Metallurgy Notes
Metallurgy Notes
Metallurgy Notes
Chapter – 6
METALLURGY
Metal: Metal is an element which ionizes by losing one or more electrons.
Metals have 1,2 or 3 electrons in their valence shell.
They lose electrons and form positive ions (cations) hence they form electrovalent
compounds.
Na – e- Na+
Mg – 2e- Mg2+
Al – 3e- Al3+
Chemical properties:
Metals Non-metals
1. Have 1, 2 or 3 valence electrons. 1. Have 4, 5, 6 or 7 valence electrons.
2. They form cations by losing electron/s. 2. Form anions by gaining electron/s.
And Reducing agents (donate electrons) And Oxidizing agents (accept electrons).
3. Electropositive elements. 3. Electronegative elements.
4. During electrolysis cations gain 4. Anions lose electrons (get oxidized) and
electrons (get reduced) and are are discharged.
discharged.
5. Active metals react with dil. acids to 5. Non-metals do not give Hydrogen gas
liberate Hydrogen gas. with dil. acids.
Reason: active metal can transfer Reason: Electron transfer does not take
electrons to the Hydrogen ions of acids place from the non-metals to the
and neutralize them to atoms. Hydrogen ion of the acid.
6. Metal oxides are basic in nature. 6. Non-metallic oxides are acidic in nature
(Al2O3, ZnO and PbO are amphoteric in and form acids when dissolved in water.
nature). (CO, NO,N2O, H2O are neutral oxides)
7. Metal chlorides are solids and non- 7. Non-metallic chlorides are volatile
volatile. liquids.
Electrovalent compounds. Covalent compounds
Mineral: Naturally occurring compounds of metals along with the earthly impurities.
Ore: The mineral from which metals are extracted easily and profitably.
Metallurgy: The process in which metals are extracted from their minerals.
Matrix (or) Gangue: The impurities that associated with an ore.
3. Hydrolytic method:
4. Chemical method:
CaF2 Ca2+ + 2F –
Step IV is not necessary because the Aluminium metal obtained in Hall Heroult’s process is
99.5% pure. (Further purification can be done by Hoope’s process.)
Uses of Aluminium:
Use of Aluminium Reason for use
1. Household utensils Light, corrosion resistance, good conductor
of heat and unaffected by food acids.
2. Aluminium + Linseed oil used in paints Aluminium layer prevents corrosion of Iron
3. Thin Aluminium foil is used in Aluminium is has bright appearance and
packaging corrosion resistant.
4. Aluminium wires are used as electric Al is a good conductor of electricity.
cables
5. In alloys like Duralumin and Magnalium Light , has structural strength and corrosion
resistant.
6. Thermite welding: The mixture of Al is a strong reducing agent.
Aluminium and Fe2O3 is used to fill the 2Al + Fe2O3 Al2O3 + 2Fe + (energy)
gaps in girder