Arab Academy for Science, Technology and Maritime Transport

College of Engineering and Technology

Department of Basic and Applied Science
Smart Village Campus

Mathematics (4)
BA 224
Chapter (3)
Introduction to Complex Analysis
Prepared by :
Dr. Eng. Adel Mohamed Elrefaey

1|Page Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey

FUNCTIONS OF A COMPLEX VARIABLE
The Complex Number System
There is no real number x which satisfies the equation x 2  1  0 . To permit solutions
of this and similar equations, the set of complex numbers is introduced.
We consider the complex number as having the form a  ib where a, b are real numbers
and i has the property i 2  1 . If z  a  ib , then a is called the real part of z and b is
called the imaginary part of z and they are denoted respectively as.
a  Re(z ), b  Im( z )

Note: i  1 i5 i i9 i

i 2  1 i 6  1 i 10  1
i 3  i i 7  i i 11  i
i 4 1 i 8 1 i 12  i
Two complex numbers are equal a  ib and c  id if and only if a  c and b  d .
The conjugate of a complex z  a  ib is z  a  ib .

The modulus of a complex number z  a  ib is defined as z  a 2  b 2 .

If z 1 , z 2 are two complex numbers, then

z1 z
z1z 2  z1 z 2 and  1 , z 2  0.
z2 z2

Since a complex number x  iy can be considered as ordered pair of real numbers, we

can represent such numbers by points in an x y  plane called "complex plane or
Argand diagram". y

Polar form of a complex number:

y
If P is a point in the complex plane r
Corresponding to the complex number x  i y then
x  r cos , y  r sin  x
x

2|Page Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey

 where r  z  x  iy  x 2  y 2 is the modulus of z  x  i y and  , called the

argument of z  x  iy ,denoted by arg (z ) , is the angle which line OP makes with the

positive x  axis. It follows that z  x  iy  r  cos  i sin   which is called the polar
form of a complex number?
Euler's Formula
x2 x3 x4
By considering that the infinite series expansion e 1 x 
x
  
2! 3! 4!
holds, then when x  i  , we can arrive at the result e i   cos  i sin 
which is called "Euler’s formula"
The exponential function

We define e z  e x i y  e x  cos y  i sin y 

The modulus of e z is e z  e x since cos y  i sin y  1

Derivatives
If f (z ) is single valued in some region of the z plane, the derivative of f (z ) is defined
f (z  z )  f (z )
as f (z )  lim
z 0 z
Provided that the limit exists independent of the manner in which z  0 . In such case
we say that f (z ) is differentiable at z.
Note that the rules of differentiation and integration of the complex functions of z are
identical with those in real variables.
However, when the complex function is expressed in terms of x and y (i.e. the real and
imaginary parts of z ) then:
u v v u
f ' z   i Or f '  z   i
x x y y
Example (1)
Write each of the following in the form a  i b

3|Page Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey

 (i) 3(1  4i )  2(7  i )
(ii) (3  2i )(2  i )

2  3i
(iii)
4i
Solution :
(i) 3(1  4i )  2(7  i )  3  12i  14  2i  17  14i

(ii) (3  2i )(2  i )  6  3i  4i  2i 2  8  i

2  3i 2  3i 4  i 8  3i 2  12i  2i 11 10
(iii)  .    i
4i 4i 4i 16  i 2 17 17
Example (2)
z1
If z 1  1  i , z 2  2  4i , find z 12  2z 1  3, z 1 , , 2z 2  3z 1
2

z2

Solution :
z 12  2z 1  3  1  i   2 1  i   3  1  2i  1  2  2i  3  1  4i
2

z 1  1  (1)2  2

z1 z 2 1
 1  
z2 z2 20 10

2z 2  3z 1  2  2  4i   3 1  i   4  14i   
2 2
16  196  212
2 2

Example (3)
Express each of the following numbers in polar form
(i) 2  2 3i

(ii)  5  5i
(iii)  6  2i
(iv) 3i
Solution :

4|Page Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey

(i) r  2  2 3i  4  12  4

2 3 
  tan 1  tan 1 3  60 
2 3
2  2 3i  r  cos   i sin    4  cos 3  i sin 3   4e  i /3

(ii) r  5  5i  25  25  5 2

  180  45  135  3 / 4

 5  5i  r cos   i sin   5 2 cos 34  i sin 3

4   4e 3 i / 4

(iii) r   6  2i  6  2  2 2

  180  30  210  7 / 6

 6  2i  2 2  cos 210  i sin 210   2 2e 7 i /6

(iv) r  3i  3

  270  3 / 2  3i  3cos 270  i sin 270  3e

3i / 2

Or
 3i  3cos(90)  i sin(90)  3e i / 2
Example (4)
1  3i
Represent in exponential form
1  3i
Solution :

5|Page Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey

 1  3i 2e  i /3
  i /3  e 2 i /3 .
1  3i 2e
Example (5)
Represent 4  cos 45  i sin 45  in the form x  iy
Solution :

4cos 45  i sin 45 

4 4
 i
2 2 .
Example (6)
1
Find the real and imaginary parts of the complex function
1 z
Solution :
1 1 1 1  x  iy 1  x  iy
   ,
1  z 1  (x  iy ) (1  x )  iy 1  x  iy (1  x ) 2  y 2

 1  1 x  1  y
Therefore Re   and Im   .
 1  z  (1  x )  y  1  z  (1  x )  y
2 2 2 2

Example (7)

Find the value of the derivative of the function  i z 2  1 at the point 1  i

2

Solution :

   
Let f (z )  iz 2  1 , f (z )  2 iz 2  1  2i z   4iz iz 2  1  
2

Therefore
f (1  i )  4i 1  i   i (1  i ) 2  1  4  i  1 i (1  2i  1)  1
 4  i  1 i (2i )  1  4 1  i 

Example (8)
Compute e 3 i /4 in the form x  iy and find e 3 i /4

Solution :
e3 e3
e 3 i /4
 e  cos  / 4  i sin  / 4  
3
i ,
2 2
6|Page Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey
e 3 i /4  e 3 .

Trigonometric, Hyperbolic and Logarithmic functions

The trigonometric functions sin z , cos z are defined in terms of exponential functions
as follows

eiz  e  iz eiz  e iz

sin z  , cos z 
2i 2

The hyperbolic functions sinh z , cosh z are defined as follows

e z  e z e z  e z
sinh z  , cosh z 
2 2

The following relations exist between trigonometric and hyperbolic functions

ei ( iz )  e  i ( iz ) e  z  e z  1 e z  e  z e z  e z
sin iz    i  i sinh z,
2i 2i i 2 2

ei ( iz )  e  i ( iz ) e  z  e z
cos iz    cosh z ,
2 2

and

sinh iz  i sin z, cosh iz  cos z

The following relations are useful:

sinz1  z2   sin z1 cos z2  cos z1 sin z2

cosz1  z2   cos z1 cos z2  sin z1 sin z2

sinhz1  z2   sinh z1 cosh z2  cosh z1 sinh z2

coshz1  z2   cosh z1 cosh z2  sinh z1 sinh z2

7|Page Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey

 Logarithmic functions: If z  ew , then we write w  ln z , the natural logarithm of z .
Thus the natural logarithmic function is the inverse of the exponential function and
can be defined by

w  ln z  ln r  i(  2k), k  0,1,2,...

where z  rei  rei ( 2 k) . Note that ln z is a multiple valued function. The
principal - value of ln z is defined as

ln z  ln r  i where 0    2.

Example (9) Evaluate

(i) sinh( 2  3i ) (ii) e2i / 2
2i 2 2 i
dz
(iii)  cos zdz
0
(iv) 
1 i z
.

Solution:
(i)
sinh( 2  3i )  sinh  2  cosh3i   cosh 2sinh 3i 
  sinh 2 cos 3  i cosh 2 sin 3
 3.591  i 0.531

(ii) e2i / 2  e2 cos  / 2  i sin  / 2  ie2  0.135i

2i

 sin2  i   sin 0
2i
 cos zdz  sin z
0
0

(iii)  sin 2 cos i  cos 2 sin i

 sin 2 cosh1  i cos 2 sinh 1
 1.403  i 0.489

(iv)

8|Page Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey

2 2 i
dz 2  1
 ln z 1i  ln2  2i   ln 1  i   ln 4  4  i tan 1   ln 1  1  i tan 1 
2 2 i

1i z 2  1 
  3  
 ln 8  i   ln 2  i   ln 2  i  0.693  1.571.
4  4 2
Example (10) Solve the equations

(i) e z  3  4i
(ii) ln z  3  4i
Solution:

4 4
e z  3  4i   z  ln3  4i   ln 9  16  i tan 1  ln 5  i tan 1
(i) 3 3
 1.609  i0.927

(ii) ln z  3  4i  z  e34i  e3 cos 4  i sin 4  13.129  i15.201

9|Page Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey

 Sheet # 8
1. Find :
5  7i
(i) 1.5  2i (ii) (iii) cos  i sin 
7  5i
2. Represent in exponential form:
i 2 2  3i
(i) 1 i (ii) (iii)
4  4i 5  4i

3. Represent in the form x  iy :

(i) 4  cos 13   i sin 13  

(ii) cos  1.8   i sin  1.8 

4. Find f  3  i  , f  i  , f  4  2i  where f  z  equals

1 1
(i) z 2  2z (ii) (iii)
1 z z3
5. Find the real and imaginary parts of the following
z
(i) f  z  
1 z
(ii) f  z   3z 3  3z

(iii) f  z   z 2  4z  1
6. Differentiate :
z2 4 iz  2

(i) f  z   z  i  (ii) f  z   2 (iii) f  z  
2 3

z 1 3z  6i
7. Find the value of the derivative of
z i
at  i (ii)  z 2  i  at 3  2i (iii) 3 at 3i
2 1
(i)
z i z
8. Compute e z in the form (u  iv ) and e z if z equals

(i) 3  i (ii) 2  5 i (iii) 9 i / 2 (iv) 1  i  

10 | P a g e Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey

 9. Find the principal value of ln z if z equals
(i) 1 i (ii)  3  4i
(iii)  161 0.1i (iv) 0.6  0.8i

10. Solve the following equations for z :

(i) ln z  3  i (ii) ln z  2  14 i
(iii) ln z  0.3  0.7i

(ii) Compute in the form u  iv

(i) cos1.7  1.5i  
(ii) sin 2  4i  (iii) cos  i 
(iv) cosh 2  3i  (v) sinh 4  3i  (vi) sinh 2  i 

11 | P a g e Math (4) Lec.No.(9) Dr Adel Elrefaey