Jute 2

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING
Course No.: Tex 400

Course Title: Project Work
Academic Semester: Fall 2022
Project Report on
Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using Polyvynyl Alcohol (PVA) &

Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc)
Submitted by
Student No. Name of the student
190106004 Shuvo Sutradhar

190106121 Md Hafizullah Sabbir
190106158 Jubair Hosen Tamal
190106181 Md.Rahmatullah
Supervised by
Mr. Md. Arif Mahmud Dr. A. K. M. Mobarok Hossain

Assistant Professor Assistant Professor
AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

October 2023
Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. ii

ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS
Before anything else, we would want to thank Almighty Allah for granting us the ability to
effectively finish the project work.
We want to thank our respected supervisor from the bottom of our hearts. The project work was completed
with the help of Mr. Md. Arif Mahmud (Assistant Professor, Department of Textile Engineering,
Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology) and Dr. A. K. M. Mobarok Hossain
(Associate Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and

Technology) for their unwavering support, appropriate direction, and insightful suggestions.
Finally, we would like to extend our profound gratitude to Dr. Lal Mohan Baral (Professor and
Head, Department of Textile Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and Technology) for
his unwavering support and inspiring impact.
Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. iii

Table of Contents
ACKNOWLEDGEMENTS ........................................................................................................................... 3
ABSTRACT................................................................................................................................................ 2
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 3
Introduction .................................................................................................................................. 4
Objectives...................................................................................................................................... 6
Background study.......................................................................................................................... 7
CHAPTER 2 : Literature Review ............................................................................................................ 8
Fabric ............................................................................................................................................. 9
Weaving ........................................................................................................................................ 9
Jute .............................................................................................................................................. 10
Attributes of Jute ................................................................................................................ 11
Jute Weaving ....................................................................................................................... 11
Uses of Jute ......................................................................................................................... 12
Coating ........................................................................................................................................ 13
Coated Fabric ...................................................................................................................... 13
Coating Techniques ............................................................................................................. 14
Coating Chemical ........................................................................................................................ 15
PVA ...................................................................................................................................... 16
Chemical structure of PVA .................................................................................................. 16
PVAc .................................................................................................................................... 17
Chemical Structure of PVAc ................................................................................................ 17
Softener....................................................................................................................................... 18
CHAPTER 3 : MATERIALS AND METHODS .......................................................................................... 19
General information of jute fabric for the project ...................................................................... 20

Sample preparation..................................................................................................................... 21
Process of coating on jute fabric................................................................................................. 22
Machines Used ............................................................................................................................ 23
Electric weight balance ....................................................................................................... 23
Function of Electric Weight balance : ................................................................................................. 23
GSM Cutter.......................................................................................................................... 24
Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. iv

Oven Dryer .......................................................................................................................... 25
Titan universal strength Tester ........................................................................................... 26
Abrasion Tester ................................................................................................................... 27
Equipment used .................................................................................................................. 28
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) ............................................................................................................... 29
Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) ............................................................................................................. 30
Test Procedure ............................................................................................................................ 31
Determination of EPI and PPI .............................................................................................. 31
Determination of Fabric Weight ......................................................................................... 31
Determination of Tensile Strength ..................................................................................... 32
Determination of Martindale Abrasion Tester .................................................................... 33
Tear Test.............................................................................................................................. 34
Bending Length Test............................................................................................................ 34
Water Vapor Transmission Rate Test.................................................................................. 35
CHAPTER 4 : Result & Discussion ....................................................................................................... 36
GSM Test ..................................................................................................................................... 37

Bending length Test .................................................................................................................... 39
Measurement of Bending length variation of jute samples ............................................... 39
Flexural Rigidity ........................................................................................................................... 40
Tensile Test ................................................................................................................................. 41
Measurement of breaking force variation in weft direction of jute samples: .................... 46
Measurement of extension (%) variation in weft direction of jute samples ...................... 47
Tear test: ..................................................................................................................................... 49
Measurement of Tear force variation in warp direction of jute samples ........................... 49
Measurement of tear force variation in weft direction of jute samples ............................ 51
Abrasion test: .............................................................................................................................. 53
Measurement of weight-loss (%) variation of jute samples ............................................... 53
Vapour test.................................................................................................................................. 55
CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION ................................................................................................................. 58
Key Findings ................................................................................................................................ 59

Future Possibility ......................................................................................................................... 59
Conclusion ................................................................................................................................... 60
Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. v

CHAPTER 6 : References .................................................................................................................... 61
References .................................................................................................................................. 62
CHAPTER 7 : ANNEXURE .................................................................................................................... 67
Total weight value taken from the observation ......................................................................... 68

Values taken from Breaking Strength & Elongation at break testing ......................................... 69
Table of Collected Data for Abrasion Resistance ........................................................................ 70
Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. vi

List of Tables
Table 3.2.1: Amount of all the chemical (%) ............................................................................................... 21

Table 3.2: Specifications of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) ................................................................................... 29
Table 3.7: Specifications of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) ................................................................................. 30
Table 4.1.1: Measurement of GSM variation of jute samples .................................................................... 37
Table 4.3.1 Flexural Rigidity ........................................................................................................................ 40
Table 4.3.1: Measurement of breaking force variation in warp direction of jute samples. ....................... 42
4.4.1: Measurement of extension (%) variation in warp direction of jute samples ................................... 44
Table 4.71: Table of Collected Data for Water Transmission Rate ............................................................. 55
Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. vii

List of Figure
Figure 3.5: Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) ............................................................................................................. 29
Figure 3.3: Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc) ........................................................................................................... 30
Figure 4.1: GSM variation of jute samples with different chemical concentration .................................... 38
Figure 4.3: Extension (%) variation in warp direction of jute samples with different chemical
concentration .............................................................................................................................................. 45
Figure 4.3: Breaking force (N) variation in weft direction of jute samples with different chemical
concentration .............................................................................................................................................. 46
Figure 4.4: Extension % variation in weft direction of jute samples with different chemical
concentration .............................................................................................................................................. 48
Figure 4.5:Tear force variation of jute samples in warp direction with different chemicalconcentration 50
Figure 4.6: Tear force variation of jute samples in weft direction with different chemical concentration 51
1
Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA) & Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc)
ABSTRACT
Jute fabric presents a lot of benefits due to its wonderful property, pollution free environment and
especially contributes to a sustainable development and it’s high strength.Despite the many
advantages of jute, it cannot be used in all cases.Due to it’s poor abrasion resistance and other
limitation.The goal of this project is to develop a coated fabric that is eco-friendly and reduces the
problems of jute fabric.Various samples have been prepared in combination of PVA, PVAc and
softener.Several tests were executed like tensile test, tear test, abrasion test, & GSM
test.Application of the coating increased the GSM of the fabric from 497 to 686 due to addition of
the chemical.Bending length showed that addition of PVA-PVAc made the fabric rigid which was
evident in bending test result and the fabric became flexible when softener was added.The results
from tensile test revealed that the strength of the raw jute (which had the strength of 1012.54N)
was improved to 1569.15 N with the addition of the PVA and PVAc.Tear strength also improved
from 84.05 N to 257.52 N.From the abrasion test, the weight loss percentage (%) of raw jute
sample was 3.07%, where with the addition of PVA,PVAc and softener made a reduction weight
loss in jute samples and the lowest was o.57%.
2
CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION
3
Introduction
Woven fabric of jute is gaining popularity due to its environmentally friendly properties and wide
range of applications in industries such as textiles, ropes, sacks, and agricultural industries[1]. Jute
fabric is a type of textile material made from the jute plant. There are several different botanical
forms of jute, but Corchorus Olitorius is one of the main species used to make jute material. Even
if it is more challenging to expand, jute of the Corchorus Capsularis species is regarded as being
superior [2]. Jute, a bast fiber derived from the stem of the jute plant, is known for its high gloss,
good moisture absorption performance, rapid dehydration capacity, and easy degradation.problem
of jute woven fabric.However, one common problem with jute woven fabric is its susceptibility to
damage from prolonged exposure to moisture and humidity. This can lead to weakening of the
fabric and potential loss of its structural integrity.jute fabric has high porosity and can easily
accumulate dirt and dust particles..Jute woven fabric has gap issues due to its less permeable
structure and higher thickness compared to other woven fabrics. This issue can be addressed by
applying suitable coatings or finishes to the jute fabric to enhance its moisture resistance and
prevent accumulation of dirt and dust particles. Because jute is a harsh fiber, it cannot be used for
clothing unless it through a lengthy production process. Jute, on the other hand, is perfect for
industrial applications due to its resilience and roughness. The majority of jute fabric varieties have
loose weaves made of thick yarn. While jute absorbs water quickly, it also dries swiftly and is
highly resistant to stains and abrasion [3].Coating it with biodegradable materials like PVA,
PVAc,rubber, cellulose, and starch can yield satisfying results and make it more versatile. This is
an eco-friendly alternative to plastic, which poses environmental challenges due to its non-
biodegradable nature. Bio-composites are inexpensive, recyclable and, possess low density and
strength-to-weight ratio[4].Using a biodegradable coating like PVA is a step in the right direction
to make jute more flexible and environmentally friendly [5].A coated fabric is one that has
undergone a process to improve or add to its existing properties. These fabrics are coated with a
material that makes the surface of the fabrics more resistant to damage, as opposed to having a
reinforcing fiber woven directly into the fabric [6]. A layer of substance can be applied to the
surface of a fabric using a variety of coating techniques. These methods include of immersion
coating,dip coating, spray coating, and roller coating [7]. Since the dawn of time, coated textiles
and fabrics have been employed for a variety of uses, including liquid containers, protective
apparel, shelters, and other coverings. The characteristics of a coated fabric are influenced by the
4
type and content of the coating, the textile substrate's makeup, and the coating technique
utilized.When jute cloth is coated with a natural material, there is a great ecological balance and
no additional pollutants.Both products have a carbon effect because they are made from natural
resources. However, no exploration Investigations into extremely thin covering have been
conducted. The majority of the works mentioned above are based on between 30% and 50% of the
total weight of thick coatings and laminates. The versatility of the design has resulted in significant
breakthroughs in fabric coating technologies [8].
In an era of growing environmental consciousness and the imperative to reduce the ecological
footprint of our everyday products, the development of eco-friendly solutions for packaging
materials has never been more critical. This project aims to address this pressing need by exploring
the use of PVA (Polyvinyl Alcohol) and PVAc (Polyvinyl Acetate) coatings on fabric, with the
specific goal of creating sustainable and environmentally responsible packaging
materials.Traditional packaging materials, such as plastics and non-biodegradable synthetics, have
raised significant concerns due to their detrimental impact on our planet. They contribute to
pollution, resource depletion, and the generation of non-recyclable waste. In contrast, PVA and
PVAc are water-based adhesives that offer an eco-friendly alternative to these issues. .Polyvinyl
alcohol (PVA) in jute coating serves several functions, acting as a binding agent that enhances
adhesion, increases stiffness and strength, provides moisture resistance, imparts flexibility, and
offers barrier properties, all of which improve the performance and durability of the jute-
coated material[9].
This project endeavors to harness the potential of PVA and PVAc to coat fabric materials,
particularly jute, a renewable and biodegradable natural fiber. By employing these adhesives, we
aim to develop a coating solution that not only provides effective and durable packaging but also
aligns with eco-conscious principles. Such eco-friendly coatings can significantly reduce the
environmental footprint associated with packaging materials and contribute to a more
sustainable future.
5
Objectives
• To develop a coating resin using different types of eco friendly chemical

• Application of coating material onto the fabric
• To analyze the different mechanical properties
6
Background study
• Development of Modified Coated Jute Fabric (2018): Md. Arif Mahmud has
presented research findings regarding the application of a modified coating on jute
fabric. Jute bags and sacks are widely utilized in our daily lives; however, they pose
significant environmental challenges due to their non-biodegradable nature. While
jute itself serves as a promising alternative owing to its biodegradability, its usage
for transporting wet or granular goods proves impractical. In response to this issue,
a viable solution has been devised. This solution entails the application of a
biodegradable layer, derived from modified starch, onto one side of the jute fabric.
The introduction of glycerin as a plasticizer facilitates the accessibility of this
coating. Throughout the modification process, various quantities of glycerin, drying
durations, and temperatures were experimentally examined to ascertain the optimal
chemical composition and reaction conditions [10].
• Development of Suitable Production System for Natural Rubber Coated Jute

FabricNovel End Uses (2005: The collaboration between the project group at the
Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur and the National Jute Board of India has
resulted in the application of a fine layer of rubber on a specific grade of jute fabric
through the manipulation of rubber concentration. The outcome of their efforts has
yielded an extremely thin yet effective natural rubber coating on the jute fabric,
which has also enhanced the fabric's ability to withstand adverse weather conditions.
Furthermore, the presence of fibers on the jute fabric has been eliminated, and the
fabric has exhibited improved wear characteristics, a significant reduction in
abrasion, and enhanced mechanical properties, including tensile strength, bursting
strength, and tear strength [11].
7
CHAPTER 2 : Literature Review
8
This comprehensive literature review delves into the various aspects and characteristics of jute,
including its properties, weaving techniques, and diverse applications. By shedding light on the
significance of jute as a major textile fiber, this review aims to highlight its immense potential as
a raw material for non-traditional and value-added non-textile products. Furthermore, the
extraction process of jute fibers from the stem and the subsequent classification of these fibers
based on quality are thoroughly examined and analyzed. Moreover, in addition to the extensive
coverage of jute, this review also provides an introduction to the concept of PVA,PVAc expanding
the scope of discussion to include other relevant topics within the realm of fibers and materials.
Lastly, this review touches upon the concept of coated fabric, emphasizing the coating process and
its significant role in enhancing the functionality and properties of fabrics, thus adding another
layer of depth to the overall understanding of textile materials.
Fabric
Fabric refers to a flexible material typically composed of yarn or thread that is combined through
weaving, knitting, or bonding processes to form a sturdy and cohesive structure. Fabric is a versatile
material that can be utilized in various industries, including fashion, textiles, and manufacturing.
The use of fabric is widespread, with applications ranging from clothing and household textiles to
industrial and medical textiles [12].
Weaving
Weaving is the process of interlacing threads or yarns to create a fabric. It involves vertically
passing warps and horizontally passing wefts according to a predetermined pattern, with the
intersection points between these strands called floatpoints. This technique produces woven fabrics
that are widely used in various industries within the textile sector.It is a method of fabric
production that involves interlacing two sets of yarns called warp and weft[13].
The warp yarns are stretched on a loom vertically, while the weft yarns are woven horizontally
through the warp to create a fabric[14].
9
Jute
Jute, a natural fiber derived from the jute plant, is an important commodity in various industries
due to its unique characteristics and versatility[15]. Jute, composed of 65% cellulose and 35%
natural waxes, oils, and cements, is a vegetable fiber that can be spun into sack cloth[16]. This
versatile material used to be known as the "golden fiber" of Bangladesh, as it brought much-needed
foreign income to the impoverished nation. Moreover, jute has recently garnered attention as a
potential reinforcement for polymer composites, making it an attractive option for diversification
in the jute industry[17]. Jute gains recent attention as a potential reinforcement for polymer
composites due to its unique characteristics, such as low cost, low density, acceptable specific
properties, enhanced energy recovery, CO2 neutrality, biodegradability, and recyclable nature[18].
Furthermore, jute is abundantly available and inexpensive, making it the most useful and
commercially viable natural fiber in Bangladesh. Jute fibers, being polar and hydrophilic in nature
due to the presence of hydroxyl groups in their cellulose backbone, exhibit higher mechanical
properties, stiffness, and lightweight compared to other natural fibers[19]. In addition, jute fibers
have been successfully used as reinforcement in composite materials due to their high mechanical
properties and stiffness. The potential of jute fiber-reinforced composites has garnered significant
attention among composite scientists due to their specific properties, including high mechanical
properties, stiffnessstiffness, and low cost. In academic and industrial research, jute fiber has
attracted significant attention as a potential reinforcement in polymer composites[20]. Jute fiber-
reinforced composites have proven to be versatile materials with excellent mechanical properties,
stiffness, and lightweight characteristics[19].
10
Attributes of Jute
Jute is a unique fiber with several notable attributes.
First, jute is known for its high mechanical properties, stiffness, and lightweight nature. These
characteristics make jute fibers an excellent choice for reinforcing polymer composites, as they
can enhance the mechanical and thermal properties of the material.
Second, jute fibers are polar and hydrophilic in nature, which is advantageous in certain
applications such as filtration and absorption. In addition, jute fibers have the ability to recover
energy and are CO2 neutral, making them environmentally friendly. Furthermore, jute fibers are
cost-effective and readily available, making them a valuable option for composite industries.
Moreover, jute fibers have the added advantage of being biodegradable and recyclable, further
enhancing their appeal in today's sustainability-focused world. Despite these advantageous
attributes, it is important to acknowledge that jute fibers also possess some negative features. These
include high moisture absorption, poor compatibility with hydrophobic polymer matrices like
polyester and epoxy, vulnerability to attack by microbes and fungi, and susceptibility to UV
degradation.Overall, jute fiber has tremendous potential for application in polymer composites due
to its unique combination of properties. Overall, jute fiber has received significant attention in
academic and industrial research as a potential reinforcement in polymer composites [21].
Jute Weaving
Weaving is a process of interlacement of two series of threads called "warp" and "weft" yarns to
produce the fabric of desired quality. There are separate looms for hessian and sacking in weaving
section. The Hessian looms, shuttle which contents cops (weft yarn) is manually changed. The
sacking looms are equipped with eco-loader to load a cop automatically into the shuttle [22].
11
Uses of Jute
Jute, a natural fiber plant belonging to the Malvaceae family, is mainly cultivated in Bangladesh,
India, and China[23]. Jute has been utilized in various industries and applications due to its
affordability, versatility, and eco-friendly nature.One of the major uses of jute is in the
manufacturing of commercial items such as gunny bags, Hessian for carpet backing, and
decorative fabrics[24]. These products not only provide cost-effective packaging and storage
solutions but also promote eco-consciousness by being biodegradable and renewable.Jute is used
in the textile industry for creating household textiles, including curtains, upholstery, and rugs. The
strong and durable nature of jute fiber makes it suitable for making ropes, twines, and cordage.
Furthermore, jute fibers have been used in the production of technical textiles, which are materials
designed for specific applications such as geotextiles and agrotextiles.For food/non-food item
packaging jute is not used because its coarse texture and lack of moisture resistance may not be
suitable for preserving the quality and freshness of products.Apart from its applications in the
textile and packaging industries, jute has also found use in other sectors.Jute used to make sacks
is also being utilized in the construction industry as an eco-friendly alternative to synthetic
materials[25].
12
Coating
Coating refers to the process of applying a layer of material onto a surface in order to enhance its
appearance, protect it from damage, or provide additional functional properties.
Coating can be applied to various substrates, including fabrics, metals, and surfaces of objects.In
the context of textile coating, PVA (polyvinyl acetate) is a commonly used polymer for coating
fabrics. The purpose of coating fabrics is to improve their performance and durability by adding
specific properties to the base fabric. Some of the most commonly used polymers for textile coating
include natural and synthetic rubber, polyurethane, polyvinyl chloride, polyacryl, and polyvinyl
acetate[26].
Coated Fabric
Coated fabric is a type of fabric that has been treated with a layer of coating material, such as PVC
or polyurethane. This coating is applied to the surface of the fabric in order to enhance its
performance and add specific properties. For example, the coating can make the fabric waterproof
or water-resistant, increase its durability and strength, provide insulation or heat resistance,
improve its appearance.jute can also be coated to enhance its properties and increase its durability
in jute composites[27]. The physical properties of a coated fabric depend on various factors,
including the specific properties of the substrate fabric, the formulation of the coating material, the
technique.
13
Coating Techniques
Various methods can be employed to apply adhesives, such as dip coating, brushing, roll coating,
and spraying.
I. Dip Coating
Dip coating can be performed manually or automatically in applications that require a large
volume of production. In this process, the parts are submerged in a tank containing a liquid
polymer and subsequently withdrawn at a consistent rate under controlled temperatures
and atmospheric conditions. It is imperative that the surfaces are devoid of any impurities
before engaging in the dip coating procedure. This cost-effective method ensures a
uniform, high-quality coating on substrates of various shapes and sizes, including those
with extensive surface areas.
I. Brushing
The successful implementation of a commonly used method for applying coatings necessitates
the presence of skilled personnel who possess the necessary expertise. Additionally, the optimal
distribution and leveling of the liquid polymer is dependent upon the utilization of suitable
brushes and bristles. The dimensions, form, and angle of the brush must be taken into
consideration when attempting to cover irregular surface areas, such as edges, corners, welds,
and piping. It is essential that the brushes are thoroughly cleansed prior to usage. The advantages
of employing this method include minimal wastage, low initial investment, and cost-
effectiveness, particularly in the context of short production cycles.
II. Roll Coating
Paint rollers are utilized for the manual application of coatings on expansive, level surfaces. To
achieve optimal results, it is advisable to employ roller covers and frames of the highest quality.
Achieving precise control over film thickness can prove challenging when using a paint roller.
However, automated roll coating equipment such as direct roller coaters and reverse rolling
machines offer a viable solution for applying liquid polymeric coatings uniformly and consistently
on flat surfaces, particularly for high-volume production. Several crucial factors need to be
14
considered when selecting the appropriate machine, including the type of substrate, substrate
thickness/width, whether a full or partial coat is desired, and the operational speed.
III. Spraying
A variety of economical and versatile coating processes can be utilized for parts of varying types,
sizes, and shapes, including those with large surface areas. To address specific requirements such
as the desired film thickness, different types of spray guns and equipment, such as conventional
sprays, can be employed to optimize material usage. One of the advantages of utilizing spraying
as a coating process is the ability to achieve it from a vertical angle, thereby contributing to a safer
work environment. However, there are certain common issues that may arise during the spraying
process, including sagging, orange peel appearance, uneven spraying, pinholes, spluttering, and
overspray. To ensure good atomization and flow, it is essential to carefully adhere to control
features [28].
Coating Chemical
Coating chemicals are substances used to apply coatings or layers to various surfaces, typically
to provide protection, enhance aesthetics, or add specific properties to the
substrate.PVA,PVAc,starch are some some coating chemicals.
15
PVA
Polyvinyl Alcohol is a synthetic polymer that is water-soluble and commonly used in various industries due to
its adhesive, film forming, and emulsifying properties [29]. Polyvinyl alcohol is a synthetic polymer derived
from the hydrolysis of polyvinyl acetate, a widely used monomer in the production of various types of resins
and plastics. Additionally, Polyvinyl Alcohol is biocompatible, biodegradable and non-toxic. Polyvinyl alcohol
is a versatile polymer that has excellent properties such as poor permeability, good water absorption capability,
and solubility in water, making it suitable for use in various industrial and agricultural applications [30].
Polyvinyl Alcohol is often used in food packaging due to its flexibility, low permeability, high water absorption
capacity, and high tensile strength [31].
Chemical structure of PVA
Polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) is an odorless and tasteless, translucent, white or cream-colored granular powder,
which is discovered by Herrman and Haehnel in 1928 [32]. PVA is a water-soluble, nontoxic, semicrystalline,
biocompatible, and biodegradable polymer. It is widely utilized for various applications such as textile sizing,
paper coating, flexible water-soluble packaging films, controlled drug delivery systems, dialysis membrane,
wound dressing, and artificial skin. This broad range of applications is due to its outstanding properties such as
high oxygen and aroma barrier properties, high tensile strength and flexibility, excellent film forming,
emulsifying, and adhesive properties [33,34]. The melting point of PVA is 230°C and 180–190°C for the fully
hydrolyzed and partially hydrolyzed grades, respectively. Its decomposition temperature is above 200°C and it
can undergo pyrolysis at high temperatures. The vinyl alcohol tautomerizes to acetaldehyde, which is more
stable than vinyl alcohol at room temperature. Thus, PVA is not built up in polymerization reactions from vinyl
alcohol monomer. The basic monomer for PVA is vinyl acetate (VA). This polymer is prepared by the
polymerization of VA to poly(vinyl acetate) (PVAc), followed by hydrolysis of PVAc to PVA with the use of
either acid or base as a catalyst [35,36]. The sequence of reactions is shown in Fig.
16
Figure 2.5.2.A :Synthesis of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
PVAc
PVAc stands for Polyvinyl Acetate, which is a type of synthetic polymer commonly used in adhesives, paints,
and coating.PVAc coating refers to the application of a layer of Polyvinyl Acetate on a surface for various
purposes, such as improving adhesion or providing a protective barrier. PVAc coating can be used on a variety
of materials, including wood, paper, and fabric, to enhance their properties and performance. PVAc coating is
often preferred for its excellent adhesion, flexibility, and water resistance[37].Some advantages of PVAc
coating include its outstanding adhesion properties, which allow it to bond well with various substrates. PVAc
coating also provides good flexibility, allowing it to withstand movements and expansions without cracking or
peeling. Additionally, PVAc coating is known for its water resistance, providing a protective barrier against
moisture and humidity. PVAc is classified as non-toxic, making it safe for use in various applications, including
those that come into contact with food or skin[38].
Chemical Structure of PVAc
The chemical structure of PVAc, or poly(vinyl acetate), is a polymer derived from the polymerization of vinyl
acetate monomers.The repeating unit of PVAc is composed of a vinyl acetate monomer, which consists of a
vinyl group (CH2=CH-) and an acetate group (CH3COO-). When multiple vinyl acetate monomers polymerize,
they form a chain-like structure where the vinyl groups and acetate groups alternate. This allows the PVAc
polymer to have a flexible and amorphous structure. PVAc is widely used in various industries due to its
excellent adhesion and coating properties, as well as its biocompatibility and slight foreign-body reactions in
vivo[39].
17
Figure 2.5.4.A : Chemical Structure of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc)
Softener
The use of softener in fabric coating is essential for enhancing the hand and strength of the fabrics.
It can significantly improve the softness degree, tear strength retention, resiliency, dye receptivity, and smooth
drying properties of the finished fabrics. Additionally, the softener acts as a protective film that coats the
cellulosic fibers, thereby increasing fabric resiliency and reducing interyarn friction[40].This coating also helps
in facilitating fiber slippage and improving mobility within the fabric structure, leading to increased tear strength
retention. Furthermore, the softener interacts with other ingredients in the finishing formulation, modifying the
crosslinked cellulose structure and increasing bound nitrogen while decreasing carboxyl groups.
18
CHAPTER 3 : MATERIALS AND METHODS
19
General information of jute fabric for the project
❖ PPI (Picks Per Inch) = 14
❖ EPI (Ends Per Inch) = 14 (double)
❖ Warp Count =8 spindle/lb
❖ Weft Count = 8 spindle/lb
20
Sample preparation
Fabric sample were used for the test. All the samples were made using
(w/w) solution.
Table 3.2.1: Amount of all the chemical (%)
No. of sample PVA % PVAc % Softener %
Sample 1 (Raw) 0 0 0
Sample 2 10 0 0
Sample 3 9.6 1.6 0
Sample 4 9.2 3.2 0
Sample 5 9.2 3.2 0.6
Sample 6 9.2 3.2 1.2
21
Process of coating on jute fabric
Resin preparation
Application on Fabric
Drying of fabric
Final product
Working procedure of Coating
➢ At first the samples were cut of 15 cm width and 12 cm length was taken.
➢ Then dip the fabric into the solution.Coating both side of the fabric properly.
➢ Then dried the fabric in an oven at a required temperature (130°c)
➢ Finally very thin layer coating of natural coating on jute fabric has been achieved
and improvement in the weather resistance properties of coated jute fabric.
Removal of hairiness of jute fabric. We also achieved substantial reduction in
abrasion loss of jute fabric, Good drape property of jute fabric improvement of
mechanical properties.
22
Machines Used
Electric weight balance
Manufacturer: AND GULF
Capacity: 600 gm
Model: EK600 Dual
Origin: U.A.E
Figure 3.5.A :Electric weight balance
Function of Electric Weight balance :
It's a medical instrument used for measuring of weight, the weight wanted to be measured in
laboratories are usually chemicals and sometimes be specimens. The unit used in all balances are
the metric units: this meaning that balances uses grams, milligrams,micrograms, kilograms.
23
GSM Cutter
Manufacturer: James H Heal

Country of origin: England
Figure 3.5.B :GSM Cutter
Function of GSM cutter :
The GSM Cutter is a textile testing machine that uses a weighing scale and a GSM pad to
determine fabric GSM. This fabric sample cutter helps to evaluate the product quality by cutting
the specimen in a circular shape.
24
Oven Dryer
Manufacturer: Tuttlier
Brand name: Binder Country
of origin: Germany
Figure 3.5.C:Oven Dryer
Function of Oven Dryer:
A drying oven is a heated chamber used to remove water, moisture, and other solvents from
objects. These ovens typically have a fan or turbine which sparks the convection process that
heats and dries the materials inside.
25
Titan universal strength Tester
Manufacturer: James H Heal

Capacity (tension & compression):
5000N, 500kgf and 1100 lbf.
Measuring principal: constant rate of
extension (CRE)
Test/ Return/Jog speed: 1-

2000mm/min
Speed accuracy: 0.005

Maximum stroke: 560 mm with T-27
grips fitted
Total vertical space: 700 mm with no
grips fitted Figure 3.5.D:Titan universal strength
Country of origin: England Tester
Function of Titan universal strength tester:

Titan is a Universal Strength tester which has been designed for accuracy, efficiency and ease of
use. Tensile testing is used to understand and determine the maximum load that a material can
withstand. The sample is subjected to a controlled tension until failure.
26
Abrasion Tester
Manufacturer: SDL international &Co

Ltd.
Country of Origin: England
Figure 3.5.E:Abrasion Tester
Function of Abrasion tester:

The abrasion testing machine simulates abrasion condition which is used to evaluate the effect of
abrasion resistance of concrete and concrete materials. The test is used to determine the abrasion
resistance in terms of wear depth of concrete in mm. The machine can be used in laboratory
as well as field
27
Equipment used
Counting glass
Figure 3.5.F : Counting Glass
Function of Counting Glass:
A pick glass also known as a piece glass is a magnifying glass helpful in counting thread count.
It is used to determine the number of yarns in warp and weft in woven fabrics and courses and
wales in knitted fabrics.
28
Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
Used as the primary adhesive chemical.
Figure 3.6.A: Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
Table 3.2: Specifications of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)
Particulars Specification
Trade Name PVA
Form Liquid
Concentration 5% solution
29
Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc)
Used as the secondary adhesive chemical.
Figure 3.7.A: Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc)
Table 3.7: Specifications of Polyvinyl Acetate (PVAc)
Particulars Specification
Trade Name PVAc
Form Liquid
Concentration 20% solution
30
Test Procedure
Determination of EPI and PPI
Test Method: ASTM D3775
Procedure:
➢ The test samples were spread on a flat surface.
➢ Then the counting glass was placed on various areas, both warp and
weft direction ofthe EPI and PPI were counted.
➢ Then this process was then repeated for another two times for each
sample in order toget accurate results.
Determination of Fabric Weight
Test Method: ASTM D3776
Procedure:
➢ Each test sample was placed on the board.
➢ Then the samples were cut by using GSM cutter. 1inch distance from
the selvedgearea and cut was avoided during cutting.
➢ Each sample was then weighted on precision electronic balance carefully.
➢ The result of the weight was then multiplied by 100 in order to get the
result in g/m²,as the cutting area of the cutter was 100 cm².
➢ Then the results were divided by 33.906 to convert the result from g/m² to
oz/yd.
➢ The procedure was done for three times for each sample.
31
Determination of Tensile Strength
Test method: ASTM D5035-11
Principle: A fabric test specimen of specified dimensions is extended at a constant rate

until it ruptures. The maximum force and the elongation at maximum force and if required,
the force at rupture and the elongation at rupture are recorded. Grab and Strip technique are
followed. The latter is followed in this project.
Preparation of test specimen: For woven fabrics, each test specimen shall be cut with its
length parallel to the warp or weft of the fabric and shall be sufficiently wide to allow the
necessary fringes. Thread shall be removed in approximately equal numbers from each of
the long edges of the cut strip until the width of the test specimen. The width of the fringes
shall be such that during testing no longitudinal threads escape from the fringes.
Specimen size: 18 cm × 5 cm
Procedure
➢ In principle there are two sets of test specimen: one in the warp direction and the
other in the weft direction of the material
➢ These are individually supported as defined in the standard by clamping of the

specimen, slack mounting.
➢ The application is to pull to the pre-tensioning force then the test is started at a continuous
increasing (constant rate of extension) applying a force longitudinally to a test piece of 18
cm in length and 5 cm in width until the specimen fails.
➢ The result is taken from the machine.
32
Determination of Martindale Abrasion Tester
Introduction: Martindale Abrasion Tester is used to check the abrasion as well as pilling
resistance of the fabric. It consists of four testing plates on which the abrading fabrics is
attached, these four testing table are mounted on the base plate of the instrument. There is
revolving plate, which revolves with the help of three cranks, pegs & motor. There are four
sleeves attached on the revolving plate. The sample holders for abrasion & pilling testing
are provided with the instrument. There is a set of weights for proper pressure on the test
specimens. Templates for cutting the samples & abrading cloth and their mallet are also
supplied as standard accessory.
Procedure:
➢ At first cut the fabric into 4 pieces according to the measurement of the instrument.
➢ Weight these 4 pieces of fabric samples.
➢ Now place these samples in the instrument under a certain load as supplied in the
instrument.
➢ Now start the machine and observe the counter of abrasion number.
➢ Stop the machine power after completing 100, 200, 250, 500, 750, 1000 cycles take
the weight in milligram (mg).
➢ Now put the weights before and after abrasions in a table and find out the wear
index.
33
Tear Test
Test Method: EN ISO 13937-3:2000
Procedure:
➢ A cut is made in a rectangular specimen.
➢ Starting a tear.
➢ The two sides of the tear are then pulled until failure, with the resulting data
reflecting the tearing strength of the fabric.
Bending Length Test
Test Method: ASTM D1388-96
Procedure:
➢ Cotton woven fabric was taken.

➢ Warp and weft direction of the fabric was identified.
➢ Two strips were cut from the fabric in both directions having dimensions of 6" x 1".
➢ The sample was then placed on the fabric stiffener tester.
➢ On the tester fabric was fall to about 45º under controlled movement and marked the length
to which it has fallen to 45º.
➢ The same process was done for both faces and sides of the fabric.
➢ The falling length of the fabric was measured using a cm scale.
➢ The bending length of the fabric was then calculated by adding the falling length to
the factor f (ɵ).
34
Water Vapor Transmission Rate Test
Test method: ASTM E96
Procedure
➢ The diameter of the opening of the dish was measured and then the area of the
opening was determined which was 2.7 inch.
➢ All the test dishes were filled with water and the weight was measured
➢ The samples were placed on the opening of the dish blocking it, so that if the
vapor has to come out, it has to come out through the fabric surface.
➢ Rubber bands were used so that the fabrics do not move out of place.
➢ The total weight was noted.
➢ After the set-up, the weight of the dish was measured after every 1 hour for 24 hours.
The weights were noted.
35
CHAPTER 4 : Result & Discussion
36
In this chapter, the outcomes of the research study will be discussed and a comprehensive
analysis and interpretation of the gathered data will be undertaken. Many tests result like tensile
test, tear test, Abrasion test, GSM variation etc. and will discuss about the results.
GSM Test
The test was conducted using a GSM cutter and an electric weighing balance to assess the
impact of starch and glycerin on jute samples. The obtained results demonstrated variations,
indicating the effect of starch and glycerin on the jute samples.
Table 4.1.1: Measurement of GSM variation of jute samples
Samples with different chemical concentration Avg. GSM
Sample -1 (raw) 497
Sample -2 614
Sample -3 620
Sample -4 617
Sample -5 640
Sample -6 686
37
Avg. GSM Varriations
800
600
Axis Title
400
200
0
Axis Title
Sample -1 (raw + standard) Sample -2

Sample -3 Sample -4
Sample -5 Sample -6
Figure 4.1: GSM variation of jute samples with different chemical concentration
When sample 2 with 100% PVA was compared to the raw sample, GSM significantly
increased due to increased of chemical content. Adding PVA and PVAc steadily
enhanced the GSM.The GSM significantly rose with the addition of softener, and sample
6's addition of PVA, PVAc, and softener resulted in the greatest GSM. PVA and PVAc
were present in equal amounts in samples 5 and 6. the rise in value brought on by the
increased softener content.Softener helps to reduce the surface tension of the PVA
solution. This makes it easier for the solution to spread out and form a thinner, more
uniform coating. As a result, the same amount of PVA solution can cover a larger area,
which increases the GSM of the coating.
38
Bending length Test
Measurement of Bending length variation of jute samples
Samples with different Average bending length (cm)

chemical concentration
Sample 1 (raw) 6.95
Sample 2 0
Sample 3 0
Sample 4 0
Sample 5 5.47
Sample 6 5.5
39
Bending Lenght (cm) Varriation
8
7
6
5
Axis Title
4
3
2
1
0
Axis Title
Sample 1 (raw) Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6
Figure 4.2: Bending length variation of jute samples with different chemical concentration
Flexural Rigidity
Table 4.3.1 Flexural Rigidity
Sample with different chemical concentration Average flexural rigidity

( μNm)
sample 1 (raw) 1636.23
Sample 2 0
Sample 3 0
Sample 4 0
Sample 5 1027.25
Sample 6 1119.3
40
Average flexural rigidity varriation
1800
1600
1400
1200
Axis Title
1000
800
600
400
200
0
sample 1 Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6
(raw)
Axis Title
Figure 4.2: Bending length variation of jute samples with different chemical concentration
Bending length is known as the flexibility of the fabric.This is very important character of the
fabric which governs its application.Fabric with high bending length are stiffer.Here bending
length can also defined as the falling length that determine draping quality.Bending length depends
on the stiffness of the fabric.PAV and PVAc combination made the fabric rigid for this their was
no bending length found in sample number 2,3 and 4.Addition of softener made the fabric more
flexible which was evident in sample number 5 and 6.
Tensile Test
The test was conducted using the 'Titan Universal Strength Tester' and the 'strip method'
according to the ASTM D5035-11 (2015) standard. The parameters for the test were
breakingforce and breaking extension. The data obtained from the test are presented in Table
4.1.1. The results for the warp part of the sample are depicted in Figure 4.1
41
Table 4.3.1: Measurement of breaking force variation in warp direction of jute samples.
Sample with different chemical concentration (warp) Breaking force 42ariation (N)
Sample 1 (raw) 1012.54
Sample 2 1313.115
Sample 3 1569.15
Sample 4 1342.875
Sample 5 1177.695
Sample 6 1250.405
42
Breaking force Varriations
1800
1600
1400
1200
Axis Title
1000
800
600
400
200
0
Avg. Breaking force varriation (N)
Axis Title
Figure 4.3.A: Breaking force (N) variation in warp direction of jute samples with different
43
4.4.1: Measurement of extension (%) variation in warp direction of jute samples
Sample with different chemical concentration (warp) Breaking Extension %
Sample 1(raw) 19.86
Sample 2 13.955
Sample 3 13.475
Sample 4 17.585
Sample 5 18.645
Sample 6 19.295
44
Breaking Extention (%) Varriation
25
20
15
Axis Title
10
0
Avg. Breaking Extension %
Axis Title
Sample 1(raw) Sample 2 Sample 3 Sample 4 Sample 5 Sample 6
Figure 4.3.B: Extension (%) variation in warp direction of jute samples with different chemical
concentration
45
Measurement of breaking force variation in weft direction of jute samples:
Sample with different chemical concentration (Weft) Breaking force variation (N)
Sample 1(raw) 839.12
Sample 2 864.335
Sample 3 682.69
Sample 4 582.065
Sample 5 605.045
Sample 6 687.515
Breakin Force Varriation (N)

1000
900
800
700
600
Axis Title
500
400
300
200
100
0
Axis Title
Figure 4.3.C: Breaking force (N) variation in weft direction of jute samples with different
46
Measurement of extension (%) variation in weft direction of jute samples
Sample with different chemical concentration (weft) Breaking Extension %
Sample 1(raw) 8.65
Sample 2 9.71
Sample 3 9.69
Sample 4 9.78
Sample 5 9.61
Sample 6 10.53
47
Breaking Extention (%) Varriation
12
10
8
Axis Title
0
Breaking Extension %
Axis Title
Figure 4.3.D: Extension % variation in weft direction of jute samples with different chemical
concentration
The impact of PVA & PVAc variation and the addition of softener on jute fabric is depicted in
the aforementioned figures and table. Sample 3 has the highest breaking strength in the warp
direction, as seen in Figure 4.1. The warp direction was found to have a higher rate of PVA
9.6%& 1.6% PVAc absorption into the fabric structure than the weft direction. This can be
traced to the fabric's construction, which used double the amount of yarn in the warp direction
while keeping only half in the weft. This structure allowed for maximum absorption and the
PVA & PVAc served as a reinforcing ingredient, increasing the fabric's rigidity after the PVA &
PVAc were gradually added. Figure 4.3, on the other hand, showed the maximum
breaking strength.
48
Tear test:
The tear test was conducted using the 'Titan Universal Strength Tester' machine, employing
the 'single tear' method as outlined in the EN ISO 13937-3:2000 standard with an auto-stop
feature. The tear force of wing-shaped test specimens was determined as the primary
parameter for the test.
The relevant data is presented in 7777 accompanied by Figures 4.5 (a) and 4.5 (b) illustrating
the results for the warp part. Similarly, Table 4.2.2 along with Figures 4.6 (a) and 4.6 (b)
displaysthe findings for the weft part.
Measurement of Tear force variation in warp direction of jute samples
Sample with different chemical concentration (warp) Tear force (N)
Sample 1(raw) 101.244
Sample 2 89.76
Sample 3 83.48
Sample 4 134.61
Sample 5 164.825
Sample 6 186.02
49
Tear Force Varriations
200
180
160
140
120
Axis Title
100
80
60
40
20
0
Avg. Mean Peak force (N)
Axis Title
Figure 4.4.A: Tear force variation of jute samples in warp direction with different chemical
concentration
50
Measurement of tear force variation in weft direction of jute samples
Sample with different chemical concentration (weft) Avg. Mean peak force (N)
Sample 1(raw) 54.47
Sample 2 39.535
Sample 3 40.045
Sample 4 177.47
Sample 5 175.54
Sample 6 201.995
Tear Force Varriations

250
200
150
Axis Title
100
50
0
Avg. Mean peak force (N)
Axis Title
Figure 4.4.B: Tear force variation of jute samples in weft direction with different chemical
concentration
51
Compared to the raw sample-1, tear force decreased with the addition of PVA but when softner
added tear force increased because of softeners increase the flexibility and pliability of the fabric.
A more flexible fabric can distribute the force applied during a tear more evenly, reducing the
likelihood of localized stress concentrations that could initiate a tear. The increased pliability helps
the fabric deform rather than tear when subjected to force.
52
Abrasion test:
This test was done with flat abrasion by ‘Martindale Tester Machine’ a testthat determines
the mechanical deterioration of the fabric. The obtained results from this test and the
variation among the jute samples were given below
Measurement of weight-loss (%) variation of jute samples
Samples with different Weight loss percentage (%) between

chemical concentration initial weight vs weight after 1000
rubs
Sample 1 (raw) 3.07%
Sample 2 0.67%
Sample 3 0.97%
Sample 4 2.22%
Sample 5 1.01%
Sample 6 0.57%
53
weight loss (%) Varriation
3.50%
3.00%
Axis Title 2.50%
2.00%
1.50%
1.00%
0.50%
0.00%
Weight loss percentage (%) between initial weight vs weight after 1000 rubs
Axis Title
Figure 4.5.A: Weight-loss (%) variations of jute samples with different chemical concentration
Figure showed the relation between the coated materials and the sample fabrics
influenced by these materials. Figure 4.8 showed the relationship between the coated
materials and the sample fabrics influenced by these materials. Here, weight loss
percentage (%) was measured through the abrasion test. In this figure, all the samples
that were PVA coated showed a gradual low weight loss percentage with the rise of
PVA-PVAc concentration, and this decrement was at the minimal range on average
except for the raw sample, which showed a high weight loss percentage (3.07%).It was
observed that with the addition of PVAc a slight growth in the weight loss percentage
occurred. Because of the addition of the pvacconcentration, the thickness of the coating
was increased so that when passed through the test, the coating could encounter
friction.But with the addition of softner a slight decline in the weight loss percentage
occurred beacuse the softener helps to reduce the friction between the abrasive surface
and the pva-pvac coating. This reduces the amount of wear and tear on the PVa- PVAC
coating, and therefore reduces the amount of abrasion weighting loss.
54
Vapour test
Table 4.71: Table of Collected Data for Water Transmission Rate
Sample of Different chemical concentration water vapour transmission rate
gm/(hour×m2)
Sample 1 (raw) 0.7
Sample 2 0.5
Sample 3 0.58
Sample 4 0.56
Sample 5 0.37
Sample 6 0.34
55
Varriation of water vapour transmission rate
0.8
0.7
0.6
0.5
Axis Title
0.4
0.3
0.2
0.1
0
water vapour transmission rate
Axis Title
Figure 4.7.A: variation of water vapour transmission of jute samples with different chemical
concentration
Sample of Different chemical water vapour transmission rate

concentration
Sample 1 (raw) 0.7
Sample 2 0.5
Sample 3 0.58
Sample 4 0.56
Sample 5 0.37
Sample 6 0.34
The figure shows a definite decline in the rate of water vapor transport.When PVA concentration
alone was first introduced, the water vapor transfer rate was immediately lowered by at least
0.2.Almost all the sample with various Polyvinyl acetate concentration shown the same result.
Due to the hardening properties of PVAc it creates a non permeable layer by filling most of the
56
pores between the fibres thus the change in water vapor transmission rate.The material's ability
to transmit water vapor was further decreased by the addition of softener, making it less
permeable. PVAc application increases fabric thickness, which reduces air circulation and
further limits water evaporation and water moving through the material. The addition of softener
increases the surface's impermeability because of its hygroscopic characteristics. Consequently,
the rate of transfer of water vapor has decreased generally.
57
CHAPTER 5 : CONCLUSION
58
Key Findings
1.Application of the coating made the fabric rigid but to addition of softener reduced the rigidity
of the fabric.
2.The pva-pvac concentration variation impacts the GSM of jute fabric as GSM
increases with the addition of pva,pvac, and softener
3.The tensile strength got increased with the addition of PVA and PVAc but starts decreased to
some extent after softener addition for both in warp & weft part.
4.The tear strength gets decreased with the pva,PVAc addition but it’s increased with the
addition of softner.
5.Vapor permeability also reduced by the combination of PVA,PVAc and softener
Future Possibility
➢ It has been shown that jute has the potential to be employed by applying a
layer of PVA and PVAc onto it. In subsequent studies, additional
experimentation might be carried out in order to enhance the performance of
jute.
➢ Jute's additional attributes, including its capacity for absorption and

enhancement of porosity, may be subject to further investigation through the
application of supplementary chemicals and the execution of multiple
experiments.
59
Conclusion
In this particular research project, the primary focus of attention was placed on the development
and creation of an environmentally friendly alternative to the commonly used coated jute
fabric. It is well known that this specific type of fabric has a negative impact on the
environment, hence the need for a more sustainable and eco-friendly option. With this objective
in mind, the researchers embarked on a journey to explore the possibility of using a
combination of Pva, PVAc, sodium benzoate, softener as a replacement coating for the jute
fabric. The ultimate goal was to develop a coating that not only showcased improved
performance characteristics but also managed to retain the inherent flexibility of the original
jute fabric.In order to evaluate the effectiveness and efficacy of Pva coating, a series of
comprehensive tests were conducted. The goal of this project was to create a laminated jute
fabric substitute that would be less harmful to the environment than laminated jute fabric. A
PVA & PVAC coating was investigated as a substitute option. The goal was to develop a
coating that would maintain the elasticity of the original jute cloth while simultaneously
exhibiting increased performance. Various tests were then carried out to determine the efficacy
of the PVAC and PVA coating that had been applied. The outcomes showed that the coated
fabric had improved tensile strength and abrasion resistance. The coating by itself, however,
did not result in the required increases in tear resistance. An ideal 8% concentration of PVA
was added to the coating mixture to further improve the fabric's characteristics.PVA was added
in an effort to increase the coating and fabric's compatibility, which would ultimately boost
performance. Analysis revealed that, contrary to expectations, the addition of PVA had no
appreciable impact on the fabric's characteristics. Despite this, the study found that the coatings'
effects on tensile strength and abrasion resistance were positive. However, more study and
adjustments might be needed to solve the identified tear resistance limitations.
CHAPTER 6 : References
Page | 61
References
[1] M. Islam, B. Shompa, and J. Rahman, “Genetic diversity in fiber related traits of Tossa
jute (Corchorus Olitorius L.) Germplam,” SAARC Journal of Agriculture, vol. 18, no. 2, pp.
27–37, 2021. doi:10.3329/sja.v18i2.51106
[2] M. K and R. K, “Effect of sisal fibre loading on mechanical properties of jute fibre
reinforced epoxy composite,” Fourth International Conference On Advances in Mechanical,
Aeronautical and Production Techniques - MAPT 2015, 2015. doi:10.15224/978-1-63248-
072-9-52
[3] M. M. Islam, “Exploring silent negligence of jute - the Golden Fiber of Bangladesh: A
historical perspective,” Journal of Economics and Business, vol. 2, no. 3, 2019.
doi:10.31014/aior.1992.02.03.147
[4] T.-D. Ngo, “Natural fibers for sustainable bio-composites,” Natural and Artificial Fiber-
Reinforced Composites as Renewable Sources, 2018. doi:10.5772/intechopen.71012
[5] O. A. Khondker, U. S. Ishiaku, A. Nakai, and H. Hamada, “Tensile, flexural and impact
properties of jute fibre-based thermosetting composites,” Plastics, Rubber and Composites,
vol. 34, no. 10, pp. 450–462, 2005. doi:10.1179/174328905x66199
[6] U. Eichert, “Coated fabrics and microorganisms,” Journal of Coated Fabrics, vol. 24, no.
1, pp. 77–86, 1994. doi:10.1177/152808379402400107
[7] E. Shim, “Coating and laminating processes and techniques for textiles,” Smart Textile
Coatings and Laminates, pp. 11–45, 2019. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-102428-7.00002-x
[8] S. J. Eichhorn, “Spectroscopic characterisation of polymer fibres,” Handbook of Textile

Fibre Structure, pp. 22–45, 2009. doi:10.1533/9781845696504.1.22
[9] B. T. Pham et al., “Polyvinyl alcohol based functional coating incorporated with
sonneratia ovata extract: Preparation, characterization, and Banana Preservation,” Journal of
Applied Polymer Science, vol. 139, no. 38, 2022. doi:10.1002/app.52902
[10] D. Bhattacharyya, R. Lin, and T. S. Srivatsan, Processing and Fabrication of Advanced

Materials. Auckland, N.Z.: Centre for Advanced Composite Materials, University of
Auckland, 2011.
Page | 62
[11] S. Rawal, A. Madhubalan, P. Manikandan, and J. Kanna, “Study on the design of space
gloves and EVA suits with future challenges,” Textile & Leather Review, vol. 5,
pp. 18–30, 2022. doi:10.31881/tlr.2021.25
[12] W. Li et al., “In situ growth of a stable metal–Organic Framework (MOF) on flexible
fabric via a layer-by-layer strategy for Versatile Applications,” ACS Nano, vol. 16, no. 9, pp.
14779–14791, 2022. doi:10.1021/acsnano.2c05624
[13] L. Ismail, “Britannica online products: Britannica Online Academic (for institutions) and
Britannica Online Free and premium (for consumers),” The Charleston Advisor, vol. 13, no.
1, pp. 5–13, 2011. doi:10.5260/chara.13.1.5
[14] “2023 Woolmark Prize Trend Report,” International Woolmark Prize,

https://www.woolmarkprize.com/news/2023-trend-report/ (accessed Oct. 19, 2023).
[15] M. A. Kashem, M. T. Hossain, and M. Anwar, “Isolation and characterization of locally

isolated jute fungi and determination of their pathogenicity,” Bangladesh Journal of
Microbiology, vol. 35, no. 1, pp. 67–73, 2019. doi:10.3329/bjm.v35i1.39806
[16] S. Alam, “Assessment of bleached and unbleached jute yarn with various dyes and
parameters,” Trends in Textile Engineering & Fashion Technology, vol. 2, no. 2,
2018. doi:10.31031/tteft.2018.02.000535
[17] A. R. Shakil et al., “Jute fiber reinforced hydrogel composite for removal of methylene
blue dye from water,” Dhaka University Journal of Science, vol. 70, no. 2, pp. 59–64, 2022.
doi:10.3329/dujs.v70i2.62608
[18] D. Behera, T. K. Bastia, and A. K. Banthia, “Hydroxyethyl acrylate treated Jute–ESOA

Composite Laminate: A new development for structural materials,” International Journal of
Plastics Technology, vol. 15, no. S1, pp. 86–92, 2011. doi:10.1007/s12588-011-9010-4
[19] H. U. Zaman, M. A. Khan, and R. A. Khan, “Improvement of mechanical properties of

jute fibers-polyethylene/polypropylene composites: Effect of green dye and UV radiation,”
Polymer-Plastics Technology and Engineering, vol. 48, no. 11, pp. 1130–1138, 2009.
doi:10.1080/03602550903147262
[20] B. N. Dash, A. K. Rana, H. K. Mishra, S. K. Nayak, and S. S. Tripathy, “Novel low-cost

jute-polyester composites. III. weathering and thermal behavior,” Journal of Applied Polymer
Page | 63
Science, vol. 78, no. 9, pp. 1671–1679, 2000. doi:10.1002/1097-
4628(20001128)78:9<1671::aid-app130>3.0.co;2-8
[21] Md. K. Uddin et al., “Investigation on mechanical properties and water absorbency of
jute glass reinforced epoxy composite,” Journal of Textile Engineering & Fashion
Technology, vol. 6, no. 5, 2020. doi:10.15406/jteft.2020.06.00250
[22] Boppana and Surabhi, “A novel cluster-based maximum likelihood blind equalization of
ISI impaired channels,” IIEEE International Conference on Acoustics Speech and Signal
Processing, 2002. doi:10.1109/icassp.2002.1004917
[23] L. Zhang et al., “De novo assembly of transcriptome and genome-wide identification
reveal GA3 stress-responsive WRKY transcription factors involved in fiber formation in jute
(corchorus capsularis),” BMC Plant Biology, vol. 20, no. 1, 2020. doi:10.1186/s12870-020-
02617-8
[24] F. K. Liew, S. Hamdan, M. R. Rahman, M. R. Mahmood, and J. C. Lai, “The effects of

Nanoclay and tin(IV) oxide nanopowder on morphological, thermo‐mechanical properties of
hexamethylene diisocyanate treated jute/bamboo/polyethylene hybrid composites,” Journal of
Vinyl and Additive Technology, vol. 24, no. 4, pp. 358–366, 2017. doi:10.1002/vnl.21600
[25] P. Prasanthi et al., “Elastic properties of jute fiber reinforced polymer composites with
different hierarchical structures,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 19, p. 7032, 2022.
doi:10.3390/ma15197032
[26] B. Rogina-Car, S. Kovačević, S. Đorđević, and D. Đorđević, “Influence of washing and

sterilization on properties of polyurethane coated fabrics used in surgery and for wrapping
sterile items,” Polymers, vol. 12, no. 3, p. 642, 2020. doi:10.3390/polym12030642
[27] A. Dong, Y. Yu, X. Fan, Q. Wang, and A. Cavaco-Paulo, “Enzymatic coating of jute
fabrics for enhancing anti-ultraviolent properties via in-situ polymerization of polyhydric
phenols,” Journal of Industrial Textiles, vol. 46, no. 1, pp. 160–176, 2015.
doi:10.1177/1528083715577935
[28] H. M. Taylor, “9—tensile and tearing strength of cotton cloths,” Journal of the Textile
Institute Transactions, vol. 50, no. 1, 1959. doi:10.1080/19447025908662490
Page | 64
[29] M. Al-Masum and M. Aman, “PD-catalyzed new type of cross-coupling of RCOOH and
Styryltrifluoroborates,” International Journal of Organic Chemistry, vol. 12, no. 04, pp. 181–
188, 2022. doi:10.4236/ijoc.2022.124015
[30] N. J. H., “SIO2 particles effect on the mechanical properties of the starch/PVA blends,”
Iraqi Journal of Physics, vol. 16, no. 36, pp. 153–171, 2018. doi:10.30723/ijp.v16i36.40
[31] E. E. Tanase, E. M. Popa, M. Rapa, O. Popa, and I. V. Popa, “Biodegradation study of

some food packaging biopolymers based on PVA,” Bulletin of University of Agricultural
Sciences and Veterinary Medicine Cluj-Napoca. Animal Science and Biotechnologies, vol.
73, no. 1, 2016. doi:10.15835/buasvmcn-asb:11948
[32] I. F. LUTSENKO and R. M. KHOMUTOV, “Preparation of metallic derivatives of vinyl

alcohol,” Selected Works in Organic Chemistry, pp. 419–422, 1963. doi:10.1016/b978-0-08-
010158-3.50057-3
[33] S. Rashidi and A. Ataie, “Structural and magnetic characteristics of PVA/CoFe2O4

nano-composites prepared via mechanical alloying method,” Materials Research Bulletin,
vol. 80, pp. 321–328, 2016. doi:10.1016/j.materresbull.2016.04.021
[34] C. C. Thong, D. C. L. Teo, and C. K. Ng, “Application of polyvinyl alcohol (PVA) in

cement-based composite materials: A review of its engineering properties and microstructure
behavior,” Construction and Building Materials, vol. 107, pp. 172–180, 2016.
doi:10.1016/j.conbuildmat.2015.12.188
[35] “Poly(vinyl alcohol),” Handbook of Engineering and Specialty Thermoplastics, pp. 39–
68, 2011. doi:10.1002/9781118087732.ch2
[36] C. M. Hassan and N. A. Peppas, “Structure and applications of poly(vinyl alcohol)

hydrogels produced by conventional crosslinking or by freezing/thawing methods,”
Biopolymers · PVA Hydrogels, Anionic Polymerisation Nanocomposites, pp. 37–65.
doi:10.1007/3-540-46414-x_2
[37] O. Squillace et al., “Influence of PVAC/PVA hydrolysis on additive surface activity,”

Polymers, vol. 12, no. 1, p. 205, 2020. doi:10.3390/polym12010205
[38] “Polyvinyl chloride acetate (pvac),” Encyclopedic Dictionary of Polymers, pp. 773–773,
2007. doi:10.1007/978-0-387-30160-0_9104
Page | 65
[39] S. B. Yang et al., “Preparation of the heterogeneous saponified poly(vinyl
alcohol)/poly(methyl methacrylate–methallyl alcohol) blend film,” Materials, vol. 15, no. 7,
p. 2439, 2022. doi:10.3390/ma15072439
[40] N. A. Ibrahim, M. H. Abo‐Shosha, E. I. Elnagdy, and M. A. Gaffar, “Eco‐friendly

durable press finishing of cellulose‐containing fabrics,” Journal of Applied Polymer Science,
vol. 84, no. 12, pp. 2243–2253, 2002. doi:10.1002/app.10467
Page | 66
CHAPTER 7 : ANNEXURE
Page | 67
Total weight value taken from the observation
Sample Sampl PV PVAc Soften Initia Avera After Avera Pick GSM(g/m Avg.
categor e No. A % er % l ge Weig ge up ^2) GSM(g/m
y % Weig Initial ht (g) After % ^2)
ht (g) weight weight
Raw samples
1 0 0 0 77 0 N/A 0 N/A 497 497
2.1 10 0 0 69 72.31 155 157.5 85% 610 614
2.2 75.62 160 618
3.1 9.6 1.6 0 70 72 173 174 102 616 620

%
3.2 74 175 624

Chemically treated samples
4.1 9.2 3.2 0 75 75 173 163 88% 619 617
4.2 75 153 615
5.1 9.2 3.2 0.6 73 74 160 161 87% 648 640
5.2 75 162 632
6.1 9.2 3.2 1.2 76 74.6 164 165.5 91% 680 686
6.2 73 167 692
Page | 68
Values taken from Breaking Strength & Elongation at break testing
Sample No. Breaking Averag e Extensio n Average Breaking Avera ge Extensio n Average
force (N) (%) force (N) (%)
(warp) (weft) (N)
Sample 1 1012.54 1744.54 19.86 19.86 839.12 839.12 8.65 8.65

(raw)
Sample 2.1 1237.18 1313.115 14.25 13.955 827.84 864.335 9.41 9.71
Sample 2.2 1389.05 13.66 900.83 10.01
Sample 3.1 1559.6 1569.15 14.64 13.475 708.61 697.69 8.2 9.69
Sample 3.2 1578.7 12.31 686.77 11.18
Sample 4.1 1591.46 1342.875 16.56 17.58 686.83 582.265 10.72 9.78
Sample 4.2 1094.29 18.6 477.7 8.84
Sample 5.1 1255.22 1177.695 17.51 18.645 650.71 605.045 9.44 9.61
Sample 5.2 1100.17 19.78 559.38 9.78
Sample 6.1 1343.54 18.22 19.295 630.89 687.515 10.23 10.53

1,250.55
Sample 6.2 1157.57 20.37 744.14 10.83
Page | 69
Table of Collected Data for Abrasion Resistance
Initial
No. of Weight Weight Weight Weight Weight
weight
samples after 100 after 250 after 500 after 750 after 1000
(mg)
1 (raw) 790 780 770 760 755 751
2.1 760 756 755 752 751 752
2.2 689 696 688 693 691 691
3.1 653 653 658 649 649 652
3.2 726 719 715 716 714 713
4.1 732 764 755 750 745 750
4.2 800 828 822 818 821 816
5.1 790 820 815 814 808 804
5.2 780 788 782 780 785 778
6.1 786 791 787 786 785 786
6.2 780 795 795 793 791 789
Page | 70

Jute 2

Uploaded by

Document Informationclick to expand document information

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jute 2

Uploaded by

Document Information

Original Title

Copyright

Available Formats

Share this document

Share or Embed Document

Sharing Options

Did you find this document useful?

Is this content inappropriate?

Copyright:

Available Formats

Jute 2

Uploaded by

Copyright:

Available Formats

DEPARTMENT OF TEXTILE ENGINEERING

Course No.: Tex 400

Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using Polyvynyl Alcohol (PVA) &

Student No. Name of the student

190106004 Shuvo Sutradhar

Mr. Md. Arif Mahmud Dr. A. K. M. Mobarok Hossain

AHSANULLAH UNIVERSITY OF SCIENCE AND TECHNOLOGY

Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. ii

(Associate Professor, Department of Textile Engineering, Ahsanullah University of Science and

Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. iii

CHAPTER 1 : INTRODUCTION ............................................................................................................... 3

General information of jute fabric for the project ...................................................................... 20

Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. iv

GSM Test ..................................................................................................................................... 37

Key Findings ................................................................................................................................ 59

Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. v

Total weight value taken from the observation ......................................................................... 68

Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. vi

Table 3.2.1: Amount of all the chemical (%) ............................................................................................... 21

Development of a Coated Jute Fabric using PVA & PVAc I. vii

• To develop a coating resin using different types of eco friendly chemical

• Development of Suitable Production System for Natural Rubber Coated Jute

Jute is a unique fiber with several notable attributes.

II. Roll Coating

Chemical structure of PVA

Chemical Structure of PVAc

❖ PPI (Picks Per Inch) = 14

❖ EPI (Ends Per Inch) = 14 (double)

❖ Warp Count =8 spindle/lb

❖ Weft Count = 8 spindle/lb

Table 3.2.1: Amount of all the chemical (%)

No. of sample PVA % PVAc % Softener %

Sample 3 9.6 1.6 0

Sample 4 9.2 3.2 0

Sample 5 9.2 3.2 0.6

Sample 6 9.2 3.2 1.2

Working procedure of Coating

Electric weight balance

Manufacturer: AND GULF

Model: EK600 Dual

Figure 3.5.A :Electric weight balance

Function of Electric Weight balance :

Manufacturer: James H Heal

Figure 3.5.B :GSM Cutter

Function of GSM cutter :

Figure 3.5.C:Oven Dryer

Function of Oven Dryer:

Manufacturer: James H Heal

Test/ Return/Jog speed: 1-

Speed accuracy: 0.005

Function of Titan universal strength tester:

Manufacturer: SDL international &Co

Figure 3.5.E:Abrasion Tester

Function of Abrasion tester:

Figure 3.5.F : Counting Glass

Function of Counting Glass:

Figure 3.6.A: Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)

Table 3.2: Specifications of Polyvinyl Alcohol (PVA)