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Whether one can extend this same conception to all the many other errors— to mis-reading, slips of
the pen, forgetting, picking up the wrong object, mislaying things, etc. At that time our interpretation
has only the value of a conjecture to which we ourselves do not wish to grant too much weight. Yet a
certain investigation was necessary in both cases in order to obtain the solution. I know a lady now
divorced from her husband, who, in managing her fortune, frequently signed documents with her
maiden name, and this many years before she really resumed it. That which is psychologically
equivalent may nevertheless in practice be very ambiguous. Since she has finally found in Bassanio
the suitor to whom she is attached, she fears that he, too, will choose the wrong casket. In
considering the life process as a whole, he assumed that the two tendencies—that toward life (i.e.,
toward the increased unification and integration called Eros) and that toward death and
disintegration (called the death instinct)—are inherent in every cell of the living organism. One day
she brought me a book which she had thought might interest me. The cases of forgetting projects are
as a rule so clear that they are of little use for our purpose, i.e., discovering in the psychic situation
circumstantial evidence of the meaning of the error. Since the 1920s, quite in contrast to the
physiological-mechanistic orientation of his libido theory, Freud developed a much wider biological
approach in his conceptualization of the life and death instinct. One's tongue slips in a longer speech
to such an extent that the last word of the intended speech is said too soon. They collected examples
and first treated them from a purely descriptive standpoint. Just these two factors are most tangibly
apparent in the various situations of errors of forgetfulness. However, we may claim, ladies and
gentlemen, that we have followed no bias of any sort in making any of these contested statements.
He tells of his complaints and symptoms, but of nothing else. The lady is vexed by the fact that her
brother-in- law does not sufficiently appreciate the beautiful object. We have widened the province
of the world of psychic phenomena quite considerably, and have brought into the province of
psychology phenomena which formerly were not attributed to it. It is, therefore, to these phenomena
that I would now direct your attention. He may, of course, also make an occasional mistake, but if
automatic playing increased the likelihood of errors, it would be just the virtuoso whose playing has,
through practice, become most automatic, who would be the most exposed to this danger. The little
anecdote did not occur to me again until a year later, after this marriage had come to a most
unhappy end. A. Maeder tells of a lady who, the day before her wedding, forgot to try on her
wedding dress and to the despair of the dressmaker only remembered it later in the evening. These
various forms, by the way, behave differently in this respect. It does not, of course, belong in its
entirety to the category of errors, but only in so far as it seems to us conspicuous and unjustified,
measured by the measuring stick of our accustomed conception—thus, for example, where the
forgetfulness strikes fresh or important impressions or impressions whose loss tears a hole in the
otherwise well-remembered sequence. In general, the slip is based upon a word resemblance. But it is
a predisposition of human nature to consider an unpleasant idea untrue, and then it is easy to find
arguments against it. The cases of forgetting plans are in general so uniform and transparent that they
do not interest us in our investigation. I must, however, still go into two additional groups of
observations, into the accumulated and combined errors and into the confirmation of our
interpretations by means of subsequent developments. I am not overlooking the excuse, whose
existence one must admit, for this deficiency in your previous training. Report this Document
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for the convenience and good of others. Although Freud’s biological orientation is beyond doubt, it
would be a distortion of his work to characterize it as biologically versus socially oriented. One
evening I came home filled with enthusiasm and gratitude toward my wife.
If anyone, through a slip of the tongue, distorts a proper name, or puts together an unusual
combination of syllables, then this very common occurrence seems already to have decided in the
negative the question of whether all errors contain a meaning. Let us not think too lightly of these
prejudices; they are powerful things, remnants of useful, even necessary, developments of mankind.
A psychoanalyst may see someone four or five times a week. You now recognize the situation as one
in which we once before found ourselves. You probably do not suspect how significant this question
is. If we examine a series of them to this end, we will soon find that they divide themselves into three
groups. One of these assertions offends an intellectual prejudice, the other an aesthetic-moral one.
Recollect that we are, on the contrary, accustomed to identify the psychic with the conscious. They
differentiated the distortions which the intended phrase suffered through the slip, into: interchanges
of positions of words, interchanges of parts of words, perseverations, compoundings and
substitutions. In our beautiful Dolomites, I meet two Viennese ladies who are gotten up as tourists. I
offer you a preliminary compromise on the basis of the analogy of the judge and the defendant.
When it happens that I commit a slip of the tongue, I could obviously make any one of an infinite
number of slips, and in place of the one right word say any one of a thousand others, make
innumerable distortions of the right word. Were it otherwise, there would be no way to administer
the law, and despite occasional miscarriages you must acknowledge the value of this system. Was it
then only a deceptive appearance or a poetic exaggeration of the importance of an error which made
us believe that we recognized a purpose in it. You have been trained to reduce the functions of an
organism and its disorders anatomically, to explain them in terms of chemistry and physics and to
conceive them biologically, but no portion of your interest has been directed to the psychic life, in
which, after all, the activity of this wonderfully complex organism culminates. And yet the examples
are not at all rare in which the attendant circumstances of the mislaying point to a tendency
temporarily or permanently to get rid of the object. It could nevertheless really be a psychic accident,
or meaningful only in very rare cases, and the poet would still retain the right to infuse it with
meaning through his setting. If we wish to be consistent in our interpretation, an interpretation which
has been proved as manifold as it is justified, we will be unavoidably forced to the conclusion that
there are tendencies in a human being which can become effective without his being conscious of
them. This suggested psychoanalytic psychotherapy has potential for improving the parent-infant
relationship. The largest cohesive manuscript part ( Chapter 2) is therefore logically entitled The
Dialectic Revision of Psychoanalysis. And now one more striking example with a better termination.
The subject may then repeat that he had merely forgotten it. Freud arrived almost unavoidably at his
particular mechanistic physiological theory. Without this coincidence we could not, of course, assert
that the loss involved any intention to get rid of the gift. We might add here the observation of the
philosopher Wundt, that slips of the tongue occur when, in consequence of bodily fatigue, the
tendency to association gains the upper hand over the intended speech. The result of the examination
will surely be convincing in the case of Alexander. Let us dispassionately weigh each thing in turn,
one after the other. Such an example of a slip of the tongue occurs in Wallenstein (Piccolomini, Act 1,
Scene 5). Considering the scarcity of hormonological and neurophysiological data at the time of
Freud’s original formulations, it was hardly avoidable that he should construct a model based on the
concept of chemically produced inner tensions that become painful and on the concept of the release
of accumulated sexual tension, a release that Freud labeled pleasure. Recognizing that, in neuroses,
facets other than those usually called sexual desire play a most important role, Freud extended the
concept of sexuality to that of pregenital sexuality and thus assumed that his libido theory could
explain the origin of the energy that moves all passionate behavior, including aggressive and sadistic
impulses.
Hitherto we have always spoken of errors, but now it seems as if sometimes the error itself were
quite a normal act, except that it has thrust itself into the place of some other expected or intended
act. In another case a mistake is combined with mislaying an object. Nay, indeed, psychoanalysis
claims that these same sexual impulses have made contributions whose value cannot be
overestimated to the highest cultural, artistic and social achievements of the human mind. Perhaps
you, too, agree that it is not right for him immediately to become so rude over a purely theoretical
investigation, but, you will conclude, he really must know what he did and did not mean to say. One
of these assertions offends an intellectual prejudice, the other an aesthetic-moral one. In the previous
scene, Max Piccolomini has most passionately sided with the Herzog, and dilated ardently on the
blessings of peace which disclosed themselves to him during the trip on which he accompanied
Wallenstein's daughter to the camp. He has now opened mine, And I see more than pleases me. Q.
What is it? OCTAVIO. Proofs for the first of the two relations we can find without trouble in the
examples which we already know and in others similar to those. Both observer-based and self-
reported depression scores showed steeper declines in the psychoanalytic psychotherapy group,
alongside greater improvements in how they coped socially, than in the cognitive behavioural therapy
group. If in this case you question the originator of the slip, he will not affirm that he intended an
insult, on the contrary, he will deny it energetically. In one of his proposals seeking funding for his
planned multi-volume work on psychoanalysis, Fromm described the origin of the cognitive
processes that guided his interest in the scholarly reception of Freudian psychoanalysis: My
knowledge of and interest in the fields of sociology led me at first to the application of
psychoanalytic theory to social and cultural problems. My papers in this area, containing already the
nuclear ideas of my later work, were published in 1932-34. These little characteristics of errors are
not exactly illuminated by the theory of diverted attention. I will not make you, your previous
training, or your mental bias share the guilt of the next difficulty. That we ourselves should have a
purpose in losing an object, an accident frequently so painful, will certainly seem incredible to you.
Let us, therefore, turn to a particularly ambiguous and untransparent error, that of losing and
mislaying objects. If we were interested only in proving that errors may have a meaning, we would
limit ourselves to the accumulated and combined errors in the first place, for here the meaning is
unmistakable, even to the dullest intelligence, and can force conviction upon the most critical
judgment. The result of the examination will surely be convincing in the case of Alexander. It will
probably turn out differently when applied to individuals like Moses and Nimrod. At present we are
predominantly interested in the psychic situation in which the lapse of memory occurs. A slight
illness, or a change in the distribution of blood in the central organ of the nervous system, can have
the same effect, inasmuch as it influences the determining factor, the distribution of attention, in a
similar way. Some seek therapy after a significant loss, whether through death or divorce, or as a
result of a traumatic event or abuse in childhood or adolescence. In a third class this characteristic of
transience is lacking, as for example in mislaying things so that they cannot be found again, or in the
analogous case of losing things. If we keep this explanation in mind we will be able to understand
still other hitherto mysterious groups. To browse Academia.edu and the wider internet faster and
more securely, please take a few seconds to upgrade your browser. The pointing out of this meaning,
the interpretation of this error, gives us no difficulty. We then find whole categories of cases in which
the intention, the meaning of the slip itself, is clearly manifest. Cancel anytime. Ebook 240 pages 2
hours The Revision of Psychoanalysis Show full title By Erich Fromm and Rainer Funk Rating: 0 out
of 5 stars ( 0 ratings ) About this ebook. On the contrary, the objects of its observations are generally
those simple occurrences which the other sciences have thrown aside as much too insignificant, the
waste products of the phenomenal world. You probably do not suspect how significant this question
is. Recollect that we are, on the contrary, accustomed to identify the psychic with the conscious.
There is perhaps something missing, a complement by the addition of which the theory would be
made completely satisfactory. The other type of relationship between the two interfering intentions
seems strange. But if the latter make an exception and reread the letter, they always have the
opportunity of finding and correcting a conspicuous pen slip. I regret that on this point I find myself
in complete opposition to your views. I agree with you that the larger problems of the world and of
science have the first claim on our interest. The name is anchored there, as it were, and denied to the
other associations activated at the moment. In misreading, we encounter a psychic situation which is
clearly differentiated from that of the tongue slips or pen slips. Such instruction even at second
hand, will place you in quite an unusual position for forming a judgment. They often clothe it in the
form of a joke, though, to be sure, the joke is of a very low order. It has repeatedly happened that a
poet has made use of slips of the tongue or some other error as a means of poetic presentation. I am
very much inclined to think so and for this reason, that as often as one investigates a case of a slip
of the tongue, it reduces itself to this type of explanation. It may be that cognitive behavioural
therapy or another therapy is the more appropriate option for a particular patient. Still, the second
intention is not difficult to guess. Thus, for instance, there is the story which relates that on the
occasion of a festivity in honor of the marriage of a child of H. At the next session we will see
whether we can agree with the poets in their conception of the meaning of psychological errors.
There is a whole series of very common and universally known psychic phenomena, which, after
some instruction in the technique of psychoanalysis, one can make the subject matter of analysis in
one's self. There are also many other small phenomena accompanying these errors, which are not
understood and which have not been rendered comprehensible to us by these explanations.
Considering the scarcity of hormonological and neurophysiological data at the time of Freud’s
original formulations, it was hardly avoidable that he should construct a model based on the concept
of chemically produced inner tensions that become painful and on the concept of the release of
accumulated sexual tension, a release that Freud labeled pleasure. But it is a predisposition of human
nature to consider an unpleasant idea untrue, and then it is easy to find arguments against it. These
techniques are primarily based on conflict theory see above. We will therefore leave the analysis of
errors here. I shall be so bold as to assume that in the error a tendency can manifest itself which has
been suppressed for even a longer time, perhaps a very long time, which does not become perceptible
and which, therefore, cannot be directly denied by the speaker. He adds in connection with this
forgetfulness the fact that she divorced her husband soon after. Everything which can be observed
about the psychic life will on occasion be designated as a psychic phenomenon. A few months ago I
received the assurance of a production in the theatre in F., and since that time it happens regularly
that I forget the meetings of that society. The cases of forgetting plans are in general so uniform and
transparent that they do not interest us in our investigation. The perceived phenomena must, in our
conception, give way to those strivings whose existence is only assumed. If the meaning of this
forgetting of projects leaves room for so little doubt among laymen, you will be less surprised to find
that poets make use of these errors in the same sense. The accumulation of manifestations betrays a
stubbornness such as could never come about by accident, but which fits closely the idea of design.
Corey postulates that it will be necessary for a therapist to help clients develop a cultural identity as
well as an ego identity.
On My Psychoanalytic Approach There is a widespread assumption—not only in the scientific
literature dealing with psychoanalysis and social psychology but also among the general public—that
a basic contradiction exists between the biological and social (or cultural) orientations in
psychoanalysis. Portia, who by her father's wish has been bound to the choice of a husband by lot,
has so far escaped all her unfavored suitors through the fortunes of chance. Such a delimitation is
surely harmful to your medical activity, for the patient will, as is usual in all human relationships,
confront you first of all with his psychic facade; and I am afraid your penalty will be this, that you
will be forced to relinquish a portion of the therapeutic influence to which you aspire, to those lay
physicians, nature-cure fakers and mystics whom you despise. At present we are predominantly
interested in the psychic situation in which the lapse of memory occurs. Really? Perhaps that's open
to question nevertheless. Bodily factors, therefore, have only the value of acting by way of
facilitation and encouragement to the peculiar psychic mechanism of a slip of the tongue. Thus I will
give you a case of repeated forgetting. Will you permit me again to take the slip of the tongue as
representative of the whole species and allow me to answer the second question before the first. The
subject may then repeat that he had merely forgotten it. The influence of syllable sounds, word
resemblances and the customary associations which words arouse should also be recognized as
having significance. In psychoanalysis nothing occurs but the interchange of words between the
patient and the physician. I do not discuss here Sullivan’s or Horney’s positions, in view of the fact
that my own theoretical concepts differ on fundamental points from those of Sullivan and Horney,
just as these two authors differ between themselves. Science has but few apodeictic precepts in its
catechism; it consists chiefly of assertions which it has developed to certain degrees of probability.
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Brnl An edited file for the convenience and good of others. Losing and mislaying objects is of
especial interest to us because of the ambiguity and the multiplicity of tendencies in whose services
the errors may act. Among these accidental acts belong all those apparently playful, apparently
purposeless performances in connection with our clothing, parts of our body, objects within reach, as
well as the omission of such performances, and the melodies which we hum to ourselves. They
facilitate the tongue slip by pointing the path which it can take. The person who commits the error is
aware of it and acknowledges it. The interfering intention must itself first be interfered with before
it can become interfering. No one likes to make a slip of the tongue; often one fails to hear his own
slip, though never that of another. One evening I came home filled with enthusiasm and gratitude
toward my wife. Thus we come to borderline cases in which the differences between the
psychoanalytic and the common physiological conception of tongue slips are blended. Perhaps the
idea has also come to you that in these cases mistakes have taken the place of the Omina or omens
of the ancients. Analytic experience will then show you that the first person is not in danger of
forgetting that a certain stranger bears this name, while the latter will be constantly inclined to
withhold from the stranger this name which seems reserved for intimate relationships. For this reason
psychological thinking has remained strange to you and you have accustomed yourselves to regard it
with suspicion, to deny it the character of the scientific, to leave it to the laymen, poets, natural
philosophers and mystics. I must admit, I am on the whole of the impression that we are further than
ever from an explanation of slips of the tongue. Proofs for the first of the two relations we can find
without trouble in the examples which we already know and in others similar to those. There are a
number of other occurrences which are very closely related to errors, but which this particular name
no longer fits. The conditions which have been cited as necessary for the occurrence of these
phenomena are not all identical. In another case a mistake is combined with mislaying an object.