. adhle.i @ adhle.

Ac ,Ba
& Sa
CH 2 S Ca 10
No e + 10 Yea In eg a ed PYQ'
 Aids Bases .
and Salts
Sour or bitter ?
The bitter tastes
in them
sour
.
and of food are due to acids and bases ,
respectively ,

thitmus
-
Acid turns BLUE litmus RED !
-
Base turns RED litmus BLUE !

Tlhlck -
AB Road → Acid turns BLUE litmus RED

Indicators
An indicator tells whether the substance is base
given acid
•
us an or a

by the change in it 's colour !

indicators :
For now , we need to know about 3
types of
-

A) Natural Indicators
④ Indicators which are obtained
naturally are called natural indicators , for
example : Litmus ,
red , cabbage ,
turmeric ,
onion , vanilla ,
clove ,
etc .

B) Olfactory Indicators
1) Substances which change their odour with acid and base are called olfactory
indicators .

•
Vanilla cloves onion
, , ,
etc .
 c)
Synthetic Indicators
a
Synthetic indicators are obtained from artificial substances that a.re
synthesized in
laboratories .

Example : Methyl Orange Phenolphthalein

,
.

Acids
" Acids have a sour taste .

They colour of blue litmus to red

change
-

can .

-
It loonies on
dissolving in water .

Acids present
organic / weak
D in plants and animals are acids .

A Dilution concentrated acid is exothermic

of an
process .

4 Acids produces Htc Hydro ni um] ions when dissolved in water .

" Acid solutions conduct electricity .

Chemical Properties of Acid

9)Reaction of acid with metal

→
By reaction
of acid with metal .

Salt to metal and

-

corresponding dihydrogen gas are

produced .

Acid + Metal → Salt of metal t

Dihydrogen

E. 2. Hclcaopt Cac →
Calls caa, t
Hzcg,
g
.

Hydrochloric Calcium
acid Chloride

2) Reaction of Acids with Base

→ Salt and water are

formed by reaction
of acid with base .

-
This is called neutral:sati on reaction .
 Acid t Base → Salt-water

Eg .

Hclcaa, + NaOHca →
NaCl cage, t H2O Ces

3) Reaction of Acids with metal oxide

→
This reaction is similar to acid and base reaction which means that by reaction of
and water
acid with metal onide ,
salt are
formed .

Acid t metal oxide → Salt + water

E.ge 2HCl t Mazo → 2 NaCl caa, t Hzoce,

4) Reaction of Acids with metal carbonate or metal

hydrogen
carbonate

→ Acid + metal carbonate /metal hydrogen carbonate → salt + water + carbon dioxide

gas .

E. g . Incl + Narcos → INall t H2O t CO2

Sodium
carbonate

HCl + Natecoz → NaCl t H2O 1- CO2

Sodium Hydrogen
carbonate

Bases
→
Bases have a bitter taste .

A the bases (alkalis) is that hydroxide

common
property of all they all produce ions
-

( Ott) ions when dissolved in water .

* A base can neutralise an acid .

A Bases feel soapy to touch .

4 A base Soluble in water is called an alkali .

Chemical of Base
properties
9) Reaction of base with metal

" When base reacts with metal then salt

a a
,
a metal and
hydrogen gas
are
formed .

Base metal → salt

+ +
Dihydrogen
( Hz)

E. 2 NaOH NazZnOz Hzcg,

g . t Zn → t

Sodium Sodium
Zinc
Hydrogen
Hydroxide zincate

Not all metals react with bases to

form salts and
hydrogen gas
-

2) Bases react with Acids

4 When reacts
base with an acid ,
salt and water are formed .

Base + Acid → Salt + water

Eg .
NaOH cage, t HCl → NaCl t Hefce,
( Base) (Acid) ( Salt) (water)

3) Reaction of Base with non -

metal oxide

4 This reaction is similar to the neutralisatin reaction that is

, ,
salt and water are

formed by reaction
of base with non metal oxide
-
.
 Base + non -
-
metal oxide -
> Salt + water

Eg . 2 NaOH +903 →
Naas Oic +
Hzoce,
Sodium

Sulphate

Answers
-

1) Curd and sour substance should not be

kept in brass and
copper vessels as

contains react metal vessels

heat
these and other sour
food acid which with to orm

metal
poisonous compounds that cause
food poisoning and
adversely affect th .

2) 9) Hydrogen CHD is liberated when an acid reacts with a metal .

ii) Illustration :

→ Set
up apparatus ,
shown in given figure .

Take some zinc

granules in test tube
→
.

→ Add slowly ,
5mL dilute
hydrochloric acid
→ Soon , reaction between zinc and hydrochloric acid starts and
hydrogen gas
is evolved .
 iii ) tkgastest :
→
the gas is not soluble in water .

→ It gets trapped into bubbles ,

when passed through soap solution .

→
Bring burning candle near soap bubble with the gas filled in it .

The bubble bursts and hydrogen

→
of soap gas burns with
pop sound .

3) While end
product is calcium chloride and carbon dioxide
gas is formed ,

metal A must be calcium carbonate

compound .

•
Hence ,
reaction between calcium carbonate and hydrochloric acid is

CalOsos ,
1- 2 Hclcaq, - Calla cage ,
t ( 02cg , t Hzoce,
calcium Calcium
carbonate chloride

What happens to an Acid or a Base in a water solution ?

→ When an acid or a base is dissolved in water ,

they get dissociated into ions .

HCl H2O → Hs Ot Cl
-

+ t

-
As there is an increase in the
protons in the aqueous solutions the solution is
,

acidic in nature .

Similarly ,
when NaOH (Base) is dissolved in water, it get dissociated as ,

NaOH t H2O → Nat + OH

-

t H2O

Alkalis
-

All bases do not dissolve in water .

-
An alkali is a base that dissolves in water .

They touch , bitter and

( BAAT
to
ET
corrosive
are
soapy MINI)
-
.

Don 't taste them harm

or touch as
they may cause
-
.
 pH Scales
Acidic nature increasing Basic nature increasing
< >

Increase in Ht ion Decrease in tt ion

←→
concentration concentration

A scale
4
for measuring hydrogen ion concentration in a solution called
, pH
scale has been developed .

On the pH scale we can measure pH from Ocvery acidic) to 94 (very alkaline)

indicates the acidic or
pH should be
thought of simply as a number which
basic solution
nature
of a .

Higher the
hydronium
-

ion concentration ,
lower is the pH value .

A TIN water the concentration H' and OH ions equal

-
-

pure of are .

-
Hence , pure water is neither acidic nor basic ,
it is neutral .

4 The solution having high concentration

of hydrogen ions has a low pH value .

On the other hand 't ions has

solution having low concentration of t a
high
-

pH value .

•
If pH 27 ,
solution is acidic
>7 solution is basic
If pH
•
,

•
If pH = 7 ,
solution is neutral
 Importance of pH in
everyday Life
9) Importance of pH in existence of living beings
→ Our body works within the
pH range of 7.0-7.8 .

When water is less than 5.6 it called acid

pH of rain is rain
-
.
,

2) Importance of pH in soil

→ Soil whose pH is between 6.5 -

73 , growth and development of plants is

good .

If less than 6.5 it's acidic and more than 7.3 is called alkaline soil .

3) Importance of pH in
digestion
HCl is in the between 9 and 3
→ secreted stomach ,
pH changes .

At this low volume of pH the named becomes active

enzyme pepsin
-
.

Sometimes due to secretion of HCl there is irritation in the

→
"
more
, pain or
stomach
"

,
i.e .

acidity .

Antacids help this

us
get rid
of
-

4) pH change leads to tooth decay

→
Tooth decay starts when pH of the mouth is lower than 5.5 .

Tooth enamel is made calcium phosphate and is the hardest substance in

up of
-

the
body .

The bacteria
present in the mouth
degrade the left over food particles and

produces acid .

To protect tooth
decay toothpastes
,
which are basic in nature are used to
neutralize the excess acid .
 Some
naturally occurring acids

salts

Sodium Sodium Bleaching Plaster

Baking Washing
chloride Hydroxide Powder Soda Soda Of Paris

4 Salts Of a
strong acid and base are neutral with pH value of 7 .

-
On other hand ,

→
Strong acid weak ,
base → (acidic)
less than 7
pH .

→
Strong base ,
weak acid → ( basic)
than 7
pH more .

SODIUM CHLORIDE (NaCl)

* The common salt thus obtained is an important raw material

for various materials of daily use ,

such as sodium hydroxide ,

baking soda , washing soda

bleaching
, power and many more .
 Sodium Hydroxide
4 When electricity is passed through an aqueous solution sodium chloride
,
of
( Brine) ,
it
decomposes to form sodium hydroxide .

This is alkali process !

"
-

called Chlo r -

2 NaCl t 2h20 →
2NaOHcaq ,
t Cla t Hz

Different uses
of these products
9) the fuels ,
ammonia
for fertilizers
2) ( 12-7 Water treatment pesticides , , swimming pool .

3) NaOH →
Soaps detergents
, ,
de -

greasing metals ,
paper making .

4) HCl → for cleaning steel ,

ammonium , chloride ,
medicines

5) Bleach → household bleaches ,

bleaching fabric .

Bleaching powder
9) Chlorine is
produce during the
electrolysis of aqueous sodium chloride
( brine) .

2) This chlorine gas is used

for the manufacture of bleaching powder .

3) Bleaching powder is
produced by the action of chlorine on
dry slaked lime
[ CalOH)zJ .

(alot)z t Cl → Cao Ck t H2O

 Uses
9) for
bleaching cotton and linen in textile industries .

2) As an
chiding agent .

3) For disinfecting drinking water .

4) for
manufacturing chloroform ( CHCH .

Baking Soda (NAHCO ) ,

4 The soda in the kitchen for making tasty

commonly used crispy pakoras
is baking soda , also added
for faster cooking .

4 It is a mild non -
corrosive base

Preparation
NaCl + H2O 1- Coat MHz -7 N Hall t NaHC03
Ammonium Sodium
chloride hydrogencarbonate

when it is heated during cooking :

2NaHC0, 1¥ Nazca t H2O + CO2

(Sodium (Sodium
hydrogen carbonate carbonate)

Uses
9) for making baking powder ,
which is a mixture of baking soda Sodium

hydrogen carbonate) and a mild edible acid such as tartaric acid .

→ when baking powder is heated or mixed in water :

 NAMCO, t Ht → CO2 + Hz + Sodium salt of acid
( from acid)
any

2) Sodium hydrogen carbonate is also an ingredient in antacids as it is alkaline ,

neutralizes excess acid in stomach .

3) It is also used in soda -

acid fire extinguishers .

Washing Soda (Narcos 901120) @

4 Re crystallisation of sodium carbonate gives washing soda .

-
It is also a basic salt .

Uses

9) Used in glass soap,

and
paper industries .

2) Used in the
manufacture of borax .

3) Used as a
cleaning agent for domestic purposes and also to remove permanent
hardness of water .

Water of Crystallisation
4 Water of crystallisation is fixed number of water molecules present in

unit
one
formula of a salt .

-
For example : Chemical formula for hydrated copper sulphate is Cu 504.51420 .

five water present

molecules are in one
formula unit
of copper
-

sulphate .
→ On strong heating Blue Cusa 5110 .
turns white .

→ On
dehydrating Cush turns blue
,
on
adding water
.

EI .
(USO ,
. 511201¥ Caso, t 5h20
(Blue) ( white)
Not
anhydrous explained
in NCERT
On
dehydrating
( USD4 t 5h20 → CusOyo 5h20
( white) ( Blue)

Ca 504.2420457%9 Caso . % Hao .

+ 912 tho
(P.
O .
PD water

•
It is white powder .

•
Should be stored in moisture -

proof container .

Uses
9) In hospitals for setting fractured bones .

2) In making toys ,
cosmetics ,
chalks ,
casts
for statues .

3) As fire proofing
-
material .

4) Ceiling of houses .

5) Sealing air
gaps .
Answers
9) Bleaching powder.

2) Slaked lime Caton)z

3) Sodium Carbonate

4) If a solution
of sodium carbonate is heated it will
give sodium carbonate
and carbon dioxide is evolved
gas
.

ZNAHCO # Narcos
,
1- H2O t CO2
Sodium Sodium
carbonate
hydrogencarbonate

5)
Casa .
I tho + 9211120 → Cash 2h20
.

Plaster of Paris Gypsum

9 Marty Questions
Reaction
2 Marks Questions
Reaction

J
A POP is
very important
3 Marks Questions
 9 .

It is used in
making baking soda .
 1$12) ( th) .

(Cla) At anode

( Hz) At cathode
5
Marty
#
Questions

OH
-
Assertion Reasoning