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    Lecture 5

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    Moeen Ul Islam
    The document summarizes key concepts from the kinetic theory of gases including: 1) Avogadro's number defines the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance. Boyle's and Charles' laws describe the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases. 2) The ideal gas law relates these variables quantitatively as PV=nRT. Isothermal and isobaric processes involve constant temperature and pressure respectively. 3) For an isothermal expansion or compression of an ideal gas, the work done can be calculated from the initial and final volumes and the gas constant R. No work is done during a process at constant volume.

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    Lecture 5

    Uploaded by

    Moeen Ul Islam
    14 views8 pages
    The document summarizes key concepts from the kinetic theory of gases including: 1) Avogadro's number defines the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance. Boyle's and Charles' laws describe the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases. 2) The ideal gas law relates these variables quantitatively as PV=nRT. Isothermal and isobaric processes involve constant temperature and pressure respectively. 3) For an isothermal expansion or compression of an ideal gas, the work done can be calculated from the initial and final volumes and the gas constant R. No work is done during a process at constant volume.

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    The document summarizes key concepts from the kinetic theory of gases including: 1) Avogadro's number defines the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance. Boyle's and Charles' laws describe the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases. 2) The ideal gas law relates these variables quantitatively as PV=nRT. Isothermal and isobaric processes involve constant temperature and pressure respectively. 3) For an isothermal expansion or compression of an ideal gas, the work done can be calculated from the initial and final volumes and the gas constant R. No work is done during a process at constant volume.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    14 views8 pages

    Lecture 5

    Uploaded by

    Moeen Ul Islam
    The document summarizes key concepts from the kinetic theory of gases including: 1) Avogadro's number defines the number of particles (atoms or molecules) in one mole of a substance. Boyle's and Charles' laws describe the relationships between pressure, volume, and temperature for ideal gases. 2) The ideal gas law relates these variables quantitatively as PV=nRT. Isothermal and isobaric processes involve constant temperature and pressure respectively. 3) For an isothermal expansion or compression of an ideal gas, the work done can be calculated from the initial and final volumes and the gas constant R. No work is done during a process at constant volume.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 8

    Lesson 5

    Chapter 19: The Kinetic Theory of Gases


    19-1 Avogadro’s number, NA :
    One mole of a substance contains NA (Avogadro’s number) elementary units (usually atoms or molecules).
    1 mole of a substance contains, NA = 6.023 x 1023 elementary units
    Amedeo Avogadro suggested that all gases occupy the same volume under the same conditions
    of temperature and pressure. All gases contain the same number of atoms or molecules.
    1 mole of He contains, NA = 6.023 x 1023 atoms
    n mole of He contains total number of atoms, N = nNA atoms

    1 mole of O2 contains, NA= 6.023 x 1023 molecules


    n mole of O2 contains, total number of molecules, N = nNA molecules
    One molar mass M of any substance is the mass of one mole of the substance.
    1 molar mass, M = mNA where m is the mass of 1 atom or molecule
    n molar mass (sample mass), Msam = mN= m(nNA) = n(mNA) = nM
    𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚 n(mNA)
    = 𝑚𝑁
    𝑀 𝐴

    𝑀𝑠𝑎𝑚
    n=
    𝑀
    19-2 Ideal gases:

    Boyle’s Law describes the inverse proportional relationship between pressure and volume at a
    constant temperature and a fixed amount of gas. This law came from a manipulation of the
    Ideal Gas Law.
    p∝1/V ----------------------------------(1)
    Charles's Law describes the directly proportional relationship between the volume and
    temperature (in Kelvin) of a fixed amount of gas, when the pressure is held constant.
    V∝T ------------------------------------------(2)
    By combining two equations and the fact that V ∝ n, we can write the ideal gas equation
    pV=nRT [R in terms of mole]
    𝑁
    Boltzmann constant, k = R/NA NAk = R k=R nR = Nk [N = nNA]
    𝑛
    pV=NkT [k in terms of molecule]

    Ideal gas: It governs the macroscopic properties. We can deduce many properties of the ideal
    gas in a simple way. Although there is no such thing in nature as a truly ideal gas, all real gases
    approach the ideal state at low enough densities their molecules are far enough apart that they
    do not interact with one another.
    19-2 Work done by an ideal gas at constant temperature:

    Suppose that we allow the ideal gas to expand from an initial volume Vi to a final volume Vf while
    we keep the temperature T of the gas constant. Such a process, at constant temperature, is called
    an isothermal expansion (and the reverse is called an isothermal compression).

    i(p, T, V) f(p+Δp, T, V +ΔV)


    This is a general expression for the work done during any change in volume of any gas.
    𝑉𝑓
    W= 𝑉𝑖
    𝑝 𝑑𝑉

    For an ideal gas, pV = nRT


    𝑛𝑅𝑇
    p=
    𝑉
    𝑉𝑓 𝑛𝑅𝑇
    W= 𝑉𝑖 𝑉
    𝑑𝑉

    𝑉𝑓 𝑑𝑉
    W = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 𝑉𝑖 𝑉
    [As T = constant, nRT = constant]

    𝑉
    W = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 [ln 𝑉] 𝑉𝑓
    𝑖

    W = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 [ln 𝑉𝑓 − ln 𝑉𝑖 ]

    𝑉𝑓
    W = 𝑛𝑅𝑇 ln [Isothermal process for an ideal gas]
    𝑉𝑖
    19-2 Work done at constant volume:
    If the volume of the gas is constant, then the work done is as follows:
    W = p∆V = p(V-V) = 0
    W=0

    19-2 Work done at constant pressure:

    If the volume changes while the pressure p of the gas is held constant, then
    the work done is as follows:
    𝑉𝑓 𝑉𝑓 𝑉
    W= 𝑉𝑖
    𝑝 𝑑𝑉 = 𝑝 𝑉𝑖
    𝑑𝑉 = 𝑝 [ 𝑉] 𝑉𝑓 = 𝑝 [ 𝑉𝑓 − 𝑉𝑖 ]
    𝑖

    W = 𝑝∆V
    Problems 4:
    A quantity of ideal gas at 10.0 0C and 100 kPa occupies a volume of 2.50 m3. (a) How many
    moles of the gas are present? (b) If the pressure is now raised to 300 kPa and the temperature
    is raised to 30.0 0C, how much volume does the gas occupy? Assume no leaks.

    Solution:
    (a) piVi = nRTi
    𝑝𝑖 𝑉𝑖 1×105 ×2.50
    𝑛= = = 106.24 mol
    𝑅𝑇𝑖 8.31 ×283.15

    (b) pfVf = nRTf

    𝑉𝑖 𝑃𝑖 𝑇𝑓 1 × 105 × 2.50 × 303.15 𝟑


    𝑉𝑓 = = = 𝟎. 𝟖𝟗 𝒎
    𝑃𝑓 𝑇𝑖 3 × 105 × 283.15
    Problem 7: Suppose 1.80 mol of an ideal gas is taken from a volume of 3.00 m3 to a volume
    of 1.50 m3 via an isothermal compression at 30 0C. (a) How much energy is transferred as
    heat during the compression, and (b) is the transfer to or from the gas?
    Solution:
    (a) ΔEint = Q - W
    3
    Eint = nRT
    2
    3
    ΔEint = nRΔT
    2
    3
    ΔEint = nR(T-T) [Isothermal process, T= constant]
    2
    3
    ΔEint = nR(0)
    2

    ΔEint = 0
    0=Q-W
    Q=W
    Vf 1.50
    W = nRT ln ) = 1.80 × 8.314 × 303 ln = −3140 𝐽
    Vi 3.00

    Q=W

    Q = −3140 𝐽

    (b) The heat is transferred from the gas.

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