand and increasing
the delivery of oxygen. Thus fewer people live long enough to be affected by CHD. This is less so in
LEDC’s as people are mainly trying to just get by although they will suffer from stress only will
increase development of CHD when there are other factors involved. These values indicate that the
analysis successfully detected coronary artery disease. 4. Conclusions This study proposes a non-
invasive method for detecting coronary artery disease (CAD), as verified in an experiment that used
the iris images of 198 volunteers. According to their rank values, the best 25, 50, and 75 features
were selected using the Relieff method. Total cholesterol is the sum of all the cholesterol in your
blood, the higher this amounts the greater the risk for coronary heart disease. So therefore aspirin is a
good way to help prevent CHD. There are other contributing factors other than fatty deposits which
can cause coronary heart disease such as high blood pressure. Making lifestyle changes can reduce
the risk of coronary heart disease and other complications such as heart attack. Sensitivity is the ratio
of correctly predicted positive observations to all observations in the actual positive class.
The metrics obtained from the classification process using the attributes in Group 1 in Table 6 are
listed in Table 7. Fortunately, there are things you can to address most of the risk factors for
coronary heart disease. The American Heart Association reports that about half of American adults
are affected by heart disease. From the high correlation coefficients of the features, it can be seen
that the features were evenly distributed among the components obtained from the wavelet
transform. It has False Positive Rate (FPR) on the x-axis and True Positive Rate (TPR) on the y-
axis. They achieved a classification accuracy of 77.5% for the test data using GLCM features, and
they achieved 90% accuracy using PCA features. Journal of Manufacturing and Materials Processing
(JMMP). This makes the lumen narrow which decreases the blood flow to the heart. The process of
feature extraction is outlined in Algorithm 2. Small amounts of plaque can also build up inside the
small blood vessels in the heart, causing coronary microvascular disease. These agents are known as
thrombolytic agents and. After leaving the heart, blood goes to the lungs where it gathers oxygen.
Smoking tobacco leads to a build up of plaque on the artery walls leading to atherosclerosis. Before
menopause, women have a lower risk of coronary heart disease than men. Even gentle exercise such
as climbing stairs or walking across a room may bring on an angina attack. Here's all you need to
know about ischemic heart disease, including its risk factors and prevention. None of the trademark
holders are endorsed by nor affiliated with Lecturio. Research suggests that we have differing
genetic propensities to produce both HDL and LDL. There were four sub-band images, each
containing 34 features. Prediction of Coronary Artery Disease Using Machine Learning Techniques
with Iris Analysis. After repeated attacks the results are the progressive destruction of the
myocardium. In addition, the second highest value was obtained in the NN classifier, with an
accuracy value of 92%. If we are able to conquer these other associated diseases such as
hypertension, then we can prevent CHD in many cases. With some patients, the pain also makes its
way into the shoulder blades, the back, and the abdomen. Coronary heart disease is most common in
males and older people. If you have unstable angina, you are at high risk of developing a total
occlusion of the coronary artery, leading to a heart attack. However, only a small amount is required
to perform these tasks, and the excess is deposited along the arteries, causing them to become more
narrow. It also is used for the rate at which new events occur in a defined population. A block
diagram of the feature extraction process is shown in Figure 8. Coronary Heart Disease (CHD) is a
narrowing of the coronary arteries directly restricting blood flow.
It is thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements
of the myocardium exceed that supplied by the coronary circulation. The one thing this introduction
is lacking is a brief description of what coronary heart disease actually is, you need to include a few
sentences that introduce your topic as this helps start off the essay. Your body uses cholesterol to
produce many hormones, vitamin D, and the bile acids that help to digest. Heart failure manifests as
fatigue, shortness of breath, and swelling of the legs. The following materials in tobacco are thought
to contribute to the risk Carbon monoxide reduces the ability of red blood cells to carry oxygen,
which seems to increase the risk of damage to cells in arteries. As described earlier it is essential to
get oxygen rich blood to the heart muscles, as the deprivation of oxygen to the heart muscles is the
cause of a heart attack. Symptoms are induced by decreased oxygen delivery or increased demand.
These features provide information about the intensity distribution but do not reveal the relationship
between pixels. The increase in risk may be higher in older adults, women, and people who have
diabetes or obesity. People should engage in at least 150 minutes per week of moderate-intensity
physical activity or 75 minutes per week of vigorous-intensity physical activity. Some of these risk
factors are modifiable, which means they can be controlled, unlike non-modifiable risk factors such
as increasing age, male sex, family history of a heart attack, etc. Next Article in Journal Common
Mental Disorders in Smart City Settings and Use of Multimodal Medical Sensor Fusion to Detect
Them. A series of laboratory tests and imaging methods are used to diagnose CAD. When carried in
the blood they are combined with proteins to make lipoproteins. The writing style was excellent,
allowing the reader to easily follow the points the writer was making. Obstructive coronary artery
disease is more common in men. A heart attack can be fatal and prompt treatment leads to better
outcomes. It is thought that flawed functioning of the endothelium could be the basis of CHD.
Factors affecting the Development of Coronary Heart Disease (CHD). This is because of the
function of aspirin in the body. In Dardas, T. (Ed.). UpToDate. Retrieved March 28, 2021, from
Maron, B.J., et al. (2006). Contemporary definitions and classification of the cardiomyopathies: An
American Heart Association Scientific Statement from the Council on Clinical Cardiology, Heart
Failure and Transplantation Committee; Quality of Care and Outcomes Research and Functional
Genomics and Translational Biology Interdisciplinary Working Groups; and Council on
Epidemiology and Prevention. Once the catheter is in place, a tiny balloon is repeatedly inflated and
deflated to stretch or break open the blocked area. By losing weight, exercising regularly and not
drinking alcohol to excess some of the risks of coronary heart disease are controllable. (5). As the
heart muscles thicken, less blood can enter the heart, leading to coronary heart disease. The GLCM
attribute also had the highest correlation coefficient. Medium and Coarse Gaussian SVM were the
best classifiers for the AUC value. This is generally caused by a build up of fatty deposits along the
coronary arteries in the condition commonly known as atherosclerosis. You can develop your
introduction further by trying to engage the reader which you can do with by stating an interesting
fact or including relevant background information. The method selects a sample from the dataset and
performs feature selection by creating a model based on the proximity of the sample to other samples
in its class and based on its distance from different classes. The tendency to develop heart disease can
be genetic.
By reducing things like hypertension by keeping blood pressures normal by having moderate
amounts of salt in one’s diet, and by keeping the heart muscle strong and trained by working out the
muscle with cardiovascular exercises. When this occurs in the heart we have a condition called
ischaemia. It is generally going to be impossible to say it is entirely one or the other. They then pass
through the layer of cells and once there, turn into macrophages (killer cells). These cells change the
fatty streaks into early atheroma. Often it is a constant pain, but it can come and go. When creating
the GLCM, the grayscale value of each pixel in the image was calculated as given in Equation (5).
Diabetes Having diabetes is a strong risk factor for developing heart disease. The test may also
reveal any damage to the heart from a heart attack. Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin
surface allowing measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. This clot can grow in minutes
and the artery can be completely blocked. Flow is affected by the pressure gradient and the resistance
fluid encounters between 2 points. Coronary artery disease (CAD) does not usually cause symptoms
until it becomes advanced. So for example, an individual may exercise regularly but still develop
CHD through smoking, poor diet and a genetic predisposition to high LDL cholesterol levels.
Nevertheless, it can be said that the classifiers included in the study achieved high success in
detecting coronary artery disease. 3.3. Comparison with Studies in the Literature The comparative
values of the findings in Table 7, Table 8 and Table 9 and the studies on the diagnosis of heart disease
from iris images in the literature are listed in Table 10. It is composed of striated, involuntary muscle
cells connected to form the contractile pump to generate blood flow. Conflicts of Interest The
authors declare that they have no conflict of interest. If the fibrous caps of these atherosclerotic
plaques are thin they can rupture and cause a thrombosis; a clot triggered by the expulsion of fatty
materials from the ruptured atherosclerotic plaque. African Americans, Mexican Americans,
American Indians, Hawaiians and Asian Americans seem to be more at risk than other races. (3). The
faults could be through high cholesterol, a virus or harmful chemicals from. Factors affecting the
development of coronary heart disease. Type 2 DM has a significant association with obesity and is
characterized by insulin resistance. It has been found that there are links of CHD with their family
background, education and earning capacity. Disclaimer: Tips and suggestions mentioned in the
article are for general information purposes only and should not be construed as professional medical
advice. To prove the idea that coronary heart disease can be self inflicted by obesity is if you follow
a healthy diet. Written informed consent was obtained from the patients to publish this paper. It is
composed of striated, involuntary muscle cells connected to form the contractile pump to generate
blood flow. Write a review Update existing review Submit review Cancel It's good to leave some
feedback. When this occurs in the heart we have a condition called ischaemia. The heart region is
located in the left iris between the 2 and 4 o’clock positions.
In extreme cases, the heart stops functioning properly and it fails to cope with the body’s demand of
oxygen and can eventually fail (4). The ROC curve is a graphical representation of the performance
of a classifier over all possible threshold values. Therefore, the efficiency of the coronary blood
vessels decreases as age increases because blood flow is restricted to supply blood to and from the
heart reducing the transport of substance to allow the heart to respire (oxygen and glucose to the
heart and carbon dioxide taken away as a waste gas) (2).From this it is easy to understand how it is
incorrect to assume that you can get coronary heart disease just by your lifestyle. Out of the 198
volunteers, 94 were diagnosed with CAD, while 104 were healthy individuals without the disease.
Overwhelmed adaptive mechanisms lead to cell injury. Adhesive electrodes are affixed to the skin
surface allowing measurement of cardiac impulses from many angles. However, by being over
weight it increases the total cholesterol levels in the blood (2). When arteries are narrowed, the is not
fully supplied with the oxygen. Whilst the LDL cholesterol is oxidised it stimulates the build up of
cells named foam cells. If the stimulus is severe or persistent, injury becomes irreversible. It is
thought to be provoked by a transient stressful situation during which the oxygen requirements of
the myocardium exceed that supplied by the coronary circulation. An X-ray machine is used to
detect narrow spots or blockages revealed by the dye. More common in men 90% of CHD occurs in
individuals with at least 1 risk factor. It doubles the risk of having a heart attack - the risk persists up
to five years after quitting smoking. For adults with Type 2 diabetes mellitus, lifestyle changes -
such as improving dietary habits and achieving exercise recommendations are crucial. With aspirin,
less platelets stick together, so the clot formed is not as big and so it does not make the blood vessel
too narrow. The highest correlation value of 0.6734 belonged to the 134th feature, RP, which is a
GLRLM attribute of the cD sub-band. After the iris pre-processing processes, a total of 136
statistical, GLCM, and GLRLM features were extracted from the four subcomponents obtained by
applying wavelet transform to the heart region in the iris. Data Availability Statement The data that
support the findings of this study are available from the corresponding author upon reasonable
request. The ECG provides 3-dimensional information about the conduction system of the heart, the
myocardium, and other cardiac structures. In order to be able to travel in the bloodstream, the
cholesterol made in the liver is combined with protein, making a lipoprotein. Regular activity
reduces the levels of LDL cholesterol and increases the levels of HDL cholesterol. These monocycles
will penetrate between the endothelium cells and inside the tunica media, where they develop into
macrophages, which will accumulate the fatty materials such as cholesterol and triglycerides.
Hypertension is most often asymptomatic and is found incidentally as part of a routine physical
examination or during triage for an unrelated medical encounter. One way that stress may do this is
by affecting your habits. In supervised classification, the model performance is determined by the
test data in models created using labeled data. Journal of Otorhinolaryngology, Hearing and Balance
Medicine (JOHBM). Tiny electrical impulses are produced from the pads and this is displayed on the
ECG, electrocardiogram. When carried in the blood they are combined with proteins to make
lipoproteins. Arteries are classified into 3 types: large elastic arteries, medium muscular arteries, and
small arteries and arterioles.