Chapter 4 - Synchronous Machine

SULTAN QABOOS UNIVERSITY
Electrical Machines
ECCE4358
Chapter 5
Synchronous Machine
By
Dr. Mahmoud Ibrahim Masoud
A. Prof. ECE Dept., College of Engineering
e-mail: [email protected]
Tel: +968 24121314,
Fax: +968 24413454
Dr. Mahmoud I. Masoud, ECE Dept., College of Engineering, Sultan Qaboos University 2
Synchronous Machines
This machine known as synchronous machines because
they operate at synchronous speed
(speed of rotor always matches supply frequency)
Operational Modes:
Synchronous Generator (ALTERNATOR)
or
Synchronous Motor
Synchronous Generators (Alternators)
• They are the primary source of all electrical

energy Commonly used to convert the
mechanical power output of steam turbines, gas
turbines, reciprocating engines, hydro turbines
into electrical power for the grid.
• Synchronous machines are now built with ratings
ranging from few kW to several hundreds of
Megawatts. It can be extremely large – power
ratings up to 1500 MW!!!
Types of Synchronous Machine
Cylindrical Rotor Salient pole Rotor

Synchronous Machine Construction –(Rotor)
Cylindrical Rotor Salient pole rotor

Actual Cylindrical rotor

Actual Salient pole rotor

Comparison between salient and cylindrical

rotors
Cylindrical Rotor Salient Rotor
Small Diameter Big Diameter
Long Length Short Length
High speed applications Low speed applications < 300
Steam/gas turbines rpm
Hydro power stations
Small number of poles 2 or 4 Big number of poles for
example 32 pole
Construction – Continue (Rotor)

A synchronous rotor with 8 salient poles
Salient pole with field windings Salient pole without

field windings –
observe laminations
Rotor Construction – (Cont’d)

Two common approaches are used to supply a DC current to the field circuits on the
rotating rotor:
1. Supply the DC power from an external DC

source to the rotor by means of slip rings
and brushes;
2. Supply the DC power from a special DC

power source mounted directly on the
shaft of the machine.
Slip rings are metal rings completely encircling the shaft of a machine but insulated from it.
One end of a DC rotor winding is connected to each of the two slip rings on the machine’s
shaft. Graphite-like carbon brushes connected to DC terminals ride on each slip ring
supplying DC voltage to field windings regardless the position or speed of the rotor.
Slip rings
Brush
A rotor of large synchronous

machine with a brushless
exciter mounted on the same
shaft.
Many synchronous generators

having brushless exciters also
include slip rings and brushes
to provide emergency source
of the field DC current.
Stator Construction
• The stator of a synchronous generator is identical to that of a 3-
phase induction motor (cylindrical laminated core containing
slots carrying a 3-phase winding).
• The nominal line voltage of a synchronous generator depends
upon its kVA rating – the greater the power, the higher the
voltage. The nominal line voltage seldom exceeds 25 kV, since
the increased slot insulation takes up valuable space at the
expense of copper conductors
Stator Construction – (Cont’d)

Stator Winding
Topics to be covered
• Three-phase winding connection (star or delta) and machine
terminal box.
• Electrical and mechanical angle.
• Three-phase winding distribution.
• Types of winding (concentric and Lap)
• Single layer winding (no. of slots equals double number of coils).
• Double layer winding (no. of slots equals number of coils).
16
Terms Related to Armature Winding

17
Concentric Windings
• Winding turns are wound together in series to form
one multi-turn coil
• All the turns have the same magnetic axis & Current
• Examples of concentrated winding are
- field windings for salient-pole synchronous machines
- D.C. machines
- Primary and secondary windings of a transformer
18
Distributed Windings
• Winding turns are arranged in several full-pitch or fractional-
pitch coils like Wave form
• Coils are then housed in the slots spread around the air-gap
periphery to form phase winding
• Examples of distributed winding are
– Stator and rotor of induction machines
– The armatures of both synchronous and D.C. machines
19
Single Layer and Double Layer winding
• Use for small machine (<5kW) • Use for large machine (>5kW)
• Number of slots is equivalent to • Number of slots is equivalent to
the double of the number of coils the number of coils
Single layer winding Double layer winding
• The advantages of using double layer winding are easy to manufacture,

lower cost of the coil and allow chorded winding.
Winding Structure Number of slots per phase

per pole =
Number of slots / (3*
number of pole)
q = S/(3p)
Slot angle = 180 / (S/p)
Tph = #conductor per phase/2
C # of coils Z=2TC
Z’ # of Coil sides Z = T Z’
Z # of Conductors Z’=2C
T # of Turns S = 2C (single layer)
S # of Slots S = C (double layer)
21
Pole Pitch, Coil-span and chorded coil

Pole – pitch: A pole pitch is the peripheral
distance between identical points on two
adjacent poles. It is always equal to 1800
electrical.
Coil–span or coil-pitch: The distance between
the two coil-sides of a coil is called coil-span or
coil-pitch. It measures in terms of teeth, slots or
electrical degrees. And it is denoted 𝛼
Chorded coil: If the coil-span is equal to the
pole-pitch, then the coil is termed a full-pitch
coil. If the coil-pitch is less than pole-pitch, then
it is called chorded, short-pitch or fractional-
pitch coil. And it is denoted by 𝜃
Concentric Winding
Example
It is required to wind an armature of 24 slots in concentric three-
phase pattern to suit 4-poles field system.
Solution:
No. of slots per pole per phase q = 24/(4*3)= 2
Slot angle = 60/2 = 30 degree.
Schematic winding diagram

Home work
It is required to wind an armature of 36 slots in concentric
three-phase pattern to suit 6-poles field system.
Answer:
q = 36/(3*6) = 2
Slot angle = 180 / (36/6) = 30
Synchronous Speed
Proof that the synchronous speed is given by:
120 f s
Ns 
2P
P is the number of pole pairs and 2P is number of poles
Induced armature voltage
Proof that the per phase induced voltage of synchronous
machine is given by:
E ph  4.44 f s Tphkw
27
Important Note
• E = 4.44 f * flux * Tph * Kw
• Where Kw = winding factor = Kd * Kc
• Where Kd = distribution factor = sin ( q * slot_angle/2)/ (q* sin (slot_angle/2))
• And Kc = chorded factor = cos (𝜃/2)
• 𝜃 = 180 − 𝛼
28
Sheet 3 : Question 1
• A three-phase, 8 pole, 50 Hz, star connected alternator has
120 slot and 160 conductors per phase. The conductors of
each phase are connected in series and the flux per pole is
56 mWb. For full pitch coil determine:
• Slot angle
• Number of slots per pole per phase
• Distribution factor
• The phase and line induced voltage
29
Sheet 3 : Question 1 Answer

• P = 8 , f = 50 Hz, S = 120 per 3phase, Z = 160 per phase,
flux = 56mWb
• Full pitch = 𝛼 = 180 >> 𝜃 = 0
• Slot angle = 180 / (S/p) = 180 / ( 120/8) = 12
• q = S/(3p) = 120/(3*8) = 5
𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡_𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 12
sin 𝑞 . 2
sin 5 .∗ 2
• Kd = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡_𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 12 = 0.956
𝑞.sin 𝑞. 5.sin 2
2
𝜃
• Kc = cos = cos 0 = 1
2
• Kw = Kc * Kd = 1 * 0.956 = 0.956
• Tph = Z/2 = 80
• Eph = 4.44 f * flux * Tph * Kw = 950.8V
• EL = 1646.8V
30
• 2-] Repeat number [1] if the coil spans electrical 150
• Answer:
• Slot angle = 180 / (S/p) = 180 / ( 120/8) = 12
• q = S/(3p) = 120/(3*8) = 5
sin 𝑞 . sin 5 .∗
2 2
• Kd = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡_𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 12 = 0.956
𝑞.sin 𝑞. 5.sin
2 2
30
• 𝛼 = 150 ≫ 𝜃 = 180 − 150 = 30 ≫ 𝐾𝑐 = cos = 0.966
2
• Kw = Kc * Kd = 0.866 * 0.956 = 0.9234
• Tph = Z/2 = 80
• Eph = 4.44 f * flux * Tph * Kw = 918.4V
• EL = 1590.7V
31
• A three-phase, 10 pole, star connected alternator runs at
600 rpm has 120 slot in the stator with 8 conductors per
slot. The conductors of each phase are connected in
series and the flux per pole is 80 mWb. For double layer
winding and the coil is chorded by 1/6 from full pitch.,
determine:
• Slot angle
• Number of slots per pole per phase
• Chording factor
• The phase and line induced voltage
32
Sheet 3 : Question 2 Answer

• p = 10, N = 600rpm, S = 120 per 3_ph, Z = 8 per slot, flux = 80mWb, S=C
(doubly layer), 1/6 full pitch
• Slot angle = 180 / (S/p) = 180 / ( 120/10) = 15
• q = S/(3p) = 120/(3*10) = 4
sin 𝑞 . 2
sin 4 .∗ 2
• Kd = 𝑠𝑙𝑜𝑡_𝑎𝑛𝑔𝑙𝑒 = 15 = 0.958
𝑞.sin 𝑞. 4.sin 2
2
1 1
• 𝜃= full pitch = ∗ 180 = 30
6 6
30
• 𝐾𝑐 = cos = 0.966
2
• Kw = 0.9254
• Z = 8* #slots per 3phase = 8 * 120 = 960 conductors per 3ph
• Zph = 960/3 = 320 conductor per phase
• Tph = 320/2 = 160 turns
• Eph = 4.44 f * flux * Tph * Kw
• Eph = 4.44 * 50 * 80*10^-3 * 160 * 0.9254 = 2629.7V
• EL = 4555 V
Theory of Operation
When the field current flows through
the rotor field winding, it establishes a
sinusoidally distributed flux in the air-
gap. If the rotor is rotated by a prime
mover, a rotating field is produced.
This field links the coils aa’, bb’, and cc’
and induces voltages in the stator
windings. These voltages has the same
magnitude but shifted 120  electrical
with frequency matches the rotor
speed (synchronous speed).
Theory of Operation - Continue

Theory of Operation - Conclusion

Synchronous machine on load will
be subjected to two types of
magnetic fields. The former type is
established by the field system
which rotates in space by virtue of
field system motion at a speed
denoted as synchronous speed. The
second type is the field established Schematic representation of three-
phase synchronous machine
by armature conductors upon flow
of armature current on it. The load is connected to the rotor in
case of synchronous motor
The load is connected to the stator
in case of synchronous generator
Equivalent circuit
• The induced voltage lags the field by 90
with the assumption of linear relation E 
Af.
• The armature current produces Aa as
shown In phasor diagram.
• Phasor XY is proportional to armature
current and perpendicular to it so it can be
represented by INDUCTANCE which is
proportionally constant between the
voltage and current causing it. Therefore;
the effect of armature reaction MMF
represented by a voltage component
which can be visualized as a voltage drop
across a reactance Xar which is called
armature reaction reactance.
Equivalent circuit – (Cont’d)

The equivalent circuit is deduced based on the following assumptions:
1- Linear magnetic circuit.
2- Only for cylindrical rotor machines
MMF’s and corresponding

emf’s in phasor notation
Equivalent circuit of synchronous generator

including only armature reaction effect

To get full presentation of the synchronous generator, the effect
of winding resistance and armature winding leakage reactance
should be included.
Synchronous Machine Phasors

Synchronous Generator Synchronous Motor
E=Vt+IaZs Vs=E+IaZs
E>V V>E
Exercise
Plot the phasor diagram for

both synchronous
generator and motor in
case of leading power
factor
Parameters Determination and Generator

Performance
• Open circuit characteristics
• Short circuit characteristics
• Resistance determination
• Voltage regulation
Open circuit Characteristics

Saturation level
• In this test the machine is driven
externally at synchronous speed.
The field system is fed from
controllable dc supply with its field
current is recorded in steps.
• The corresponding open circuit
armature voltage is recorded at
each value of the field current in
condition the speed is constant at
each recorded point
Short circuit Characteristics

• In this test the machine is also
driven at synchronous speed.
• The armature is short circuited
and armature current is
measured.
• For every point of field current
record the armature current.
The result is expected to be
straight line because of at this
case the ampere turn from the
field equals the armature
reaction.
Synchronous Impedance
Resistance Determination
Resistance can be determined using dc test where
for delta connection
3
𝑅𝑎 = 1.11 ∗ 𝑅𝑑𝑐
2
For star connection
𝑅𝑑𝑐
𝑅𝑎 = 1.11 ∗
2 Ra is called the effective
Resistance
Voltage Regulation
It is defined as the difference in magnitude of terminal voltage as
the load is thrown off and terminal voltage with load referred to
the terminal voltage of the machine at load.
𝐸−𝑉
𝑉𝑜𝑙𝑡𝑎𝑔𝑒 𝑟𝑒𝑔𝑢𝑙𝑎𝑡𝑖𝑜𝑛(%) = ∗ 100
𝑉
Different methods can be used to encounter the synchronous
impedance effect:
1. Synchronous Impedance method
2. Ampere-Turn method or MMF method.
Note: voltage regulation is variation of no-load voltage to full load voltage.

Synchronous Impedance Method

The full load current is calculated as:
𝑆
𝐼𝑓𝑙 =
3𝑉
Ra >> DC TEST
Zs >> Open & Short Circuit Test
Xs = sqrt (Zs^2 – Ra^2)
𝐸= (𝑉𝑐𝑜𝑠 ∅ + 𝐼𝑎 𝑅𝑎 )2 +(𝑉𝑠𝑖𝑛 ∅ ± 𝐼𝑎 𝑋𝑠 )2
Note / All values should be phase values

Note / (+) : for lagging power factor
(-) : for leading power factor
49
Sheet 3: Question 4
• A 500 V, 50 kVA, three phase y-connected alternator has
an effective resistance of 0.2 ohm. A field current of 10 A
produces an armature current of 200 A on short circuit
and emf of 450 V on open circuit. Calculate the voltage
regulation at full load, 0.8 power factor lagging.
50
Sheet 3:
Question 4
Answer
51
IMPORTANT NOTE
• what does 50 % voltage regulation means?
• The voltage when there is no load is 387.87V when the

synchronous motor is loaded then the voltage become
254.4V
52
Sheet 3: Question 5
• A three-phase star connected alternator rated at 1600
kVA, 13.5 kV. The armature effective resistance and
synchronous reactance are 1.5 ohm and 30 ohm per
phase respectively. Calculate the voltage regulation
percentage for a load of 1320 kW at power factor 0.8
lagging and leading.
53
Sheet 3:
Question 5
Answer

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SULTAN QABOOS UNIVERSITY

Synchronous Generators (Alternators)

• They are the primary source of all electrical

Types of Synchronous Machine

Cylindrical Rotor Salient pole Rotor

Synchronous Machine Construction –(Rotor)

Cylindrical Rotor Salient pole rotor

Actual Cylindrical rotor

Actual Salient pole rotor

Comparison between salient and cylindrical

Construction – Continue (Rotor)

Salient pole with field windings Salient pole without

Rotor Construction – (Cont’d)

1. Supply the DC power from an external DC

2. Supply the DC power from a special DC

Rotor Construction – (Cont’d)

Rotor Construction – (Cont’d)

A rotor of large synchronous

Many synchronous generators

Stator Construction – (Cont’d)

Terms Related to Armature Winding

Single Layer and Double Layer winding

Single layer winding Double layer winding

• The advantages of using double layer winding are easy to manufacture,

Winding Structure Number of slots per phase

Slot angle = 180 / (S/p)

Tph = #conductor per phase/2

Pole Pitch, Coil-span and chorded coil

Schematic winding diagram

Sheet 3 : Question 1 Answer

Sheet 3 : Question 2 Answer

Theory of Operation - Continue

Theory of Operation - Conclusion

Equivalent circuit – (Cont’d)

MMF’s and corresponding

Equivalent circuit – (Cont’d)

Equivalent circuit of synchronous generator

Equivalent circuit – (Cont’d)

Synchronous Machine Phasors

Plot the phasor diagram for

Parameters Determination and Generator

Open circuit Characteristics

Short circuit Characteristics

Note: voltage regulation is variation of no-load voltage to full load voltage.

Synchronous Impedance Method

Note / All values should be phase values

• The voltage when there is no load is 387.87V when the

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