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    Macrolide

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    Abo Dowia
    Macrolides are antibiotics with macrocyclic lactone rings and amino-sugars. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are macrolide antibiotics. Erythromycin is active against many gram-positive bacteria while clarithromycin and azithromycin have broader spectra. These drugs are used to treat respiratory, soft tissue, and sexually transmitted infections. Common side effects include gastrointestinal distress. They can interact with other drugs by interfering with hepatic metabolism.

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    Macrolide

    Uploaded by

    Abo Dowia
    10 views2 pages
    Macrolides are antibiotics with macrocyclic lactone rings and amino-sugars. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are macrolide antibiotics. Erythromycin is active against many gram-positive bacteria while clarithromycin and azithromycin have broader spectra. These drugs are used to treat respiratory, soft tissue, and sexually transmitted infections. Common side effects include gastrointestinal distress. They can interact with other drugs by interfering with hepatic metabolism.

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    Macrolide brief

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    Macrolides are antibiotics with macrocyclic lactone rings and amino-sugars. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are macrolide antibiotics. Erythromycin is active against many gram-positive bacteria while clarithromycin and azithromycin have broader spectra. These drugs are used to treat respiratory, soft tissue, and sexually transmitted infections. Common side effects include gastrointestinal distress. They can interact with other drugs by interfering with hepatic metabolism.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
    10 views2 pages

    Macrolide

    Uploaded by

    Abo Dowia
    Macrolides are antibiotics with macrocyclic lactone rings and amino-sugars. Erythromycin, clarithromycin, and azithromycin are macrolide antibiotics. Erythromycin is active against many gram-positive bacteria while clarithromycin and azithromycin have broader spectra. These drugs are used to treat respiratory, soft tissue, and sexually transmitted infections. Common side effects include gastrointestinal distress. They can interact with other drugs by interfering with hepatic metabolism.

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    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as DOCX, PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as docx, pdf, or txt
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    Macrolides

    Macrolides are antibiotics having macro cyclic lactone rings with one or two amino-sugars.Clarithromycin and
    azithromycin are semi synthetic derivatives of erythromycin
    MOA

    Spectrum Activity
    Erythromycins are active against many gram-positive organisms, including streptococci (e.g., Streptococcus pneumoniae), and
    Corynebacterium and Neisseria species as well as some strains of Mycoplasma, Legionella, Treponema, and Bordetella. Some
    Staphylococcus aureus strains that resist penicillin G are susceptible to erythromycins.

    Clarithromycin is more active than erythromycin against staphylococci and streptococci. In addition to activity against other
    organisms covered by erythromycin, it is also active in vitro against MAI, Toxoplasma gondii, and Cryptosporidium spp. (b) Th
    erapeutic uses. Th is agent is indicated for the prevention of Mycobacterium

    Azithromycin is less active than erythromycin against grampositive cocci but more active against H. infl uenzae and other gram-
    negative organisms. Azithromycin concentrates within cells, and tissue levels are higher than serum levels
    Uses
    a. Erythromycins are the preferred drugs for the treatment of Mycoplasma pneumoniae and Campylobacter infections,
    Legionnaires disease, chlamydial infections, diphtheria, and pertussis.
    b. In patients with penicillin allergy, erythromycins are important alternatives in the treatment of pneumococcal pneumonia, S.
    aureus infections, syphilis, and gonorrhea.
    c. Erythromycins may be given prophylactically before dental procedures to prevent bacterial endocarditis.

    Clarithromycin is indicated for the prevention of Mycobacterium avium complex (MAC) infection and is useful in otitis media,
    sinusitis, mycoplasmal pneumonia, and pharyngitis. Clarithromycin is also used with proton pump inhibitors (PPIs) for
    Helicobacter pylori eradication.

    Azithromycin is useful in nongonococcal urethritis caused by chlamydia, lower respiratory tract infections, Mycobacterium
    avium-intracellulare (MAC or MAI) infection and prophylaxis, pharyngitis, pelvic infl ammatory disease, and Legionnaires
    disease. Azithromycin is also indicated for pediatric use.
    Side Effect of Erythromycin
    a. Gastrointestinal (GI) distress (e.g., nausea, vomiting, diarrhea, epigastric discomfort) may occur with all erythromycin forms
    and are the most common adverse effects.
    b. Allergic reactions (rare) may present as skin eruptions, fever, and eosinophilia.
    c. Cholestatic hepatitis may arise in patients treated for 1 week or longer with erythromycin estolate; symptoms usually
    disappear within a few days after drug therapy ends. There have been infrequent reports of hepatotoxicity with other salts of
    erythromycin.
    d. IM injections of more than 100 mg produce severe pain persisting for hours.
    e. Transient hearing impairment may develop with high-dose erythromycin therapy

    Drug interactions
    a. Erythromycin inhibits the hepatic metabolism of theophylline, resulting in toxic accumulation.
    b. Erythromycin interferes with the metabolism of digoxin, corticosteroids, carbamazepine, cyclosporin, and lovastatin, possibly
    potentiating the eff ect and toxicity of these drugs.
    c. Clarithromycin (Biaxin) may potentiate oral anticoagulants (monitor prothrombin time), increase cyclosporine levels with
    increased toxicity, and increase digoxin and theophylline levels.
    d. Coadministration of clarithromycin and cisapride may increase risk of serious cardiac arrhythmias; coadministration is
    contraindicated.
    e. Sudden deaths have been reported when clarithromycin was added to ongoing pimozide therapy; coadministration is
    contraindicated.

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