Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 14 views

    Chapter2 2 Annotated

    Uploaded by

    sadam
    This document provides an overview of road vehicle performance, including the key factors that influence a vehicle's motion: tractive effort, resistance, and vehicle dynamics. It defines the three major sources of vehicle resistance as aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Equations are presented for calculating the forces of aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Additional topics covered include coefficient of rolling resistance, maximum tractive effort, and an example problem calculating the maximum grade a vehicle can ascend while maintaining speed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Chapter2 2 Annotated

    Uploaded by

    sadam
    14 views12 pages
    This document provides an overview of road vehicle performance, including the key factors that influence a vehicle's motion: tractive effort, resistance, and vehicle dynamics. It defines the three major sources of vehicle resistance as aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Equations are presented for calculating the forces of aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Additional topics covered include coefficient of rolling resistance, maximum tractive effort, and an example problem calculating the maximum grade a vehicle can ascend while maintaining speed.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    This document provides an overview of road vehicle performance, including the key factors that influence a vehicle's motion: tractive effort, resistance, and vehicle dynamics. It defines the three major sources of vehicle resistance as aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Equations are presented for calculating the forces of aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Additional topics covered include coefficient of rolling resistance, maximum tractive effort, and an example problem calculating the maximum grade a vehicle can ascend while maintaining speed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views12 pages

    Chapter2 2 Annotated

    Uploaded by

    sadam
    This document provides an overview of road vehicle performance, including the key factors that influence a vehicle's motion: tractive effort, resistance, and vehicle dynamics. It defines the three major sources of vehicle resistance as aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Equations are presented for calculating the forces of aerodynamic, rolling, and grade resistance. Additional topics covered include coefficient of rolling resistance, maximum tractive effort, and an example problem calculating the maximum grade a vehicle can ascend while maintaining speed.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 12

    CE361 Introduction to

    Transportation Engineering
    Spring 2024

    Road Vehicle Performance

    Prof. Yiheng Feng


    Lyles School of Civil Engineering
    HAMP G131
    [email protected]

    1
    Vehicle Dynamics
    ▪ Tractive effort is simply the force available at the roadway surface to
    perform work (expressed in lbs [N])
    ▪ Resistance (expressed in lbs [N]) is defined as the force impeding vehicle
    motion
    ▪ Three major source of vehicle resistance: aerodynamic, rolling, grade

    Vehicle force diagram:


    Basic equation of vehicle motion:
    𝐹𝑓 + 𝐹𝑟 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑟𝑙𝑓 + 𝑅𝑟𝑙𝑟 + 𝑅𝑔

    𝐹 = 𝑚𝑎 + 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑟𝑙 + 𝑅𝑔 Eq. 2.2

    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 2


    Aerodynamic Resistance
    ▪ Based on these sources, the equation for determining aerodynamic
    resistance is:
    𝜌
    𝑅𝑎 = 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝑓 𝑉 2 Eq. 2.3
    2

    Ra = aerodynamic resistance in lb (N)


    ρ (rho) = air density in slugs/ft3 (kg/m3)
    CD = coefficient of drag (unitless)
    Af = frontal area of vehicle (projected area
    of vehicle in direction of travel) in ft2 (m2)
    V = vehicle speed* in ft/s (m/s)

    * V is speed of vehicle relative to prevailing wind speed (we will


    assume wind speed of zero for purposes of this class)

    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 3


    Rolling Resistance
    ▪ Refers to the resistance generated from a vehicle’s internal mechanical
    friction, and pneumatic tires and their interaction with the roadway
    surface
    • Primary source of this resistance is the deformation of the tire as it passes
    over the roadway surface.
    • Tire penetration/roadway surface compression
    • Tire slippage and air circulation around tire & wheel

    Source: https://thetiredigest.michelin.com/michelin-ultimate-energy-tire

    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 4


    Rolling Resistance
    ▪ Factors affecting rolling resistance
    • Rigidity of tire and roadway surface
    • Tire inflation pressure and temperature
    • Vehicle speed
    ▪ To simplify the calculation, rolling resistance can be
    approximated as the product of a friction term (coefficient
    of rolling resistance) and the weight of the vehicle acting
    normal to the roadway surface.
    𝑅𝑟𝑙 = 𝑓𝑟𝑙 𝑊 cos𝜃𝑔 𝑅𝑟𝑙 = 𝑓𝑟𝑙 𝑊
    ▪ Coefficient of rolling resistance (frl) for road vehicles operating on paved
    surfaces
    𝑉
    𝑓𝑟𝑙 = 0.01 1 + with V in ft/s
    147

    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 5


    Grade Resistance
    ▪ Gravity, of course, can offer significant resistance on roads with high
    grades
    ▪ The grade resistance is determined simply as the component of the
    vehicle weight acting parallel to the roadway surface

    𝑅𝑔 = 𝑊 sin𝜃𝑔

    sin𝜃𝑔 ≈ tan𝜃𝑔

    𝑅𝑔 ≅ 𝑊𝐺
    G: road grade, defined as the vertical rise per some specified horizontal distance
    (in percentage %)
    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 6
    Example (2.2)

    An 2000 lb car is traveling at an elevation of 5000ft


    (𝜌 = 0.002045 slugs/ft3) on a paved surface. If the car is
    traveling at 70 mph and has a CD= 0.40 and Af = 20 ft2 and the
    available tractive effort is 255 lb, what is the maximum grade
    that this car could ascend and still maintain the 70mph speed?

    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 7


    Example (2.2) Solution
    ▪ Key point: To maintain the speed, the available tractive effort will be
    exactly equal to the summation of resistances. Thus no tractive effort
    will remain for vehicle acceleration (i.e., ma = 0)
    𝐹 = 𝑅𝑎 + 𝑅𝑟𝑙 + 𝑅𝑔
    ▪ For aerodynamic resistance
    𝜌 0.002045
    𝑅𝑎 = 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝑓 𝑉 2 = (0.4)(20)(70 ∗ 5280/3600)2 = 86.22𝑙𝑏
    2 2
    ▪ For rolling resistance
    70 ∗ 5280/3600
    𝑅𝑟𝑙 = 𝑓𝑟𝑙 𝑊 = 0.01(1 + ) ∗ 2000 = 33.97𝑙𝑏
    147
    ▪ For grade resistance
    𝑅𝑔 = 𝑊𝐺 = 2000𝐺
    ▪ Solve for G:
    𝐹 = 255 = 86.22 + 33.97 + 2000𝐺
    𝐺 = 0.0674 = 6.74%
    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 8
    In Class Problem
    𝜌
    Aerodynamics: 𝑅𝑎 = 𝐶𝐷 𝐴𝑓 𝑉 2
    2
    𝑉
    Rolling Resistance: 𝑅𝑟𝑙 = 𝑓𝑟𝑙 𝑊; 𝑓𝑟𝑙 = 0.01 1 +
    147
    Grade Resistance: 𝑅𝑔 = 𝑊𝑠𝑖𝑛𝜃𝑔 ≈ 𝑊𝑡𝑎𝑛𝜃𝑔 = 𝑊𝐺

    A vehicle manufacturer is considering an engine for a new sedan (𝑪𝑫 =


    𝟎. 𝟑𝟒, 𝑨𝒇 = 𝟐𝟐 𝒇𝒕𝟐 ). The car is being designed to achieve a top speed of
    100 mph on a pave surface at sea level (𝝆 = 𝟎. 𝟎𝟎𝟐𝟑𝟕𝟖 𝒔𝒍𝒖𝒈𝒔/𝒇𝒕𝟑 ). The
    car currently weights 2500 lb, but the designer initially selected an
    underpowered engine and did not account for aerodynamic and rolling
    resistances. If 2 lb of additional vehicle weight is added for each unit of
    horsepower needed to over come the neglected resistance, which will be
    the final weight of the car if it is to achieve the 100 mph top speed?

    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 9


    In Class Problem
    Step 1: Calculate the additional resistances need to be overcome

    Step 2: Calculate the additional power (𝑃𝑎𝑑𝑑 ) and weight (𝑊𝑎 ) needed

    Step 3: Calculate the total final weight

    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 10


    Available Tractive Effort
    ▪ Tractive effort available to overcome resistance forces
    and/or to accelerate the vehicle is determined by either:
    • The force generated by the vehicle’s engine
    • Some maximum value that is a function of the vehicle’s weight
    distribution and the characteristics of the pavement/tire interface
    • The smaller one between these two determines the available tractive
    effort
    ▪ Maximum tractive effort
    • There is a point at which additional engine-generated tractive
    effort is not productive
    • To determine the point of maximum tractive effort (i.e., the
    value of impending tire spin), we can use a force and moment-
    generating diagram

    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 11


    Maximum Tractive Effort
    g

    L = length of wheelbase
    h = height of the center of gravity
    lf, lr = distance from the front, rear axle to the center of gravity
    Wf, Wr = weight of vehicle on front, rear axle
    CE361 Traffic Engineering – Road Vehicle Performance 12

    You might also like