Mint-made errors

Mint-made errors are errors during the

minting process. Groups of coins with
distinctive characteristics are known as
varieties. The term variety applies to coins
with both intended and unintended
differences while the term error refers only
to coins with unintended differences.
Nevertheless, not all errors are varieties.
Although there may be many identical
examples of some errors, others are
unique. For example, there may be many
indistinguishable examples of coins with a
specific die crack, while off-center strikes
tend to be unique. Being unique does not
mean that an error is valuable. Although
no other coin may be similar to a coin with
an off-center strike, off-center strikes
happen often enough that buyers can
choose from many examples each of
which varies slightly from the other. Mint
error coins can be the result of
deterioration of the minting equipment,
accidents or malfunctions during the
minting process, or intentional
interventions by mint personnel.[1]
Accidental error coins are perhaps the
most numerous and in modern minting are
usually very rare, making them valuable to
numismatists. Intentional intervention by
mint personnel does not necessarily
include a deliberate attempt to create an
error, but usually involves an action
intended to improve quality that miscarries
and creates error coins instead. Errors can
be the result of defective planchets,
defective dies or the result of mistakes
made during striking. The planchet, die,
and striking (or PDS) classification system
happens to correspond with the
mintmarks of the three largest U.S. mints,
Philadelphia, Denver, and San Francisco.
Not all errors fall neatly within the
categories. Sometimes design elements
are missing from coins because die
crevices are filled with grease. Labels used
to identify specific categories of errors
sometimes describe the cause of the error
(die crack, rotated die, clipped planchet).
Other errors names describe what the
viewer sees when looking at the coin
(wavy steps, trails, missing element) while
others have names that were adapted for
use (mule, cud, brockage). The result is
that some errors are known by multiple
names. Filled die errors are also known as
missing design element errors and as
strike throughs. As is noted below under
the discussion of missing design element
coins, some errors have multiple causes. A
rare error that sold for $5462.50 on
Heritage Auctions in August 2010 is an
undated U.S nickel struck on top of a 1960
5 centavos.[2] Foreign coins struck on a
U.S coin planchet or vice versa are very
uncommon and hold a high value.

1999 Lincoln cent depicting wavy steps.

Authentic error coins should not be

confused with coins that are damaged
after being minted, which is known as
post-mint damage.

Planchet preparation errors

Mints purchase long strips of metal which
are fed through blanking machines that
punch out disks known as blank planchets
(or simply as planchets or blanks)[3] on
which coins are struck. This determines
the size and shape of eventual coins.

Dime type 1 blank (left) and one cent type 2 blank (right)
Blank planchet

The punched disks are first known as

"type-1" blanks (or planchets). After an
upending mill adds uniform rounded rims,
the disks are called "type-2" blanks (or
planchets). Occasionally, Type-1 and Type-
2 blanks aren't further processed, ‘escape’
the mint facility and enter circulation.
Type-2 blanks may also be considered
striking errors as they are prepared
correctly, but are released without having
been struck.
Clipped planchet

Clipped planchet

A misfeed can occur when the metal strip

is fed through the blanking machine. The
punches sometimes overlap the leading
edge of the metal producing a straight
clip. Sometimes, the punches strike an
area of the strip which overlaps the hole
left by the previous strike producing a
curved clip.[4] On such curved-clip coins,
often the rim opposite the clip shows a
distinctive distortion and loss of detail
called Blakesley Effect. (See the photo with
an example of a clipped planchet nickel:
the odd look of the rim near the word
LIBERTY is from Blakesley Effect.
Sometimes punches strike the irregular
trailing edge of the metal strip producing
irregular clips.

Improper planchet thickness

Coins are sometimes struck on planchets

that are either too thin or too thick
producing underweight or overweight
coins. This can be because the equipment
settings cause the metal strip to be rolled
to an incorrect thickness or because the
metal strip was intended for another coin
denomination such as a quarter planchet
cut from a metal roll intended for dimes.

Lamination flaw

Lamination crack on a Jefferson nickel

A lamination flaw is a planchet defect that

results from metal impurities or internal
stresses. Lamination flaws cause
discoloration, uneven surfaces, peeling,
and splitting.

Split planchet

A 1963 Lincoln Cent struck before split planchet error. Note the weakly struck obverse (left) and striations on the reverse
(right).

A 1963-D Lincoln Cent struck after split planchet error. Note the normal strike on the obverse (left) and lack of design on
the reverse (right).
A split planchet coin error occurs when,
during the preparation of the planchet
strip, impurities such as gas, dirt, or grease
become trapped under the surface of the
metal blank, creating a weakness or
lamination defect. This area of the metal
will be weaker and may flake, peel, or split
because the adhesion is poor where the
foreign material is.[5]

Split planchet errors are normally

restricted to planchets composed of a
solid alloy, such as U.S. cents and
nickels,[6] and the Australian fifty-cent
coin.[5] Split planchet errors should not be
confused with "separation errors", which
only affect clad and plated
coins. Separation errors are bonding
errors, not alloy errors.[6]

A split can occur either before or after the

coin is struck. The descriptive terms split
before strike and split after strike are
used to distinguish the respective types. A
"split before strike" will show design on
both sides of the coin, have coarse to fine
striations, and will usually be weakly
struck. A "split after strike" will show a
normal strike on one side, but will have a
rough, design-free surface on the other
side[7] and will always weigh less than a
normal planchet.[8]
Cladding flaw

Peeled cladding on a Roosevelt dime

Many modern coins are made of layers of

different metals known as clads. These
cladding layers sometimes peel, fold, or
completely separate.

Hub and die errors

Mints use hubs bearing raised images
similar to the images that appear on a coin
to imprint indented images onto the ends
of steel rods. Those rods become the dies
which strike planchets making them into
coins.

Hub and die errors can occur at the time

dies are made, when the dies are installed
into presses, and from die deterioration
during use. Modern coins are still released
with hub and die errors, mainly because
the defects are usually too small to be
seen with the naked eye. A few exceptions
exist, where the dies are used despite
producing obvious flaws. The 1955 Lincoln
cent is an example.
Fundamental die-setting error

A fundamental die-setting error occurs

when the die is not set as the producers
intended. For example, in April 2013 the
Central Bank of Ireland issued a silver €10
commemorative coin in honor of James
Joyce that misquoted a famous line from
his masterwork Ulysses[9] despite being
warned on at least two occasions by the
Department of Finance over difficulties
with copyright and design.[10]
Partial date likely caused by filled die

Missing design elements

Missing mintmarks, dates, and other

design elements are not distinct errors, but
rather are what the observer sees when
viewing other error types. A design
element that is missing from the die when
it is made is a fundamental error. Missing
design elements that occur because dies
are tilted and do not strike the planchet
face-on are known as misaligned dies. A
design element may be missing because
foreign matter such as grease plugs the
cavity into which the planchet's metal
would normally flow under the striking
pressure. This error is also known as a
filled die and as a strike through. Although
this does involve a die, it is typically
thought of as a striking error, but is
included here so as to provide a more
complete list.

Doubled die

Doubling on LIBERTY from the 1995 doubled die Lincoln cent

A doubled die occurs when a die receives

an additional, misaligned impression from
the hub. Overdate coins such as the
1942/1 Mercury dime and 1918/7 buffalo
nickel are also doubled dies. They are both
listed in the CONECA files as class III
doubled dies. Class III means the die was
hubbed with different "designs" (or hubs
that had different dates). They are not
repunched dates, since the dates were
punched onto the hub.

A die crack is seen to the left of Lincoln's head

Broken die resulting in a "cud" atop Jefferson's head

Die cracks, die breaks, and die chips

Dies can crack during use producing

jaggeds, raised lines on the surface of
subsequently struck coins. In U.S. coinage,
many Morgan dollar coins show slight die
cracks. Dies with cracks, especially those
with cracks near the edge, sometimes
break. The broken piece may be retained in
position or fall away. Die cracks and
retained die breaks can be difficult to
distinguish. Retained die breaks cross the
coin's face from rim to rim with the area to
one side of the break being slightly higher
than the other. Coins struck after the break
falls away have a raised, rounded, unstruck
area along the edge. These coins are
known to collectors as cuds. Sometimes,
an area of a die will chip out of the center.
These so-called die chips appear on
subsequently struck coins as raised,
rounded, unstruck areas called die chips.
The marks seen above the word LIBERTY were caused by the obverse die clashing with elements on the reverse die
intended to impress the space between the memorial columns

Die clash

A die clash occurs when the obverse and

reverse dies are damaged upon striking
each other without a planchet between
them. Due to the tremendous pressure
used, parts of the image of one die may be
impressed on the other. Planchets
subsequently struck by the clashed dies
receive the distorted image. A well-known
example is the "Bugs Bunny" Franklin half
dollar of 1955, where part of the eagle's
wing from the reverse gives Franklin the
image of protruding teeth.[11]
MAD clash

1993 MAD clash mark on a U.S. cent

A MAD clash occurs when an obverse and

reverse die strike each other while
misaligned in relation to each other.
Additional misalignment errors are
discussed below.
Double punched mintmark

Punching errors

Historically, some design elements near

the outer perimeter of a die were added by
punching because technology made it
difficult to press both the central and
perimeter design elements at the same
time. Also, some dies were made without
mintmarks or dates to permit their use at
different mints and in later years. A die
technician added missing elements by
positioning a punch, a small steel rod with
the mirror image of a letter or number on
it, and striking the punch with a hammer
pressing the image into the die. If the
image is not strong enough, the technician
will punch it a second time. Punches
placed in a different position between
strikes will produce a doubled image
which is called a repunch.[12] Dual punches
occur when punching is repeated in a
second location. Sometimes technicians
use a punch with the wrong or incorrectly
sized letter or number. A well known
example of a small mint mark is 1945-S
"Micro S" Mercury dime, when the mint
used an old puncheon intended for
Philippines coins.[13] A much rarer
example is the 1892-O "Micro O" Barber
half dollar, which may have come about
from the brief use of a mintmark
puncheon intended for the quarter.[14]
Exactly the same error occurred with the
1905-O Barber dime, although numerous
examples are known of this mistake.
Modern equipment virtually eliminates the
need to design elements by punching.

Overdates and overmintmarks

In the past, mints used dies until they

broke. At the beginning of the year, mints
punched a new date over the old on dies
that were in use. For 19th-century coins, it
is difficult to call an overdate an "error", as
it resulted from intentional recycling of the
die. An overmintmark occurs when a
second mintmark is punched over an
earlier mintmark following the transfer of a
die from one mint to another. A well-known
example is the 1900 Morgan silver dollar,
when reverse dies with "CC" below the
eagle were sent from the Carson City Mint
to the New Orleans Mint, where they were
given an "O". A similar case occurred in
1938, when a reverse die for the buffalo
nickel was made for the San Francisco
Mint, because that year only, the Denver
Mint made these coins with a "D" punched
over the "S".
Trails

Lines, called trails, transfer to coins from

dies made using the modern high pressure
"single pressing" process. When images
are impressed into dies using the process,
the displaced metal moves out into fields
leaving visible lines on the dies. The dies
themselves are called trail dies. Coins on
which the lines appear are simply called
trails. Trails were first noted on Lincoln
Memorial steps found on the reverse of
one cent coins minted from 1959 to 2008.
The trails gave the steps the appearance
of being wavy. The term wavy steps is still
used to refer to trails found on the
memorial steps, but the term trails is more
commonly used to refer to lines found
elsewhere.

Mule

Great Britain dateless double obverse "mule" halfpenny Edward VII 1902 to 1910, well circulated obverse. What looks like a
mint error is actually a cleverly made up double headed coin, just slightly under weight.
The reverse of that same coin was also minted with an obverse die, but on a different flan. The two obverse parts were
cleverly put together from two different coins. This manipulated coin was found in Australia where it was legal tender. It
could have been used in the very popular Australian Two-up game in a fraudulent way.

A coin struck using dies never intended for

use together is called a "mule". An
example is a coin struck with dies
designed for different coin denominations,
or a coin struck with two dies that both
lack a minting year on them, resulting in a
'dateless' coin.
Because of misalignment, the obverse of this coin is off-center but the reverse is centered
Misaligned dies

Dies must be properly aligned in presses

for coins to be struck correctly. Errors
occur when dies are offset, tilted, or
rotated. Offset errors occur when the
hammer die is not centered over the anvil
die typically resulting in an off-centered
obverse, but centered reverse. Tilting
errors occur when die surfaces are not
parallel producing coins that are thinner
along one edge, and sometimes causing
missing design elements along the
opposite edge because of insufficient
pressure being exerted on that edge.
Rotation errors occur when the images on
the obverse and reverse dies are turned
from the normal positions such as when
the reverse image is at a right angle to the
obverse.

Strike errors
Strike errors occur when the planchet is
struck. It is a fault in the manufacturing
process rather than in either the die or the
planchet. Numismatists often prize strike-
error coins over perfectly struck examples,
which tend to be more common, but less
highly than die-error coins, which are
usually rarer, making them valuable.
This broad struck Lincoln cent is the size of a nickel

Broadstrike

Broadstrike errors are produced when the

collar die (the circular die surrounding the
lower die) malfunctions. The collar
prevents the metal of the blank from
flowing outside the confines of the die. All
denominations of U.S. coins with a
broadstrike have plain edges.
Strike through

A "strike-through" coin is made when

another object comes between a blank
and a die at the time of striking. That
object's outline is pressed into the blank's
surface. Common examples include hard
objects such as staples, metal shavings,
and other coins as well as soft objects
such as cloth and grease. Hard objects
leave sharp outlines and, on occasion,
adhere to the blank producing a coin
called a "retained strike-through". A
planchet "struck-through" a coin is left with
an impression of the coin called brockage
(discussed below). When the "strike-
through object is a blank planchet the
result is a uni-face coin with one struck
side and one blank side (see below). When
the "struck-through" object is another coin,
and that coin adheres to a die(as opposed
to the other coin), the adhered coin is
called a "die cap" (discussed below). Two
coins which adhere to one another are
called "bonded pairs". Softer objects, such
as grease, can fill crevices in a die,
producing a weak strike with a smudged
appearance. These errors are often called
"missing element coins" (discussed above
and as "filled dies"). (A great example of
such an error occurred in 1922, when only
the Denver mint struck Lincoln cents. As a
result of the mint attempting to speed up
production, such a large amount of
excessive grease was applied to the dies
that the mintmark was obscured and
therefore either nonexistent or weakened
on the 1922 cents. These are very popular
with collectors.)[15]

Uni-face coin (blank reverse)

Uni-face coin

A uni-face coin results when two planchets

are stacked one atop the other at the time
of striking. This produces two coins: one
with only an obverse image, and a second
with only the reverse image. The planchets
may be centered over the die producing
one complete image on each coin or off-
centered producing partial images on each
side. In the accompanying image of the
blank reverse, the shadow or outline of
Lincoln's profile from the obverse side of
the coin is visible.
Die cap

Die cap

A struck coin remains on a die and leaves

its slowly fading impression (called
brockage) on subsequently struck coins[16]
and, over time, changing shape to
resemble a bottle cap.
The brockage image of the Lincoln memorial can be seen near the bottom of the coin

Brockage

Brockage occurs when a mirror image of a

coin is struck on a blank. After a struck
coin fails to eject, a new blank is fed
between the struck coin and the hammer
die. The hammer die strikes the second
blank leaving its image on one side while
pressing the blank against the previously
stuck coin which sinks its image into
opposite side. Most brockages are off-
center, but fully overlapping brockages are
the most desirable.

Edge strike

There are two types of edge strikes. A

standing edge strike occurs when a blank
"bounces" so that it is standing on edge as
it is struck. Striking pressure produces
edge indentations where the dies strike,
and sometimes bends the blank. Repeated
strikes can produce a coin that is folded
flat. . Chain edge strikes occur when two
blanks are fed into the space between dies
at the same time. The blanks expand when
struck and press together leaving each
with single indented edge. Two chain edge
struck coins together are known as a
matched pair.

Lincoln cent with second off-center strike

Flip-over multi-struck coin

Multiple strike

A multiple strike, also referred to as a

double exposure, occurs when the coin
has additional images from being struck
again, off center. The result is sometimes
mistaken for being a "doubled die". On
occasion, a coin will flip over between
strikes so that the second image is that of
the opposite side of the coin.
Lincoln cent struck off-center

Off-center strike

An off-center coin is produced when the

coin is struck once, albeit off center. Unlike
a broadstrike, the punch is not in the
center of the coin, but rather the edge. This
results in a coin which is not circular. The
coin gives a freakish appearance as a
result, and various amounts of blank
planchet space are visible. The coins can
vary in value because of how far off center
they are struck, although coins with full
dates are more desirable than coins
without a date or missing digits.[17]
Double denomination

A double denomination coin is one that

has been struck twice between different
denomination dies such as once between
nickel dies and again between quarter
dies. The term is sometimes used to refer
to a coin struck on the wrong planchet
(see below).

Nickel struck on one cent planchet

Struck on wrong planchet

Sometimes planchets for one coin

denomination are fed into a coin-stamping
press equipped with dies of another
denomination. This results in a coin that
has been stamped with a design intended
for a differently sized coin. The resulting
errors are prized by collectors, though they
are usually caught during the
manufacturing process and destroyed.
Such errors are sometimes called "double
denomination" coins, but that term is also
used to refer to coins struck a second time
with dies of a different denomination.
Some examples include cents struck on
dime planchets, nickels on cent planchets,
or quarters on dime planchets. This type
of error should not be confused with the
much rarer mule which is a coin struck
between dies that were never intended to
be used together such as a coin with
nickel obverse and a dime reverse.

Wrong-planchet errors may also occur

when the composition of the coin
changes. Such situations generally arise
when the mint has decided to change the
alloy or plating of the coin in the new
coinage year, but a few planchets from the
previous year—and thus of the previous
composition—have yet to be struck.
Should the dies be changed for the new
year while the old planchets are awaiting
striking and not removed, coins using the
old composition will be struck with the
new year's date. Such coins are rare and
often highly valued by collectors, as with
the 1943 copper cents and 1944 steel
cents.

A much rarer error is a denomination

struck on a foreign planchet. This did
occur occasionally with United States (and
before that American colonial) coinage in
the 17th, 18th, and 19th centuries. In the
20th century, fewer errors on foreign
planchets are discovered but they still
occur when the US Mint is contracted by
foreign governments to produce coinage
for them. Recent encapsulations and sales
at auctions reveal 1995 and 1996
examples of mintages on foreign planchet.
A few 1996 Lincoln cents were struck on
stock designated for Singapore. There are
1997-D, 1998 and 2000 dated Lincoln
cents struck on foreign planchets, but not
identified by PCGS or NGC as to the
country the mintage was intended.
Edge and rim errors

Blanks are surrounded by collars when

struck to prevent the blank from flattening
and spreading. Edge and rim errors occur
when collars are either out of position or
are deteriorated. A wire rim occurs when
excessive pressure squeezes out metal
between the collar and the edge of the die
producing an extremely high thin rim. A
partial collar occurs when an out-of-
position collar leaves a line around the
coin which is visible when looking at its
edge. A partial collar is sometimes called
a railroad rim when a reeded edge coin is
involved as the line resembles a rail and
the reeds resemble railroad ties.

Mated pair or set

A collection of two or more coins struck at

the same time or during successive strikes
on one or more dies, these coins with the
resulting errors are related to one another,
fitting together as a set.[18] All brockages,
indents, chain edge strikes, and capped
die strikes have a corresponding coin, but
are rarely found together. A single coin of
the set may be discovered by mint staff
during quality control and removed, or the
coins may be separated into different lots
to be distributed separately into
circulation.

Numismatic value of error

coins
Like other coins, the value of errors is
based, in part at least, on rarity and
condition. In general, lower denomination
errors are less expensive than higher
denomination errors simply more such
coins are minted resulting in available
errors. Modern errors are generally less
expensive than older errors simply
because, with billions being struck, errors
are made. Because of modern technology,
some types of errors are less likely to
occur now, but that has not seemed to
have a dramatic impact on values. Some
types of errors, such as clipped planchets,
edge strikes, and foreign object strike-
throughs can be faked perhaps keeping
down the value of some types of mint
errors. Many errors are sold ungraded
because of their relatively low value.
Grading services often charge more to
grade a coin than it is worth. Errors are
often not noted by grading services.
Overdates, mules, brockage, double
denomination, and struck on the wrong
planchet errors are often valuable. Errors
on ancient, medieval, and higher-value
coins are usually detrimental to the coin's
numismatic value.

Notable Australian coin

varieties and errors
1966 "Wavy 2" 20 cents
1979 "Double Bar" 50 cents
1980 "Double Bar" 50 cents
1981 "3-1/2 claw" 20 cents
1994 "Wide Date" 50 cents
2000 "Incused Flag" Millennium 50
cents
2000 $1/10cent Mule
 2001 rotated die Centenary of
Federation $1
2004 "Pointy A" Large Head 20 cents

Notable U.S. coin varieties

and errors
1918/7 Buffalo nickel
1918/7-S Standing Liberty quarter
1937-D 3-legged Buffalo nickel
1942/1 Mercury dime
1942/1-D Mercury dime
1943 copper cent
1944 steel cent
1955 doubled die obverse cent
1958 handsome mule Franklin half
dollar
1970-S doubled die obverse cent with a
small or large date
1972 doubled die obverse cent
1982 No P dime
1983 doubled die reverse cent
1984 doubled ear cent
1995 doubled die obverse cent
2004-D Wisconsin extra leaf quarters
2007 Presidential dollars missing edge
lettering
Notable British coin errors
1983 "New Pence" Two pence
2005 "Pemember" Two pounds
2008 Dateless Twenty pence mule,
using the obverse of the obverse of the
1982-2008 design and the reverse of the
2008-present design, both of which lack
dates.
2011 "Aquatics" Fifty pence

Notable Philippine coin

errors
1983 "Pithecobhaga" fifty centavos
1983 "Pygmea" ten centavos
See also
Money portal
Numismatics
portal

Coin collecting
Coining (mint)
Die-deterioration doubling
Doubled die
Wavy step
US error coins
Die defect

References
1. Herbert, Alan. Official Price Guide to Mint
 Errors. New York: House of Collectibles,
2007. 7th ed. p. 2. Print.
2. "Undated Jefferson Nickel—Struck on a
1960 Peru 5 | Lot #5566 | Heritage
Auctions" (https://coins.ha.com/itm/errors/
undated-jefferson-nickel-struck-on-a-1960-p
eru-5-centavos-ms67-ngc-total-3-coins-/a/1
143-5566.s) . Heritage Auctions. Retrieved
15 December 2017.
3. "Royal Mint. (2010). "Making the Coins in
Your Pocket." Retrieved 5 November 2010 .
Para. 2 and 3. Web" (http://www.royalmint.c
om/Corporate/facts/process/MakingCoins.
aspx) . Webcitation.org. Archived (https://w
eb.archive.org/web/20101126135419/htt
p://www.royalmint.com/Corporate/facts/pr
ocess/MakingCoins.aspx) from the
original on 26 November 2010. Retrieved
4 April 2012.
4. Yeoman, R.S. (1996). A Guide Book of
United States Coins (49th ed.). p. 297 (http
s://archive.org/details/guidebookofunite49
yeom/page/297) . ISBN 0-307-19901-0.
5. "Australian Split Planchet Coin Errors - The
Australian Coin Collecting Blog" (https://ww
w.australian-coins.com/error-coins/australi
an-split-planchet-coin-errors) . Retrieved
15 January 2022.
6. "Error-Ref.com - Split Planchet, Before
Strike" (https://www.error-ref.com/split_pla
n_before/) . Retrieved 15 January 2022.
7. "Split Planchet Jefferson Nickels" (http://w
ww.sullivannumismatics.com/inform/articl
es/split-planchet-jefferson-nickels) .
Retrieved 15 January 2022.
8. "Error-Ref.com - Split Planchet, After Strike"
(http://www.error-ref.com/split_plan_afte
r/) . Retrieved 15 January 2022.
 9. "Error in Ulysses line on special €10 coin
issued by Central Bank" (https://www.rte.ie/
news/2013/0410/380758-central-bank-coi
n/) . RTÉ News. 10 April 2013.
10. "Bank alerted to Joyce coin risk" (http://ww
w.herald.ie/news/bank-alerted-to-joyce-coin
-risk-29296231.html) . Evening Herald. 25
May 2013.
11. "1955 "Bugs Bunny" Franklin Half Dollar" (ht
tp://reviews.ebay.com/1955-quot-Bugs-Bun
ny-quot-Franklin-Half-Dollar_W0QQugidZ10
000000003587151?ssPageName=BUYGD:
CAT:-1:SEARCH:6) . Reviews.ebay.com. 27
March 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
12. "Wexler, John. (2010). "Repunched Mint
Marks (RPMs) & Over Mint Marks (OMMs)."
Retrieved 6 Nov. 2010" (https://web.archive.
org/web/20100915142758/http://doubledd
ie.com/58243.html) . Webcitation.org.
Archived from the original (http://www.dou
bleddie.com/58243.html) on 15
September 2010. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
13. "1945-S Micro S" (https://web.archive.org/w
eb/20120502160606/http://blog.davidlawr
ence.com/index.php/mercury-dimes-ch-6-1
945-s-micro-s/) . Blog.davidlawrence.com.
9 January 2005. Archived from the original
(http://blog.davidlawrence.com/index.php/
mercury-dimes-ch-6-1945-s-micro-s/) on 2
May 2012. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
14. "1892-O BARBER HALF DOLLAR" (http://ww
w.coinfacts.com/half_dollars/barber_half_d
ollars/1892o_half_dollar.htm) .
Coinfacts.com. Retrieved 4 April 2012.
15. "1922 Weak D and No D Lincoln Cent
Varieties" (http://www.lincolncentresource.
com/1922Ddievarieties.html) .
Lincolncentresource.com. Retrieved
25 October 2013.
16. Yeoman, R.S. (1996). A Guide Book of
United States Coins (49th ed.). p. 299 (http
s://archive.org/details/guidebookofunite49
yeom/page/299) . ISBN 0-307-19901-0.
17. "Lincoln Cents with Off-Center strikes" (htt
p://www.lincolncentresource.com/Errors/O
ff-Center.html) . Lincolncentresource.com.
Retrieved 25 October 2013.
18. "1979 Canadian 1-Cent Mated Set" (https://
www.cointalk.com/threads/canadian-1-cen
t-1979-chain-strike-mated-triplet.242754/) .
CoinTalk. Retrieved 15 June 2014.

External links
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eclashes.com)
CONECA | (http://conecaonline.org/)
 Error-Ref.com – (http://www.error-ref.co
m/)
Undated Jefferson Nickel--Struck on a
1960 Peru 5 Centavos--MS67 | Lot
#5566 (https://coins.ha.com/itm/error
s/undated-jefferson-nickel-struck-on-a-1
960-peru-5-centavos-ms67-ngc-total-3-c
oins-/a/1143-5566.s)

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