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Amit Sir All PDF
Amit Sir All PDF
Electrical Machines
Course Code: EEE 1205
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Basic Electrical Course
This is Lecture 1
12/22/2020 Amit Kumer Podder 2
Course Content
Electrical Engineering
Introduction to Electricity
Introduction to Ohm’s Law, Kirchoff’s Current Law and Kirchoff’s Voltage
Law
Alternative Current and AC quantities,
Steady state solution of single phase circuits (R, RL, and RLC)
RMS and Average values of AC quantities
Phasor Algebra
Electrical Machines
Induction Motors
Synchronous Machines
Servo-motors, Self-starter and Alternators
DC Machines
Transformers
Electricity
Experimental results reveal that the human body begins to react to currents of only a
few milliamperes. Although most individuals can withstand currents up to perhaps 10
mA for very short periods of time without serious side effects, any current over 10 mA
should be considered dangerous. Infact, currents of 50 mA can cause severe shock,
and currents of over 100 mA can be fatal.
In most cases the skin resistance of the body when dry is sufficiently high to limit the
current through the body to relatively safe levels for voltage levels typically found in
the home. However, be aware that when the skin is wet due to perspiration, bathing,
etc., or when the skin barrier is broken due to an injury, the skin resistance drops
dramatically, and current levels could rise to dangerous levels for the same voltage
shock.
In general, therefore, simply remember that water and electricity don’t mix.
Batteries
DC Voltage Source
Two factors that affect this rating, however, are the temperature and the rate of
discharge.
the capacity of a dc battery decreases with an increase in the current
demand
and
the capacity of a dc battery decreases at relatively (compared to room
temperature) low and high temperatures
DC Voltage Source
Generators
Power Supplies
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 2
Although current and voltage are the two basic variables in an electric circuit,
they are not sufficient by themselves.
For practical purposes, we need to know how much power an electric device
can handle. We all know from experience that a 100-watt bulb gives more light
than a 60-watt bulb.
We also know that when we pay our bills to the electric utility companies, we
are paying for the electric energy consumed over a certain period of time.
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 3
Ohm’s Law,
Kirchhoff's Voltage Law
&
Kirchhoff's Current Law
Laws of Resistance
v = iR = 0
A network with b branches, n nodes, and l independent loops will satisfy the
fundamental theorem of network topology
How many branches, nodes and loops does the circuit have?
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 4
The current flowing through the series network is simply I = V/R following Ohm’s Law.
Since the current is common to both resistors, (IR1 = IR2) we can calculate the voltage
dropped across resistor, R2 in the above series circuit as being:
As the source or total current equals the sum of the individual branch currents, then the
total current, IT flowing in the circuit is given by Kirchoffs current law KCL as being:
IT = IR1 + IR2
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Assignment
7. Three light bulbs are connected in series to a 100-V battery as shown in Figure.
Find the current I through the bulbs
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Assignment
10. As a design engineer, you are asked to design a lighting system consisting of a
70-W power supply and two light bulbs as shown in Fig. 2.118. You must
select the two bulbs from the following three available bulbs.
The system should be designed for minimum cost such that I = 1.2 A ± 5
percent.
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Thank
You
1/3/2021 Amit Kumer Podder 16
Course Name: Electrical Engineering &
Electrical Machines
Course Code: EEE 1205
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 5
Wye-Delta Conversion
&
Source Conversion
(i)
(ii)
(iii)
(iv)
(v)
(vi)
(vii)
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Wye-Delta Transformations
Delta to Wye Conversion
(viii)
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Wye-Delta Transformations
Wye to Delta Conversion
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Practice Problem
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit in Figure and use it to find
current i.
Solution:
In this circuit, there are two Y networks and one delta
network. Transforming just one of these will simplify the
circuit. If we convert the Y network comprising the 5Ω, 10
Ω, and 20 Ω resistors, we may select
Obtain the equivalent resistance Rab for the circuit in Figure and use it to find
current i.
The source which supplies the active power to the network is known as
the electrical source.
Independent sources are that which does not depend on any other quantity in the circuit.
They are two-terminal devices and has a constant value, i.e. the voltage across the two
terminals remains constant irrespective of all circuit conditions.
The strength of voltage or current is not changed by any variation in the connected
network.
In the Current Controlled Current Source, the current source is dependent on the
current of the branch another branch as shown in the figure
Source transformation also applies to dependent sources, provided we carefully handle the
dependent variable.
Convert the voltage source of Figure to a current source, and calculate the
current through the 4- load for each source
1/7/2021 22
Thank
You
1/7/2021 Amit Kumer Podder 23
Course Name: Electrical Engineering &
Electrical Machines
Course Code: EEE 1205
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 6 & 7
Nodal Analysis,
&
Mesh Analysis
2nd Step
Once we have selected a reference node, we assign voltage
designations to non-reference nodes.
2nd Step
We now apply Ohm’s law to express the unknown
currents i1, i2, and i3 in terms of node voltages.
3rd Step
The third step in nodal analysis is to solve for the node voltages.
Example
Calculate the node voltages in the circuit shown in
Figure
Example
Nodal analysis applies KCL to find unknown voltages in a given circuit, while
mesh analysis applies KVL to find unknown currents.
Mesh analysis is not quite as general as nodal analysis because it is only
applicable to a circuit that is planar.
A planar circuit is one that can be drawn in a plane with no branches
crossing one another; otherwise it is nonplanar.
A circuit may have crossing branches and still be planar if it can be redrawn
such that it has no crossing branches.
nonplanar
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Mesh Analysis
nonplanar
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Problem Solving Method
For the circuit in Figure below, find the branch currents I1, I2, and I3 using mesh analysis.
nonplanar
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Problem Solving Method
nonplanar
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Mesh Analysis with Current Source
Practical problem 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 4.5
1/18/2021 22
Thank
You
1/18/2021 Amit Kumer Podder 23
Course Name: Electrical Engineering &
Electrical Machines
Course Code: EEE 1205
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 8
Superposition
&
Basic of Capacitor
The principle of superposition helps us to analyze a linear circuit with more than
one independent source by calculating the contribution of each independent
source separately. However, to apply the superposition principle, we must keep two
things in mind:
Analyzing a circuit using superposition has one major disadvantage: it may very
likely involve more work. If the circuit has three independent sources, we may have
to analyze three simpler circuits each providing the contribution due to the
respective individual source. However, superposition does help reduce a complex
circuit to simpler circuits through replacement of voltage sources by short circuits
and of current sources by open circuits.
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Superposition Principle
For loop 1,
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Capacitor
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Capacitor
where C, the constant of proportionality, is known as the capacitance of the capacitor. The unit of
capacitance is the farad (F), in honor of the English physicist Michael Faraday (1791–1867).
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Capacitor
1. The surface area of the plates—the larger the area, the greater the
capacitance.
2. The spacing between the plates—the smaller the spacing, the greater the
capacitance.
3. The permittivity of the material—the higher the permittivity, the greater the
capacitance.
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Capacitor
So, the capacitor voltage depends on the past history of the capacitor current.
Hence, the capacitor has memory—a property that is often exploited.
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Capacitor
When the voltage across a capacitor is not changing with time (i.e., dc voltage),
the current through the capacitor is zero.
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Capacitor
When the voltage across a capacitor is not changing with time (i.e., dc voltage),
the current through the capacitor is zero.
The ideal capacitor does not dissipate energy. It takes power from the
circuit when storing energy in its field and returns previously stored
energy when delivering power to the circuit.
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Assignment
Practical problem 3.1, 3.2, 3.3, 3.4, 3.5, 3.6, 3.7, 4.5
2/1/2021 18
Thank
You
2/1/2021 Amit Kumer Podder 19
Course Name: Electrical Engineering &
Electrical Machines
Course Code: EEE 1205
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 9
At the instant the switch is closed, electrons are drawn from the top plate and deposited on
the bottom plate by the battery, resulting in a net positive charge on the top plate and a
negative charge on the bottom plate.
The transfer of electrons is very rapid at first, slowing down as the potential across the
capacitor approaches the applied voltage of the battery.
When the switch is closed at t = 0 s, the current jumps to a value limited only by the resistance
of the network and then decays to zero as the plates are charged.
At the instant the switch is closed, we can also surmise that a capacitor behaves as a
short circuit the moment the switch is closed in a dc charging network
where L is the constant of proportionality called the inductance of the inductor. The
unit of inductance is the henry (H), named in honor of the American inventor Joseph
Henry (1797–1878).
Integrating gives
The inductor is designed to store energy in its magnetic field. The power delivered
to the inductor is
Consider the circuit in Fig. Under dc conditions, find: (a) i, vC, and iL, (b) the
energy stored in the capacitor and inductor.
Under dc conditions, we replace the capacitor with an open circuit and the inductor with a short
circuit
The voltage vC is the same as the voltage across the 5 ohm resistor. Hence,
Consider the circuit in Fig. Under dc conditions, find: (a) i, vC, and iL, (b) the
energy stored in the capacitor and inductor.
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 10
AC Circuit
For the generation of electric power, all over the world the sinusoidal voltage and
current are selected because of the following reasons are given below.
❑ The sinusoidal voltage and current produce low iron and copper losses in the
transformer and rotating electrical machines, which in turns improves the
efficiency of the AC machines.
❑ They offer less interference to the nearby communication system.
❑ They produce less disturbance in the electrical circuit.
Cycle: One complete set of positive and negative values of an alternating quantity is
called a cycle
Phase
The phase of an alternating quantity is defined as the divisional part of a cycle
through which the quantity moves forward from a selected origin.
When the two quantities have the same frequency, and their maximum and minimum
point achieve at the same point, then the quantities are said to have in the same
phase.
Phase Difference
The two alternating quantities have phase difference when they have the
same frequency, but they attain their zero value at the different instant. The
angle between zero points of two alternating quantities is called angle of
phase differences.
R Branch
Power
Power
Power
Power
It has been seen that power is consumed only in resistance. A pure inductor and a pure
capacitor do not consume any power since in a half cycle whatever power is received from
the source by these components, the same power is returned to the source. This power
which returns and flows in both the direction in the circuit, is called Reactive power. This
reactive power does not perform any useful work in the circuit.
2/10/2021 Amit Kumer Podder 18
Thank
You
2/10/2021 Amit Kumer Podder 19
Course Name: Electrical Engineering &
Electrical Machines
Course Code: EEE 1205
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 12
Vectors are physical quantity which have magnitude, direction and above all which
follows the triangle law of addition of two vectors.
As current have both magnitude and direction but they do not follow the triangle
law of addition of two vectors, hence current is a scalar. Same argument applies with
voltage.
Electrical quantities such as voltage and current are scalar quantities. However, their values
changes over time in a sinusoidal way.
V = VmSinωt
If we see this voltage on Voltage and Time axis, we find that magnitude of voltage varies
from –Vm to +Vm with respect to time
When the sinusoidally varying quantities are shown by the rotating vectors then this is
called phasor diagram. And the vector in this form is called phasor.
These quantities may or may not be vector. These vectors are imagined to rotate with
angular velocity equal to angular frequency of those quantities. The length of these
vector gives the magnitude of that quantities.
Phasor diagram is used to compare two quantitise. For example in case of voltage and
current in an ac circuit, phasor diagram is used to show whether current is lagging
behind or leading.
A vector is a physical quantity that has both magnitude and direction (x, y, z; or
polar coordinates). A phasor is a mathematical quantity created in electronics to
explain AC behavior; it has magnitude and phase (units in degrees or radians). The
phase has nothing to do with the angle in polar coordinates.
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 14
Network Theorem
(Thevenin’s Theorem &
Norton’s Theorem)
Case 1
If the network has no dependent sources, we turn off all independent sources. RTh is the
input resistance of the network looking between terminals a and b, as shown in Figure
Case 2
If the network has dependent sources, we turn off all independent sources. As with
superposition, dependent sources are not to be turned off because they are
controlled by circuit variables.
We apply a voltage source vo at terminals a and b and determine the resulting
current io. Then RTh = vo/io, as shown in Figure.
we may assume any value of vo and io. For example, we may use vo = 1 V or io = 1
A, or even use unspecified values of vo or io.
It often occurs that RTh takes a negative value. In this case, the negative
resistance (v = -iR) implies that the circuit is supplying power.
The current 𝐼𝐿 through the load and the voltage 𝑉𝐿 across the load are easily determined
once the Thevenin equivalent of the circuit at the load’s terminals is obtained
Dependent and independent sources are treated the same way as in Thevenin’s theorem
Alternatively
Conducted By
Amit Kumer Podder
Assistant Professor,
Department of Electrical and Electronic Engineering,
Khulna University of Engineering & Technology,
Khulna-9203.
1
Lecture 15
Proof
For a given circuit, VTh and RTh are fixed. By varying the load resistance RL, the power
delivered to the load varies as sketched in Figure below
Proof
To prove the maximum power transfer theorem, we differentiate p with respect to RL and
set the result equal to zero. We obtain
Proof
Through the application of Millman’s theorem, any number of parallel voltage sources can
be reduced to one.
This would permit finding the current through or voltage across RL without having to apply
a method such as mesh analysis, nodal analysis, superposition, and so on
Step 1: Convert all voltage sources to current sources as outlined in Figure below
Step 2: Combine parallel current sources. The resulting network is shown in Figure below
14
Thank
You
3/17/2021 Amit Kumer Podder 15