Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

CHAPTER 1

INTRODUCTION

1.1 Introduction to Computer Graphics:

Graphics are defined as any sketch or a drawing or a special network that

pictorially represents some meaningful information. Computer Graphics is used where
a set of images needs to be manipulated or the creation of the image in the form of
pixels and is drawn on the computer.

Computer Graphics can be used in digital photography, film, entertainment, electronic

gadgets, and all other core technologies which are required. It is a vast subject and area
in the field of computer science. Computer Graphics can be used in UI design,
rendering, geometric objects, animation, and many more. In most areas, computer
graphics is an abbreviation of CG. There are several tools used for the implementation
of Computer Graphics. The basic is the <graphics.h> header file in
Turbo-C; Unity for advanced and even OpenGL can be used for its
Implementation.

1.2 Overview of Computer Graphics:

The term computer graphics has been used in a broad sense to describe “almost
everything on computers that is not text or sound. It is one of the most powerful and
interesting facts of computer. There is a lot that you can do apart from drawing figures
of various shapes.

Today, computers and computer-generated images touch many aspects of daily life.
Computer image is found on television, in newspapers, for example in weather reports,
in all kinds of medical investigation and surgical procedures. A well constructed graph
can present complex statistics in a form that is easier to understand and interpret. In
the media such graphs are used to illustrate papers, reports, and other presentation
material.

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

Many powerful tools have been developed to visualize data. Computer generated
imagery can be categorized into several different types: 2D, 3D, 5D, and animated
graphics. As technology has improved, 3D computer graphics have become more
common, but 2D computer graphics are still widely used. Computer graphics has
emerged as a sub-field of computer science which studies methods for digitally
synthesizing and manipulating visual content. Over the past decade, other specialized
fields have been developed like information visualization, and scientific visualization
more concerned with “the visualization of three dimensional phenomena”
(architectural, meteorological, medical, biological, etc.), where emphasis is on realistic
renderings of volumes, surfaces, illumination sources, and so forth, perhaps with a
dynamic (time component).

1.3 History of Computer Graphics:

Computer graphics was first created as a visualization tool for scientists and engineers
in government and corporate research centres such as Bell Labs and Boeing in the
1950s. Later the tools would be developed at Universities in the 6os and 70s at places
such as Ohio State University, MIT, University of Utah Corn shell, North Carolina and
the New York Institute of technology. The early breakthroughs that took place in
academic centres continued at research centres such as the famous
Xerox PARC in the 1970’s. These efforts broke first into broadcast video graphics and
then major motion pictures in the late 70’s and early 1980’s. Computer graphic research
continues today around the production companies. Companies such as George Luca’s
Industrial light and magic are constantly redefining the cutting edge of computer
graphic technology in order to present the world with a new synthetic digital reality.

1.4 Applications of Computer Graphics:

Nowadays Computer Graphics used in almost all the areas ranges from science,
engineering, medicine, business, industry government, art, entertainment, education
and training.

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

Graphs and Charts:

Graphs & charts are commonly used to summarize functional, statistical,

mathematical, engineering and economic data for research reports, managerial
summaries and other types of publications. Typically examples of data plots are line
graphs, bar charts, pie charts, surface graphs, contour plots and other displays showing
relationships between multiple parameters in two dimensions, three dimensions, or
higher-dimensional spaces.

Computer-Aided Design:

A major use of computer graphics is in design processes-particularly for engineering

and architectural systems. CAD, computer-aided design or CADD, computer-aided
drafting and design methods are now routinely used in the automobiles, aircraft,
spacecraft, computers, home appliances. Circuits and networks for communications,
water supply or other utilities are constructed with repeated placement of a few
geographical shapes.

Education and Training:

Computer generated models of physical, financial, political, social, and economic &
other systems are often used as educational aids. For some training applications,
special hardware systems are designed. Examples of such specialized systems are the
simulators for practice sessions, aircraft pilots, and air traffic-control personnel.

Entertainment:

Television production, motion pictures, and music videos routinely computer graphics
methods. Some television programs also use animation techniques to combine
computer generated figures of people, animals, or cartoon characters with the actor in
a scene or to transform an actor’s face into another shape.

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

Computer Art:

The picture is usually painted electronically on a graphics tablet using a stylus, which
can simulate different brush strokes, brush widths and colours. Fine artists use a variety
of other computer technologies to produce images. To create pictures the artist uses a
combination of 3D modelling packages, texture mapping, drawing programs and CAD
software etc.

User Interface:

A major component of graphical interface is a window manager that allows a user to

display multiple, rectangular screen areas called display windows. It is a common for
software packages to provide a graphical interface. A major component of a graphical
interface is a window manager that allows a user to display multiple window area.
Interface also displays menus, icons for fast selection and processing.

1.5 INTRODUCTION TO OPENGL:

As a software interface for graphics hardware, OpenGL's main purpose is to render

two- and three-dimensional objects into a frame buffer. These objects are described as
sequences of vertices (which define geometric objects) or pixels (which define
images). OpenGL performs several processing steps on this data to convert it to pixels
to form the final desired image in the frame buffer.

OpenGL basic (core) library: A basic library of functions is provided in OpenGL for
specifying graphics primitives, attributes, geometric transformations, viewing
transformations, and many other operations.

Basic OpenGL Syntax:

Function names in the OpenGL basic library (also called the OpenGL core library) are
prefixed with gl. The component word first letter is capitalized. For eg:- glBegin,
glClear, glCopyPixels, glPolygonMode.

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

Symbolic constants that are used with certain functions as parameters are all in capital
letters, preceded by “GL”, and component are separated by underscore. For eg:-
GL_2D, GL_RGB etc. The OpenGL functions also expect specific data types. For
example, an OpenGL function parameter might expect a value that is specified as a 32-
bit integer. To indicate a specific data type, OpenGL uses special built-in, datatype
names, such as GLbyte, GLshort, GLint, GLfloat, GLdouble, GLboolean.

It is system-independent. It does not assume anything about hardware or operating

system and is only concerned with efficiently rendering mathematically described
scenes. As a result, it does not provide any windowing capabilities. It is a state machine.
At any moment during the execution of a program there is a current model
transformation. It is a rendering pipeline. The rendering pipeline consists of the
following steps:

 Define objects mathematically.

 Arranges objects in space relative to a viewpoint.
 Calculates the color of the objects.

OpenGL serves two main purposes:

• To hide the complexities of interfacing with different 3D accelerators, by

presenting programmer with a single, uniform API
• To hide the differing capabilities of hardware platforms, by requiring that all
Implementations support the full OpenGL, feature set.

1.5.1 Features of OpenGL:

Stable:

OpenGL implementations have been available for more than seven years on a wide
variety of platforms. Additions to the specification are well controlled, and proposed
updates are announced in time for developers to adopt changes. Backward
compatibility requirements ensure that existing applications do not become obsolete.

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

Reliable and portable

All OpenGL applications produce consistent visual display results on any OpenGL
API- compliant hardware, regardless of operating system or windowing system.

Scalable:

OpenGL API-based applications can run on systems ranging from consumer

electronics to PCs, workstations, and supercomputers. As a result, applications can
scale to any class of machine that the developer chooses to target.

Easy to use:

OpenGL is well structured with an intuitive design and logical commands. Efficient
OpenGL routines typically result in applications with fewer lines of code than those
that make up programs generated using other graphics libraries or packages. In
addition, OpenGL drivers encapsulate information about the underlying hardware,
freeing the application developer from having to design for specific hardware features.

Well-documented:

Numerous books have been published about OpenGL, and a great deal of sample code
is readily available, making information about OpenGL inexpensive and easy to obtain.

1.5.2 THE OPENGL INTERFACE:

Most of our applications will be designed to access OpenGL directly through

functions in three libraries. They are

GL – Graphics Library:
Functions in the main GL (or OpenGL in Windows) library have names that
begin with the letters gl and are stored in a library usually referred to as GL (or OpenGL
in Windows).

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

GLU – Graphics Utility Library:

This library uses only GL functions but contain code for creating common objects and
simplifying viewing. All functions in GLU can be created from the core GL library but
application programmers prefer not to write the code repeatedly. The GLU library is
available in all OpenGL implementations; functions in the GLU library begins with the
letters glu.

GLUT – OpenGL Utility Toolkit:

To interface with the window system and to get input from external devices into our
programs we need at least one more library. For the X window System, this library is
called GLX, for Windows, it is wgl, and for the Macintosh, it is agl. Rather than using
a different library for each system, we use a readily available library called the OpenGL
Utility Toolkit (GLUT) , which provides minimum functionality that should be
expected in any modern windowing system.

Code::Blocks Integrated Development Environment (IDE):

Code::Blocks is a free, open-source cross-platform IDE that supports multiple

compilers including GCC, Clang and Visual C++. It is developed in C++ using wx
Widgets as the GUI toolkit. Using a plugin architecture, its capabilities and features
are defined by the provided plugins. Currently, Code::Blocks is oriented towards C,
C++, and FORTRAN. It has a custom build system and optional Make support.
Code::Blocks is being developed for Windows, Linux, and MacOS and has been ported
to FreeBSD, OpenBSD and Solaris. Now, presently with version-10.05.

Dept. Of CSE 7 NIEIT, Mysuru

Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

CHAPTER 2

SYSTEM REQUIREMENTS

2.1 Software Requirements:

• Programming language – C++ using OpenGL

• Compiler/IDE – Code::Blocks IDE
• Operation system – Windows 8 or above
• Graphics library – GL/glut.h
• OpenGL 2.0

2.2 Hardware Requirements:

• Intel®i5
• 6GB RAM
• Hard Disk: 40 GB
• Hard disk speed in RPM: 5400 RPM
• Mouse: 2 or 3 Button mouse
• Monitor: 1024 x 768 display resolution
• Keyboard: QWERTY Keyboard

Dept. Of CSE 8 NIEIT, Mysuru

Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

CHAPTER 3

SYSTEM DESIGN

3.1 INITIALIZATION:

• Initialize to interact with the Windows.

• Initialize the display mode that is double buffer and RGB colour system.

• Initialize window position and window size.

• Initialize and create the window to display the output.

3.2 DISPLAY:

 Sunrise Page.
 Keys will be provided.
 Suitable operations will be performed According to your need.
 Sunset Page

Dept. Of CSE 9 NIEIT, Mysuru

Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

CHAPTER 4

ABOUT THE PROJECT

Main aim of this project is to illustrate the concepts of Nature Scenery with College
Buildings in OpenGL. The objects are drawn using the GLUT functions. This project
has been developed using Code::Blocks IDE on Windows 10 operating system with
OpenGL package

4.1 Overview:

Our computer graphics project titled "Nature Scenery with College Buildings" aims to
create a captivating and immersive digital representation of a college campus harmoniously
integrated with the beauty of the natural environment. Through meticulous attention to detail
and innovative design techniques, we seek to showcase the seamless blend of architectural
brilliance with elements such as the vast sky, gracefully soaring birds, ethereal clouds,
mesmerizing sunrises or sunsets, and vibrant green grass. By combining the serene tranquility
of nature with the educational realm of a college campus, our project endeavors to inspire
viewers to appreciate the delicate balance between human creativity and the awe-inspiring
beauty of the natural world, fostering a sense of environmental consciousness and preservation.

In an era marked by rapid urbanization and growing environmental concerns, it becomes

imperative to explore and celebrate the harmonious coexistence of human-made structures with
the natural environment. Our computer graphics project aims to demonstrate this delicate
balance through the creation of a visually stunning and immersive representation of a college
campus nestled within a captivating natural backdrop. By meticulously combining elements of
nature, such as the sky, birds, clouds, sunrise or sunset, and grass, with the architectural beauty
of college buildings, we strive to illustrate the profound connection between human creativity
and the magnificent wonders of the natural world.

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

The Majesty of the Sky : The sky plays a vital role in our nature scenery, serving as a canvas
that showcases the ever-changing beauty of nature. Through dynamic sky rendering
techniques, we simulate the progression of time, transitioning seamlessly from the soft hues of
dawn to the vibrant colors of sunset. The patterns of clouds add a sense of dynamism to the
scene, and contributing to the overall visual richness. By accurately representing the sky's
colors, and atmospheric effects, we aim to evoke a sense of awe and appreciation for the
vastness and grandeur of the natural world.

Graceful Birds in Flight : Birds soaring through the sky bring an element of life to the nature
scenery with college buildings. These animated elements add a dynamic and lively dimension
to the project, evoking a sense of freedom, harmony, and the interconnectedness of all living
beings within the natural world.

Capturing the Beauty of Sunrise and Sunset : The serene beauty of sunrises and sunsets casts
a captivating aura over the nature scenery with college buildings. Through intricate color
schemes, we aim to recreate the breathtaking hues that fill the sky during these magical
moments. The blue and warm golden tones of a sunrise or the vivid oranges and red of a sunset
create a visually stunning backdrop, enhancing the overall aesthetic appeal of the scene and
conveying a sense of tranquility, inspiration, and the promise of new beginnings.

Lush Grass and Nature's Abundance : The presence of lush green grass is an integral part of
our nature scenery, symbolizing vitality, growth, and the harmony between human structures
and the natural environment. By utilizing modeling and texturing

4.2 Objective:

The primary objective of our computer graphics project, "Nature Scenery with College
Buildings," is to create a visually captivating and immersive digital representation that
seamlessly integrates the architectural beauty of college buildings with the enchanting
elements of nature. Through this project, we aim to achieve the following goals:

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

1. Realism and Immersion: Our objective is to create a nature scenery with college buildings
that is visually realistic and immersive, enabling viewers to feel a deep sense of connection
with the environment. By employing advanced rendering techniques, lifelike textures, and
accurate lighting simulations, we strive to transport viewers into a virtual world where the
boundaries between the man-made structures and the natural elements blur.

2. Harmonious Integration: We seek to demonstrate the harmonious integration of human

creativity and the natural world by showcasing how college buildings seamlessly coexist with
the surrounding environment. Our objective is to design and render the buildings in a way that
complements and enhances the beauty of nature, rather than overpowering or detracting from
it. Through careful attention to architectural details and the integration of sustainable features,
we aim to promote an ethos of environmental consciousness and sustainability.

3. Dynamic Elements: To create a sense of dynamism and realism, our objective is to

incorporate dynamic elements such as a transitioning sky, soaring birds, and clouds. By
simulating the passage of time, the movement of Sun, and the patterns of clouds, we aim to
evoke a sense of life, energy, and the ever-changing nature of the environment.

4. Emotional Impact: We aim to evoke emotional responses from viewers through our project.
By capturing the breathtaking beauty of sunrises and sunsets, the serenity of the sky, and the
vibrancy of nature, our objective is to elicit feelings of awe, tranquility, and a deep appreciation
for the natural world. We hope to inspire viewers to develop a stronger connection with nature,
fostering a sense of responsibility and a desire to protect and preserve our environment.

5. Educational Insight: Through our project, we aspire to provide an educational insight into
the coexistence of human architecture and nature. By showcasing the integration of college
buildings within a natural setting, we aim to highlight the importance of sustainable design,
eco-friendly practices, and the balance between human progress and environmental
preservation. Our objective is to inspire a broader understanding and appreciation of the
symbiotic relationship between human-made structures and the natural world.

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

4.3 USER INTERFACE:

The Project which we have done uses OpenGL functions and is implemented using C++.

Our Project is to demonstrate Nature Scenery with College Buildings. User can perform
operations using Mouse.

Mouse Interaction

 Firstly, after compiling we get directly Main window Page.

 Then we click the maximize button to display the Main window here the sunrise view
is presented.
 If we right click on the Screen we get options in which user has to specify his choices:
 We need to double click on the options to see the proper changes.
 Sunrise option for sunrise view
 Sunset option for sunset view
 EXIT option to exit the screen.

4.4 OpenGL functions:

• glutInit(): Interaction between the windowing system and OpenGL is initiated.

• glutInitDisplayMode(): Used when double buffering is required and depth information
is required.
• glutCreateWindow(): This opens the OpenGL window and displays the title at top of
the window.
• glutInitWindowSize(): Specifies the size of the window.
• glutInitWindowPosition(): Specifies the position of the window in screen coordinates.
• glutKeyboardFunc(): This function handles normal ascii symbols.
• glutSpecialFunc(): This function handles special keyboard keys.
• glutReshapeFunc(): Setup the call back function for reshaping the window.
• glutIdleFunc(): This handles the processing of the background.
• glutMainLoop(): This starts the main loop, and it never returns.
• glViewport(): Used to setup the viewport.

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

• glVertex3fv(): Used to setup the points or vertices in three dimensions.

• glColor3fv(): Used to render colour to faces.
• glFlush(): Used to flush the pipeline.
• glutPostRedisplay(): Used to trigger an automatic redraw of the project.
• glMatrixMode(): Used to setup the required mode of the matrix.
• glLoadIdentity(): Used to load or initialize to the identity matrix.
• glTranslatef(): Used to translate or move the rotation centre from one point to another
in three dimensions.
• glRotatef(): Used to rotate an object through a specified rotation angle.
• glBegin() , glEnd() : delimit the vertices of a primitive or a group of like primitives.

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

CHAPTER 5

INTRODUCTION TO TESTING

TESTING:

Verification and validation are a generic name given to checking processes, which
ensures that the software conforms to its specifications and meets the demands of users.

• Validation: Are we building the right product? Validation involves checking that the
program has implanted meets the requirement of the users.
• Verification: Verification involves checking that the program confirms to its
specification.

Results:

Several errors were detected and rectified and the whole project is working as it should have
to work with proper output and high efficiency.
Test Test Steps to Expected result Actual Pass/
case case execute the result Fail
ID test case

1 Window Double Click Changes to Changes Pass

Screen on ‘Sunrise’ Rising Sun to Rising
option Sun

2 Window Double Click Changes to Changes Pass

Screen on ‘Sunset’ Sundown to
option Sundown
3 Window Double Click Exit from the Exit from Pass
Screen on ‘EXIT’ Screen the Screen
option

Table 5.1 Testing for the “Nature Scenery with College Buildings” Project

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

CHAPTER 6

SNAPSHOTS

Figure 6.1: Nature Scenery with College Buildings front page

Starting display window when we build the program displaying the overview scene

. Figure 6.2: Nature Scenery with College Buildings Sunrise Window

Sunrise Window that is showing rising sun, birds, clouds, buildings with blue sky.

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

.
Figure 6.3. Nature Scenery with College Buildings Menu option Window

Window that is showing the Menu options like sunrise, sunset and exit provided for
the specific project

Figure 6.4. Nature Scenery with College Buildings Sunset Window

Sunset Window that is showing falling sun, birds, clouds, buildings with orange sky

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Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

CHAPTER 7

CONCLUSION AND FUTURE ENHANCEMENT

In conclusion, the provided code demonstrates a simple graphical application using OpenGL
and GLUT libraries. The application displays a scene with buildings, grass, and a sun that
moves across the sky. The user can switch between a sunrise and sunset view using a menu.

The code showcases fundamental concepts of OpenGL, including setting up the rendering
environment, drawing basic shapes, applying colors and lighting, handling user input, and
implementing basic animation. It provides a starting point for further exploration and
development of more complex graphical applications.

FUTURE ENHANCEMENT:

The future enhancements that can be made include:

• Mouse interaction can be improvised.

• User Interaction: Implement more interactive features such as allowing the user to
control the movement of objects or change the scene dynamically using keyboard or
mouse input.
• Additional Objects: Add more objects to the scene, such as trees, clouds, birds, or other
elements to create a more immersive environment.
• Textures: Apply textures to the objects to make them look more realistic and visually
appealing. For example, add texture to the buildings, grass, or sky.
• Shaders and Effects: Utilize advanced shading techniques, such as per-pixel lighting,
shadow mapping, or post-processing effects like bloom or depth of field, to enhance
the visual quality of the scene.
• Multiple Views: Implement multiple camera views to provide different perspectives of
the scene. This could include a first-person view or a top-down view, allowing the user
to switch between views.

Dept. Of CSE 18 NIEIT, Mysuru

Nature Scenery with College Buildings 2022-2023

BIBLOGRAPHY

BOOKS:

• Donald Hearn & Pauline Baker: Computer Graphics with OpenGL Version,
3rd / 4th Edition, Pearson Education, 2011.
• Edward Angel: Interactive Computer Graphics- A Top Down approach with
OpenGL, 5th edition. Pearson Education, 2008.
• James D Foley, Andries Van Dam, Steven K Feiner, John F Huges Computer
graphics with OpenGL: pearson education
• Xiang, Plastock : Computer Graphics , sham‟s outline series, 2nd edition, TMG.
• Kelvin Sung, Peter Shirley, steven Baer : Interactive Computer Graphics,
concepts and applications, Cengage Learning
• Angel, Edward, and Dave Shreiner. "Interactive Computer Graphics: A
Top-Down Approach with Shader-Based OpenGL." Addison-Wesley Professional,
2011.
• Hawkins, David. "OpenGL Programming Guide: The Official Guide to
Learning OpenGL, Version 4.5 with SPIR-V." Addison-Wesley Professional, 2016.
• Woo, Mason et al. "OpenGL Insights." CRC Press, 2012.

FURTHER LINKS:

• www.google.com
• https://opengl.org/

Dept. Of CSE 19 NIEIT, Mysuru