CHAPTER 11

BIOCHEMISTY
LESSON NO. 12

VITAMINS
AND
MINERALS
RHEA JANE DEMALATA
ANGELA PESARIO
BEA FLORES

JANUARY 26, 2024

PREFACE
Greetings from the interesting world of minerals and vitamins! This
module is intended to serve as your all-inclusive guide to comprehending
the vital nutrients that are so important to preserving our general health
and well-being. You will investigate the complex mechanisms of these
micronutrients and learn about their sources, functions, and effects on
different physiological systems in the human body as you go on this
educational adventure.
Understanding the importance of vitamins and minerals is crucial in a
time when nutrition is becoming more and more important in our pursuit
of a healthier lifestyle. Despite being needed in comparatively modest
amounts, these substances have a significant impact on several
physiological functions, including immune system and energy
metabolism.
Our goal in this module is to help you understand the roles of vitamins
and minerals, recommended intake, and potential repercussions of
deficiencies or excesses. We do this by demystifying the complex world
of vitamins and minerals. This module offers a strong basis for
expanding your knowledge, regardless of your interest in health,
nutrition, or just being interested in the details of eating a balanced diet.
We invite you to investigate every area with a sense of wonder and an
open mind. Every topic, from the fundamentals of vitamin classifications
to the subtleties of mineral absorption, is designed to deepen your
understanding and give you the power to make wise decisions regarding
your diet and way of life.
Together, let's set out on this educational journey to unravel the secrets
of vitamins and minerals and learn how these minuscule substances
significantly influence our overall well-being and vigor. Happy learning!

TABLE OF CONTENTS
Preface……………………………………………………………………………………...3

Table of contents…………………………………………………………………………...4

Chapter I…………………………………………………………………………………….5

Overview of the chapter……………………………………………………………………6

General Objectives………………………………………………………………………….7

Lesson I………………………………………………………………………………………8

Pre-discussion……………………………………………………………………………….9

Lesson Objectives……………………………………………………………………….....10

Lesson Outline……………………………………………………………………………...11

12.1 Basic Concepts of

Vitamins……………………………………………………………………………………..12

12.1.1 Classification of Vitamins…………………………………………………….13

12.1.2 Roles of Vitamins……………………………………………………………..14

12.1.3 Sources of Vitamins…………………………………………………………..15

12.1.4 Absorption of Vitamins………………………………………………………..16

12.1.5 Deficiency of Vitamins……………………………………………………………..

………………………17

12.2 Fat-Soluble Vitamins………………………………………………….

………………………………….18

12.2.1 Vitamin A……………………………………………………………………….19

12.2.2 Vitamin D……………………………………………………………………....20

12.2.3 Vitamin E………………………………………………………………………21

12.2.4 Vitamin K………………………………………………………………………22

12.3 Water-Soluble Vitamins…………………………………………………………23

12.3.1 Thiamin (Vitamin B1)…………………………………………………………24

12.3.2 Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)……………………………………………………….25

12.3.3 Niacin (Vitamin B3)……………………………………………………………26

12.3.4 B Complex……………………………………………………………………..27

12.3.5 Vitamin C……………………………………………………………………….28

12.4 Vitamins and Minerals………………………………………………………..…29

12.5 Electrolytes……………………………………………………………………….30

OVERVIEW
This module focuses on Vitamins and minerals, are micronutrients
required by the body to carry out a range of normal functions.
However, these micronutrients are not produced in our bodies and
must be derived from the food we eat. Vitamins are organic
substances that are generally classified as either fat soluble or water
LESSON 12. VITAMINS & MINERALS
Vitamins are organic substances that are generally classified as either fat soluble or water
soluble. Fat-soluble vitamins (vitamin A, vitamin D, vitamin E, and vitamin K) dissolve in fat and
tend to accumulate in the body. Water-soluble vitamins (vitamin C and the B-complex vitamins,
such as vitamin B6, vitamin B12, and folate) must dissolve in water before they can be
absorbed by the body, and therefore cannot be stored. Any water-soluble vitamins unused by
the body is primarily lost through urine.
Minerals are inorganic elements present in soil and water, which are absorbed by plants or
consumed by animals. While you’re likely familiar with calcium, sodium, and potassium, there is
a range of other minerals, including trace minerals (e.g. copper, iodine, and zinc) needed in
very small amounts.

What to expect?
At the end of the lesson, the students should be able to;

a. Define Vitamins and Minerals

b. Describe the classification of vitamins.
c. Explain the importance of Vitamins and Minerals
 ELICIT
Before you start this lesson, work on this activity to pump up your interest and
prior knowledge.
Part 1: K-W-H-L
Instruction: Fill out the box below. Focus first on what you really know about
Vitamins: classification ,roles ,sources ,absorption, and deficiency without
researching. After this lesson go back to this section and fill out the last column
asking for what you have learned.
K W H L
What do I know? What do I want to How can I learn What have I
learn? this? learned?

Part 2: Vitamins Puzzle: Fill in the Missing Letter

Instruction: In this activity, you'll test your knowledge of key terms related to basic
concepts of vitamins including it’s sources, roles and deficiency . For each term, a
letter is missing, and you'll need to fill it in to complete the word.
1. _it _ _ine an organic compound by an organism as a vital nutrient in
limited amounts.
2. R _c_ ets is the disease that is caused by deficiency in vitamin D
manifested by soft bones and bone deformation.
3. Vitamins_ helps keep gums , bones, and blood vessels in good shape.
4. Vitamin _or c_rot_n_e helps fostering normal vision and skin; normal
growth and proper development of bones and teeth.
5. B_ri b_ri is the deficiency that you will get if you lack of the vitamin B1
(Thiamin).
6.W _t_r s_lub_e vitamins dissolved easily in water and absorbed directly
into the blood stream.
7. F_t _ol__le vitamins dissolve in fat and absorbed by intestinal tract.
 8. Vitamin _ an antioxidant also known a tocopherol. It helps the
body form red blood cells .
9.Pe_nicio_s an_mia is the deficiency that you will get if you
lack the the vit. B12.
10. Vitamin _ is needed for vision, healthy skin and mucous membranes
bone and tooth growth immune system health.

ENGAGE

Let us begin the lesson by doing the following activities. These activities will lead you
into exploring and discovering the concepts of the topic.
Instruction: Read the scenario and answer the guide question.
Case Scenario: A patient visits a doctor with a history of fatigue and weakness;
upon examination and investigation , the patient is diagnosed with pernicious anemia
. The doctor prescribes Vit. B12 tablets . After 15 days , the patient return with no
improvement.

Guide Question :
1. What could be the reason for failure of therapy ?
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2. How do you treat this condition ?

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EXPLORE
 Instructions: Divide the class into three groups
 On the 1st learning station , group 1 will label food sources
 On the 2nd learning station , group 2 will label the functions or role of
the vitamins in the body
 On the 3rd station , group 3 will label the deficiency signs or symptoms.

Vitamins Food Sources Role in the body Deficiency signs and

symptoms
Vitamin A
(Carotene)

Vitamin B1(Thiamine)

Vitamin B2
( Riboflavin)

Vitamin B3 (Niacin)

Vitamin B12
(Cobalamin)

Vitamin C (Ascorbic
Acid)

Vitamin D(Calciferol )

Vitamin E
Vitamin K

Vitamin B7 Biotin

Vitamin B 9 ( Folic
Acid)

Vitamin B5
(Pantothenic)

Vitamin
B6( Pyridoxine)

EXPLAIN

The Fat-Soluble Vitamins

  Vitamins can be classified based on their solubility. Fat-soluble vitamins are
most abundant in high-fat foods and are much better absorbed into your
bloodstream when you eat them with fat.
 Most vitamins are water-soluble, meaning they dissolve in water. In contrast,
fat-soluble vitamins are similar to oil and do not dissolve in water.

There are four fat-soluble vitamins in the human diet:

 vitamin A
 vitamin D
 vitamin E
 vitamin K

Vitamin A
Plays a key role in maintaining your vision. Without it, you would go blind.
Types:
 Vitamin A is not a single compound. Rather, it is a group of fat-soluble
compounds collectively known as retinoids.
 The most common dietary form of vitamin A is retinol. Other forms — retinal and
retinoic acid — are found in the body, but absent or rare in foods.
 Vitamin A2 (3,4-dehydroretinal) is an alternative, less active form found in
freshwater fish
Vitamin D
Nicknamed the sunshine vitamin, vitamin D is produced when your skin when is
exposed to sunlight. It is best known for its beneficial effects on bone health.
Deficiency makes you highly susceptible to bone fractures.
Types:
Vitamin D is a collective term used to describe a few related fat-soluble compounds.
Also known as calciferol, vitamin D comes in two main dietary forms:
 Vitamin D2 (ergocalciferol). This form is found in mushrooms and some
plants.
 Vitamin D3 (cholecalciferol). This form is found in animal-sourced foods, such
as eggs and fish oil, and produced when your skin is exposed to sunlight.
Vitamin E
As a powerful antioxidant, vitamin E protects your cells against premature aging and
damage by free radicals.
Types:
Vitamin E is a family of eight structurally similar antioxidants that are divided into two
groups:
 Tocopherols: alpha-tocopherol, beta-tocopherol, gamma-tocopherol, and
delta-tocopherol.
 Tocotrienols: alpha-tocotrienol, beta-tocotrienol, gamma-tocotrienol, and delta-
tocotrienol
 Alpha-tocopherol is the most common form of vitamin E. It makes up around
90% of the vitamin E in the blood.
Vitamin K
Vitamin K plays a key role in blood clotting. Without this essential vitamin, there’s a
higher risk of excessive bleeding, which could lead to death.
Types:
Vitamin K is actually a group of fat-soluble compounds divided into two main groups:
 Vitamin K1 (phylloquinone). Found in plant-sourced foods, phylloquinone is
the main form of vitamin K in the diet (50Trusted Source).
 Vitamin K2 (menaquinone). This variety of vitamin K is found in animal-
sourced foods and fermented soy products, like natto. Vitamin K2 is also
produced by gut bacteria in the colon (51Trusted Source, 52Trusted Source).
Additionally, there are at least three synthetic forms of vitamin K. These are known
as vitamin K3 (menadione), vitamin K4 (menadiol diacetate), and vitamin K5.

The Water-Soluble Vitamins: C and B Complex

 Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
Vitamins are often categorized based on their solubility.
Most of them dissolve in water and are called water-soluble vitamins. In contrast,
there are only four fat-soluble vitamins, which dissolve in oil (liquid fat).
Nine water-soluble vitamins are found in the human diet:
 Vitamin B1 (thiamine)
 Vitamin B2 (riboflavin)
 Vitamin B3 (niacin)
 Vitamin B5 (pantothenic acid)
 Vitamin B6
 Vitamin B7 (biotin)
  Vitamin B9
 Vitamin B12 (cobalamin)
 Vitamin C
Unlike the fat-soluble vitamins, water-soluble vitamins are generally not stored in the
body. For this reason, you should try to get them regularly from your diet.

Thiamine (Vitamin B1)

Thiamine, also known as vitamin B1, was the first water-soluble vitamin to be
described scientifically.
Types:
Many forms of thiamine exist, including:
 Thiamine pyrophosphate: Also known as thiamine diphosphate, thiamine
pyrophosphate is the most abundant form of thiamine in your body. It is also
the main form found in whole foods.
 Thiamine triphosphate: This form is found in animal-sourced foods, but is
less abundant than thiamine pyrophosphate. It is believed to represent less
than 10% of the total thiamine found in animal tissues.
 Thiamine mononitrate: A synthetic form of thiamine often added to animal
feed or processed food.
 Thiamine hydrochloride: The standard, synthetic form of thiamine used in
supplements.
Riboflavin (Vitamin B2)
Riboflavin is the only water-soluble vitamin used as a food coloring. In fact, it is
named for its color — the Latin word flavus means “yellow.”
Types
In addition to riboflavin, dietary substances known as flavoproteins release riboflavin
during digestion.
Two of the most common flavoproteins are flavin adenine dinucleotide and flavin
mononucleotide. They are found in a wide range of foods.
Niacin (Vitamin B3)
Niacin, also known as vitamin B3, is the only B vitamin your body can produce from
another nutrient — the amino acid tryptophan.
Types
Niacin is a group of related nutrients. The most common forms are:
  Nicotinic acid: The most common form in supplements. Also found in both
plant- and animal-sourced foods. High-dose nicotinic acid supplements may
cause a condition called niacin flush.
 Nicotinamide (niacinamide): Found in supplements and foods.
The compound nicotinamide riboside also has vitamin B3 activity. It is found in trace
amounts in whey protein and baker’s yeast
Pantothenic Acid (Vitamin B5)
Pantothenic acid is found in virtually all food. Appropriately, its name is derived from
the Greek word pantothen, which means “from every side.”
Types
There are multiple forms of pantothenic acid or compounds that release the active
form of the vitamin when digested. In addition to free pantothenic acid, these include:
 Coenzyme A: A common source of this vitamin in foods. It releases
pantothenic acid in the digestive tract.
 Acyl carrier protein: Like coenzyme A, acyl carrier protein is found in foods
and releases pantothenic acid during digestion.
 Calcium pantothenate: The most common form of pantothenic acid in
supplements.
 Panthenol: Another form of pantothenic acid often used in supplements.

Vitamin B6
Vitamin B6 is a group of nutrients that are required for the synthesis of pyridoxal
phosphate, a coenzyme involved in more than 100 different metabolic processes.
Types:
Like the other B vitamins, vitamin B6 is a family of related compounds, such as:
 Pyridoxine: This form is found in fruits, vegetables and grains, as well as
supplements. Processed foods may also contain added pyridoxine.
 Pyridoxamine: Used until recently in dietary supplements in the US.
However, the FDA now considers pyridoxamine a pharmaceutical drug.
Pyridoxamine phosphate is a common form of vitamin B6 in animal-
sourced foods.
 Pyridoxal: Pyridoxal phosphate is the main type of vitamin B6 in animal-
sourced foods.
In the liver, all dietary forms of vitamin B6 are converted into pyridoxal 5-phosphate,
the active form of the vitamin.
 Biotin (Vitamin B7)
People often take biotin supplements to nourish their hair, nails and skin, although
strong evidence for these benefits is lacking. In fact, it was historically called vitamin
H after the German word haut, meaning “skin”.
Types:
 Biotin is either found in its free form or bound to proteins.
 When proteins that contain biotin are digested they release a compound
called biocytin. The digestive enzyme biotinidase then breaks biocytin into
free biotin and lysine, an amino acid.
Vitamin B9
Vitamin B9 was first discovered in yeast, but later isolated from spinach leaves. For
this reason, it was given the names folic acid or folate, words derived from the Latin
word folium, meaning “leaf.”
Types:
Vitamin B9 comes in several different forms, including:
 Folate: A family of vitamin B9 compounds that naturally occurs in foods.
 Folic acid: A synthetic form commonly added to processed foods or sold as a
supplement. Some scientists are concerned that high-dose folic acid
supplements may cause harm.
 L-methylfolate: Also known as 5-methyltetrahydrofolate, L-methylfolate is the
active form of vitamin B9 in the body. As a supplement, it is thought to be
healthier than folic acid.

Vitamin B12 (Cobalamin)

Vitamin B12 is the only vitamin that contains a metallic element, namely cobalt. For
this reason, it is often referred to as cobalamin.
Types:
There are four main types of vitamin B12:
 Cyanocobalamin
 Hydroxocobalamin
 Adenosylcobalamin
 methylcobalamin
All of them can be found in supplements, although cyanocobalamin is the most
common. It is considered ideal for supplements due to its stability, but is only found
in trace amounts in food.
Hydroxocobalamin is the most common naturally occurring form of vitamin B12, and
is widely found in animal-sourced foods.
The other natural forms methylcobalamin and adenosylcobalamin have become
popular as supplements in recent years.
Vitamin C
Vitamin C is the only water-soluble vitamin that doesn’t belong to the vitamin B
category. It is one of the body’s main antioxidants and is required for collagen
synthesis.
Types:
 Vitamin C comes in two forms, the most common of which is known as
ascorbic acid.
An oxidized form of ascorbic acid called dehydroascorbic acid also has vitamin C
activity.

ELABORATE

Activity: Water and Fat Solubility.

 Objective: To create a hands-on paper craft model that visually represents the
Comparison between The Fat-Soluble Vitamins and The Water-Soluble Vitamins

Materials Needed:
Scissors
Glue or tape

Instructions and Procedures:

1. Research and Design

The teacher will provide reference materials.
Instruct students to label the fat-soluble vitamins and water soluble vitamins.
2. Cutting and Assembling
Teacher will distribute the printed materials to the students.
They will attach those pictures and words in their corresponding area.
3. Decorate and Labeling
The teacher will encourage students to explain why that kind of word or pictures
belongs to that area.
4. Presentation
Students have their own word and pictures, so that all students could participate and
give their insights of what they have learned.

EVALUATE
Instruction: Encircle the correct answer.
1. Is an enzymes that catalyzes the transfer of a functional group from one
molecule to anothèr.
a. Transferase
b. Hydrolase
c. Lyase
d. Isomerase

2. Involves a particular type of bond irrespective pf the structural features in

the vicinity of the bond.
a. Group Specifity
b. Linkage Specifity
c. Absolute Specifity
d. Stereochemical Specifity

3. Enzymes are not consumed in the reactions they catalyze

a. Substrate Cincentration
b. Extremeophiles
c. Enzyme Concentration
d. Temperature

4. Bacteria have one structural feature not found in animal cell.

a. Mitochondria
b. Golgi apparatus
c. Lysosomes
d. Cell wall

5. Synthesized by bacteria that grow in colon

a. Vitamin D
b. Vitamin C
c. Vitamin K
d. Vitamin E
6. Involved in plasma membrane processes
a. Vitamin A and E
b. Vitamin D
c. Vitamin K
d. All of the above

7. Are usually proteins that act as biological catalyst

a. Fat
b. Enzymes
c. Sugar
d. Holoenzyme
 8. Formation of neww bond between two substrates with participation of ATP.
a. Isomerase
b. Oxidoreductases
c. Mutases
d. Ligases

9. A Oxidoreductases requires _______ that is either oxidized or reduced as

the substrate in the reaction.
a. Kinases
b. Coenzyme
c. Hydrases
d. oxidation-reaction

10. Effect the breaking of peptide linkages in proteins

a. Lipases
b. Carbohydrases
c. Proteases
d. deaminase

EXTEND

Instruction: Read and answer the following question based on your own
understanding to the lesson . Answer it comprehensively

Guide Questions
1.In your own understanding explain the Lock-and-Key model
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2. What are the difference between Induced Fit Model and Lock-and-Key model?
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