BUILDING SERVICES - I

(CBCS - 2018 SYLLABUS)

1.Introduction to Environment and Health Aspects:

History of Sanitation with respect to human civilization

Ar. TRIVENI CHIKKANNA III SEMESTER, ‘A’ SECTION

Associate Prof., BMSCA
MODULE-1
1.Introduction to Environment and Health Aspects:
History of Sanitation with respect to human civilization, Importance of Health, Hygiene Cleanliness, Waterborne, Water-related,
Water based, Epidemic diseases, Conservancy to water carriage system, Urban and Rural sanitation
2.Water Supply: Source of Water supply – Municipal, bore well, river, etc, Quantity of water for different usages like Domestic, Hot
water, Flushing, Gardening, Commercial, Industrial Applications, Assessment of requirement for different uses, Quality of supply for
different uses as per national and international standards, Treatment of water for different uses, filtration, softening, disinfection,
Storage and pumping – gravity system, hydro-pneumatic system, Distribution of water to fixture and fittings, schematic diagrams,
Swimming pool, water bodies, Efficient usage of water.
MODULE-2
3. Sewerage System: Assessment of sewage generated, Collection of sewage /wastewater from all sources, schematic diagram,
Conveyance of sewage – gully trap, chamber, manhole, intercepting trap, grease traps, backflow preventer, Materials of
construction of sewerage network – PVC, uPVC, HDPE, corrugated PP pipes, Objective of Sewage treatment, type of treatment,
aerobic, anaerobic, Ventilation of STP, Space requirements.
4.Storm water Management: Assessment, quantification of rainfall, flood control measures, Drainage system – piped drains, open
drains, Recharging of storm water, Harvesting of roof top water, first flush, pre treatment, Drainage of basements, podium, paved
areas, Collection, Reuse of water within the project, reduction of the load on municipal system, landscape drainages and Rainwater
harvesting.
MODULE-3
5.Plumbing: Water supply piping – hot, cold, flushing water, Piping in sunken areas, false ceiling areas, shaft sizes, Drainage – floor
traps, drains, P-trap, bottle traps, Single stack, two stack, cross venting, fixture venting, Material of construction like GI, PPR, PB, CPVC,
Composite pipes, Copper, Flow control Valves – Gate valve, Globe valves, butterfly valves, Pressure Reducing valves & station, Pipe
supports, hangers, fixing, plumbing of small houses.
MODULE-4
6.Sanitary Fixtures, Fittings & Wellness: Soil appliances – Water closets, Bidet, urinals, Cisterns, Flush valve, Waste appliances – wash
basin, sink, dishwasher, washing machine, Hot water system – Geysers, boilers, heat pump, Bath & water fixtures – Taps, mixers, single
lever, quarter turn, bathtub, multi-jet bath, rain showers, health faucets, Wellness products : Sauna bath, steam bath, Jacuzzi, single
and double stack system.
7.Solid Waste Management: Assessment of waste, Waste to wealth concept, Municipal waste, garden waste, organic & inorganic,
Commercial waste, Medical waste & Industrial waste, Collection, segregation, treatment, disposal, Organic waste– Biomethanation,
Vermicomposting, Organic waste converter
MODULE-5
8. Introduction to Fire and Life safety: Causes of fire, reasons for loss of life due to fire, development of fire, fire classification of
buildings, Fire water storage requirements, Fire control room, Code of practices, Idea of smoke detectors, Fire alarms, Wet risers, Fire
escape stair case, equipment used eg: snorkel ladder, materials used to fight fire, Fire rating and Hydrants.
9.Special requirements: Solar Hot Water Generation, Central LPG Supply System, Medical Gases Supply, Storage of High Speed
Diesel, Central Vacuum and Waste Collection.
 Introduction to Environment and Health Aspect
• Sanitation refers to public health conditions related to clean drinking
water and adequate treatment and disposal of human excreta and
sewage
• It makes the environment neat, clean and helps the people prevent
different diseases and be safe from harmful components.
• The concept of sanitation broadly includes liquid and solid waste
disposal, personal and food related hygiene and domestic as well as
environmental hygiene.
• Sanitation is used to define a package of related measures. It is also
defined as the means of collecting and disposing of excreta and
community liquid wastes in a way so as not to endanger the health of
individual and the community as a whole.
• The concept of sanitation was earlier limited to disposal of human
excreta by cesspools, open ditches, pit latrines, bucket systems etc.
today it denotes a comprehensive concept of not only the methods
of disposal of human waste but also of liquid and solid waste
including matter originating from food and hygiene.
 Why is the historical view important?
• When considering wastewater management what emerges is the
long history associated with urban ecology and disposal of
wastewater and societal and cultural transitions.
• For the longest time, dispersion and dilution have been the dominant
but not the best practice for management strategies. Unfortunately,
they continue to be practiced still in many countries. It is not because
of ignorance that wastewater management practices have not been
implemented, but in many cases a misunderstanding of the
economic benefits of wastewater management
• In drawing a timeline, the evolution of sanitation practices could be
divided into different periods. The figure below illustrates this evolution:
 Examples from History:
Three examples from early history (Mesopotamia/Middle
East) via the Romans to Britain in the industrial revolution
show the evolution of sanitation.

Mesopotamia:
• Historical records show that the Mesopotamian Empire (3500 – 2500
B.C.) was the first civilisation to formal address sanitation problems
arising from community living.
• In the ruins of Ur and Babylonia, there are remains of homes, which
were connected to a draining system to carry away wastes as well as
latrines leading to cesspits.

One of the first known toilets that was

flushed with water is at the palace at
Knossos on the island of Crete
Romans:
• The Romans were brilliant managers and engineers and their systems
rivalled modern technology.
• Rome’s water system is one of the marvels of the ancient world. Much is
known and has been written about Rome’s water supply, much less
however about their sanitation achievements.
• Although sewer and water pipes were not inventions of the Romans,
since they were already present in other civilizations, they were certainly
perfected by the Romans.
• They resumed engineering works from others; they turned these concepts
into major infrastructure to serve all the citizens.
• As inventors of the first integrated water system from collection to
disposal, providing dual networks to collect spring water and dispose of
storm and wastewater.
• They recycled wastewater from the spas, using it to flush latrines before
discharging the waste into sewers and then into the river.

Public latrines in Ostia

The Britains:
• With the high rate of industrialisation and urbanisation throughout the
eighteenth century, preceding and accompanying the industrial revolution,
came the realization of the importance of water and wastewater disposal.
• Britain was one of the first countries to begin experimentation with organized
action to improve environmental conditions of cities.
• The principal employed was to assume “The Solution of Pollution is Dilution”.
• The construction of the Bazalgette sewer system in London, started in 1858
and completed in 1965, is an example of this principle.
• Through a series of collection sewers and pumping stations, wastewater was
conveyed from the streets and discharged to the Thames.
• There was no understanding of assimilative capacity in the river and no
understanding of the need to remove pollutants prior to discharging in the
river.
• The Thames was already polluted in the 14th century, but in 1859, it became
theprotagonist of crises in London that would be passed into history as the
“Great Stench” caused by at least two events: the “Industrial Revolution” and
the closing of London's cesspools following the introduction of the flush toilet.
• Victorians called the Thames a “monster soup”.
Map of the London sewage system developed by Joseph Bazalgette 1858-1870