1

FOREWORD BY
EVANG. MIKE BAMILOYE

FELIX BANKOLE’S

FILM MAKER’S
DICTIONARY
Fellyx Productions and Vision Network Drama Outreach Int’l, Movies, Books,
Educational needs on Christian Drama, bulk purchases, sales promotions, and
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premiums. For details, write us @ [email protected] or visit:
www.visionetworkdrama.org.
Call +2348065355088, +2348073028328
UNDERSTANDING DRAMA MISSIONS
Published by:
Fellyx Productions Nig.
Vision Network Drama Outreach Int’l,
Opposite Demonstration Primary School, Gwagwalada
Abuja.
www.visionetworkdrama.org
This book or parts thereof may not be reproduced in any form, stored in a
retrieval system, or transmitted in any form by any means –electronic,
mechanical, photocopy, recording or otherwise without prior written permission
of the publisher, except as provided by Federal Republic of Nigeria copyright law.
Unless otherwise noted, all scripture quotations are from the New King James
Version of the Bible.
Cover design and Design Director by Felix Bankole
All rights reserved
Library of Congress Cataloging-in-publication Data:
Felix Bankole
ISBN
First Edition 2020
Printed in the Federal Republic of Nigeria

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 To All Drama Missionaries, who never give up on Divine Mandate

and

‘Yemi Bankole

We have been running this race together for some years now.

I understand that if you want to move fast ‘work alone’ but if you want

to ‘go far’ work ‘as a team’, because that is the best part of this race.

We have given a great start,

Let’s have a strong finish together.

Thanks for everything.

On the book

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“.....I strongly believe that this booklet will help many of us a lot, to
understand some of the necessary technical terms of things we come
across often on our movie locations. I have gone through this booklet
and I have seen that this is relevant to drama and film production
ministers. “

Evang. Mike Bamiloye, Mount Zion

Film Productions

This is a Compendium of Film production terms and words. Evang. Felix

Bankole has gone to great length to bring together all these terms to help
the Film Maker. I believe it will help both the crew and the cast on any
Film Location. Also, any student Film making.

I commend it to all.

Evang. David Kola-Okeowo, TRECOM

Worldwide

Just like every other profession and occupation, the better we learn
technical and professional words, the better our Chances in Succeeding
in our responsibilities. Understanding some key and vital technical
words will reduce a lot of tension and save time on our Film locations. I
recommend this book to all Christian’s Film makers, directors,
producers, actors and technical crews all over the World.

Wole Adeyi, Flaming Sword Ministries Int’l.

Dallas, Texas.

Foreword

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The author has been able to put forth a modest list of Movie Productions
technical terms of things we come across on our film locations. There are
a lot of these names that are strange to many of us in Drama Ministry,
since a lot number of us never went to any institution to learn the calling
the Lord has placed in our hands today.

It is a very good idea that someone come up with some of these Technical
Terms for the benefit of all. I know this is not all the terms, as I envisage
a sequel to this from the Author to complement this one. However, it is a
good thing that we Drama Ministers involved in movie productions
begin to educate ourselves and get more knowledge in the areas of our
primary calling and ministry.

This is why I strongly believe that this booklet will help many of us a lot,
to understand some of the necessary technical terms of things we come
across often on our movie locations. I have gone through this booklet
and I have seen that this is relevant to drama and film production
ministers.

Mike Bamiloye,

Mount Zion Film Productions,

Nigeria.

Introduction
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Film Making Industry in Nigeria (Nollywood and Nigeria Christian Movie
Industry) is on a very rapid growth, with a higher trend which ranks the
Movie Industry Second largest Producing Movie Industry in the World
after American’s Hollywood. Also the emergence of Film School in the
Country has also contributed to the growth of the Movie Industry
whereby Movie Making has also created a lot of Jobs for so many
unemployed Youths in our Society today.

Film making is on the rise in Africa and some of these Technical words
are used on Movie Locations day in - day out. This book provides the
meaning to most of the Film Making Terminologies, because when there
is proper understanding of the technical words, work flow on locations
will be enhanced.

I recommend this book for Students of Theatre arts, Film School

Students, Drama Ministers and Film Makers.

Felix Bankole

Abuja, Nigeria.

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18-To-Play-Younger – A performer who is a least 18 years old but is able to
convincingly look and play a younger age.

180 Degree Rule

This is one of the key features of the continuity system to which most
mainstream film and television has tended to adhere. This is a screen
direction rule in which an imaginary line is drawn between two actors in a
scene, which the camera should not cross, lest the viewer becomes
disorientated. However this can be crossed professionally by movement shots
(e.g., between two principal actors in a scene), and the camera must not cross
over that line - otherwise, there is a distressing visual discontinuity and
disorientation; similar to the axis of action (an imaginary line that separates
the camera from the action before it) that should not be crossed

24 frames per second

Refers to the standard frame rate or film speed - the number of frames or
images that are projected or displayed per second; in the silent era before a
standard was set, many films were projected at 16 or 18 frames per second,
but that rate proved to be too slow when attempting to record optical film
sound tracks; aka 24fps or 24p

3-D
A film that has a three-dimensional, stereoscopic form or appearance, giving
the life-like illusion of depth; often achieved by viewers donning special
red/blue (or green) or polarized lens glasses; when 3-D images are made
interactive so that users feel involved with the scene, the experience is
called virtual reality; 3-D experienced a heyday in the early 1950s;
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aka 3D, three-D, Stereoscopic 3D, Natural Vision 3D, or three-
dimensional

Above the line

Usually refers to that part of a film's budget that covers the costs associated
with major creative talent: the stars, the director, the producer(s) and the
writer(s), although films with expensive special effects (and few stars) have
more 'above the line' budget costs for technical aspects; the term's opposite
is below the line

Abstract (form)
A type of film that rejects traditional narrative in favor of using poetic form
(color, motion, sound, irrational images, etc.) to convey its meaning or feeling;
aka non-linear; see also avant-garde

Absurd
A stage, philosophical and literary term

(Absurdism)
Originally, adopted by film-makers, in which ordinary settings become
bizarre, illogical, irrational, unrealistic, meaningless, and incoherent E.g.
American Film Theatre recording with Zero Mostel and Gene Wilder, of
Eugene Ionesco's 'theatre of the absurd' comedy play

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Academy Awards
The name given to the prestigious film awards presented each year
by AMPAS (the Academy of Motion Picture Arts and Sciences, or simply 'The
Academy'), a professional honorary organization within the Hollywood .i.e.
the American) industry, since 1927. The annual awards show, in slang, is
sometimes referred to as a kudo-cast, see also AMMA

Academic Secular Drama

It is the category of the secular drama that is usually written, produced and staged
by academicians, for academicians or intellectuals find staged within an educated
environment. They are usually produced by theatre art students of Universities of
the type of the ones stages by educated performing arts groups. These types of
plays are usually staged before educated audience. The dramatists are bound to
observe a standard theatrical rules and regulations pertaining to stage movement,
communications costumes, make-ups and lighting. They add more colours to the
stage performance and makes them achieve their goal which is Entertainment e.g.
the gods are not to blame.

AMAA
The Africa Movie Academy Awards is the used to recognize excellence of
Professionals in the African Film Industry. It aimed at honouring and
promoting excellence in the African Movie Industry as well as uniting the
African Continent through Arts and Culture. It was Established by Peace
Anyiam-Osigwe. AMA is considered to be Africa’s most important Film event.

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Act
A main division within the plot of a film; a film is often divided by 'plot points'
(places of dramatic change) rather than acts; long films are divided mid-way
with an intermission

Action
(1) any movement or series of events (usually rehearsed) that take place
before the camera and propel the story forward toward its conclusion; (2) the
word called out (by a megaphone) at the start of the current take during
filming to alert actors to begin performing; (3) also refers to the main
component of action films - that often contain significant amounts of violence.
Note: Megaphones are usually used to call out the Action during a movie
shoot.

Actor
Refers either to a male performer, or to any male or female who plays a
character role in an on-screen film; alternate gender-neutral
terms: player, artist, or performer

Actress
Refers to any female who portrays a role in a film

Adaptation
A text in one art form based upon, derived from (or adapted from) a text in
another. For example, a film based on a stage play, novel, video game or comic
strip, which basically preserves some of the setting and dialogue of the
original. which basically preserves both the setting and dialogue of the
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original; can be in the form of a script (screenplay) or a proposal treatment
E.g. Things fall apart by Professor Chinua Achebe was adopted into a Movie
and Half a Yellow Sun by Chimamanda Ngozi Adichie was also adopted into a
Movie.

Ad lib
A line of dialogue improvised by an actor during a performance; can be either
unscripted or deliberate; improvisation consists of ad-libbed dialogue (and
action) that is invented or created by the performer

Aerial shot
A camera shot filmed in an exterior location from far overhead (from a bird's
eye view), as from a helicopter (most common), blimp, balloon, plane, or kite;
a variation on the crane shot; if the aerial shot is at the opening of a film, aka
an establishing shot

Alan Smithee film

The pseudonym used by directors who refuse to put their name on a film and
want to disassociate themselves, usually when they believe their control or
vision has been co-opted by the studio (i.e., the film could have been recut,
mutilated and altered against their wishes); aka Alan Smithee Jr., Allan
Smithee, or Allen Smithee

A-Level (or A-List

Usually refers to top-tier actors/actresses who are paid upwards of $20
million per feature film; can also refer to producers, directors and writers who
can be guaranteed to have a film made and released
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Allegory
Mostly a literary term, but taken in film terms to mean a suggestive
resemblance or correspondence between a visible event or character in a film
with other more significant or abstract levels of meaning outside of the film;
an extended metaphor

Allusion
A direct or indirect reference - through an image or through dialogue - to the
Bible, a classic, a person, a place, an external and/or real-life event, another
film, or a well-known cultural idea

Alternate ending
The shooting (or re-shooting) of a film's ending for its theatrical release,
usually enforced by the studio for any number of reasons (because of test
audience preview results, controversial or unpopular subject matter, to
provide a 'happy' ending, etc.). See also director's cut

Ambiance
The feeling or mood of a particular scene or setting

Ambient light
The natural light (usually soft) or surrounding light around a subject in a
scene; also see background lighting

Ambiguity
A situation, story-line, scene, or character, etc. in which there are apparent
contradictions; an event (and its outcome) is deliberately left unclear, and
there may exist more than one meaning or interpretation; can be either
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intentional or unintentional, to deliberately provoke imaginative thinking or
confusion

Anachronism
An element or artifact in a film that belongs to another time or place; often
anachronistic elements are called film flubs Example: Star Wars Episode II:
Attack of the Clones (2002), the first feature 'film' shot using digital video
cinematography, isn't really a film - an anachronistic term in this case

Anamorphic
Related to different optical imaging effects; refers to a method of intentionally
distorting and creating a wide screen image with standard film, using a
conversion process or a special lens on the camera and projector to produce
different magnifications in the vertical and horizontal dimensions of the
picture; an anamorphic image usually appears "squished" horizontally, while
retaining its full vertical resolution; see also aspect ratio and the trade
name CinemaScope. Many studios produced anamorphic lenses, using other
trade names such as Panavision, Technovision, and Technirama. On the
right are examples of anamorphic imaging effects from the film Blade
(1998) (with an aspect ratio of 2:35.1)

Ancillary rights
Contractual agreement in which a percentage of the profits are received and
derived from the sale of action figures, posters, CDs, books, T-shirts, etc.
Angle
Refers to the perspective from which a camera depicts its subject; see camera
angle, and other specific shots (high, low, oblique, etc.)
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Animation (and animator, animated films)
A form or process of filmmaking in which inanimate, static objects or
individual drawings (hand-drawn or CGI) are filmed "frame by frame" or one
frame at a time (opposed to being shot "live"), each one differing slightly from
the previous frame, to create the illusion of motion in a sequence, as opposed
to filming naturally-occurring action or live objects at a regular frame rate.
Often used as a synonym for cartoons (or toons for short), although
animation includes other media such as clay mation, computer animation; see
also CGI, claymation, stop-motion, time lapse.

Anime
A distinctive style of animated film that has its roots in Japanese comic books
(known as manga), yet covers a wide range of genres, such as romance,
action/adventure, drama, gothic, historical, horror, mystery, erotica (hentai),
children's stories, although most notably sci-fi and fantasy themes; originally
called 'Japanimation' but this term is not used anymore; anime is found in a
wide variety of storylines and settings, but usually recognizable and often
characterized by heavily-stylized backgrounds, colorful images and graphics,
highly exaggerated facial expressions with limited facial movement,
simulation of motion through varying the background behind a static
character or other foreground element, and frequently, big-headed characters
with child-like, large eyes. Examples: Anime began in the early 1900s, but was
more developed by the 1970s, entered into the mainstream in Japan in the
1980s, and was more widely accepted internationally beginning in the 1990s.
Recent examples include director Hayao Miyazaki's Princess Mononoke (1997),
Spirited Away (2001) and Howl's Moving Castle (2004)

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Antagonist
The main character, person, group, society, nature, force, spirit world, bad
guy, or villain of a film or script who is in adversarial conflict with the film's
hero, lead character orprotagonist; also sometimes termed the heavy.

Anthology film
A multi-part or multi-segmented film with a collection or series of various
tales or short stories sometimes linked together by some theme or by a 'wrap-
around' tale; often the stories are directed by different directors or scripted
by various screenwriters, and are in the horror film genre; also known as
an episode film or omnibus film; this term may also refer to a full-length,
compilation-documentary film of excerpted segments or clips from other films

Anthropomorphism
This is the tendency in animated films to give creatures or objects human
qualities, abilities, and characteristics.

Anti-climax
Anything in a film, usually following the film's high point, zenith, apex,
crescendo, or climax, in which there is an unsatisfying and disappointing let-
down of emotion, or what is expected doesn't occur.

Anti-hero
This is the principal protagonist of a film who lacks the attributes or
characteristics of a typical hero archetype, but with whom the audience
identifies. The character is often confused or conflicted with ambiguous
morals, or character defects and eccentricities, and lacks courage, honesty, or
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grace. The anti-hero can be tough yet sympathetic, or display vulnerable and
weak traits. Specifically, the anti-hero often functions outside the mainstream
and challenges it.

Aperture
Refers to the measurement of the opening in a camera lens that regulates the
amount of light passing through and contacting the film Is the length of the
distance between the censor and the opening of the length itself.

Archetype
A character, place, or thing, that is repeatedly presented in films with a
particular style or characterization; an archetype usually applies to a specific
genre or type classification

Arc shot
This is a shot in which the subject(s) is photographed by an encircling or
moving camera.

Arret
French word meaning 'halt' or 'stop'; refers to the in-camera trick technique
of stopping the camera, then removing or inserting an object, then restarting
the camera to have an object magically disappear or appear; one of the
earliest techniques of silent film

Art director
Refers to the individual responsible for the design, look, and feel of a film's set,
including the number and type of props, furniture, windows, floors, ceilings
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dressings, and all other set materials; a member of the film's art department
(responsible for set construction, interior design, and prop placement).
Example Pat Nebo in in Kunle Afolayan’s October 1st.

Arthouse
A motion picture theater that shows foreign or non-mainstream independent
films, often considered high-brow or 'art' films.

Art-house film
Films, often low budget or 'art' films, that are acknowledged as having artistic
merit or aesthetic pretensions, and are shown in an art house theatre; films
shown usually include foreign-language films, independent films, non-
mainstream (sometimes anti-Hollywood) films, shorts, documentaries,
explicitly-erotic films, and other under-appreciated cinema of low mass
appeal; began to appear in the 1950s and provided a distinct contrast to
commercial films.

Aside
It occurs when a character in a film breaks the 'fourth wall' and directly
addresses the audience with a comment. Example: Evang. Mike Bamiloye in
‘The Youthful Lust’ Written by Damilola Bamilola.

Aspect Ratio
In general, a term for how the image appears on the screen based on how it
was shot; refers to the ratio of width (horizontal or top) to height (vertical or
side) of a film frame, image or screen; the most common or standard aspect
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ratio in early films to the 1950s was called Academy Aperture (or ratio), at a
ratio of 1.33:1 (the same as 4:3 on a TV screen); normal 35mm films are shot
at a ratio of 1.85:1; new widescreen formats and aspect ratios were
introduced in the 1950s, from 1.65:1 and higher; Cinema Scope (a trade
name for a widescreen movie format used in the US from 1953 to 1967) and
other anamorphic systems (such as Panavision) have a 2.35:1 AR, while
70mm formats have an AR of 2.2:1;Cinerama had a 2.77:1 aspect
ratio; letterboxed videos for widescreen TV's are frequently in 16:9 (or
1.77:1) AR.

Assembly
The first stage of editing, in which all the shots are arranged in script order.

Asynchronous (sound)
Refers to audio-track sounds that are mismatched or out of conjunction or
unison with the images in the visual frame (or screen); sometimes accidental,
but sometimes intentional; aka non-synchronized

Atmosphere
Refers to any concrete or nebulous quality or feeling that contributes a
dimensional tone to a film's action.

Audience
Refers to spectators, viewers, participants - those who serve as a measure of a
film's success; although usually audiences are viewed in universal terms, they

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can also be segmented or categorized (e.g., 'art-film' audiences, 'chick film'
audiences, etc.).

Audio
Refers to the sound portion of a film.

Audio bridge
Refers to an outgoing sound (either dialogue or sound effects) in one scene
that continues over into a new image or shot - in this case, the soundtrack, not
a visual image, connects the two shots or scenes; aka lightning mix Example:
the sound of helicopter blades being linked to the next scene of the spinning
blades of an overhead fan

Automated Dialogue Replacement (ADR)

The post production re-recording of dialogue in a sound studio, usually
performed to playback of edited picture in order to match or lip movements
onscreen.

Audition

The process whereby an actor-performer seeks a role by presenting to

a director or casting director a prepared reading or by 'reading cold' from
the film script, or performing a choreographed dance; after the initial audition,
a performer may be called back for additional readings or run-throughs.

Auteur (or auteur theory)

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Literally the French word for "author"; in film criticism, used in the
terms auteurism or auteur theory, denoting a critical theory (originally
known as la politique des auteurs or "the policy of authors") popular in France
in the late 1940s and early 1950s that was introduced by Francois Truffaut
and the editors (including legendary film critic and theorist Andre Bazin) of
the celebrated French film journal Cahiers du Cinéma (literally 'cinema
notebooks'), arguably the most influential film magazine in film history; their
ideas were subsequently enlarged upon in the 1960s by American critic
Andrew Sarris, among others; the theory ascribed overall responsibility for
the creation of a film and its personal vision, identifiable style, thematic
aspects and techniques to its film-maker or director, rather than to the
collaborative efforts of all involved (actors, producer, production designer,
special effects supervisor, etc); the theory posited that directors should be
considered the 'true' authors of film (rather than the screenwriters) because
they exercise a great deal of control over all facets of film making and impart a
distinctive, personal style to their films; simply stated, an auteur can refer to a
director with a recognizable or signature style.

Available light

The naturally-existing light in an off-set location; a film's realism is enhanced

by using available or natural light rather than having artificial light.

Avant-garde

Refers to an experimental, abstract, or highly independent, non-independent

film that is often the forerunner of a new artistic genre or art form; avant-
garde films self-consciously emphasize technique over substance; also loosely
applies to a group of French and German filmmakers in the early 20th century
and to some modern American experimental filmmakers (e.g., Andy Warhol),
and their film movement that challenged conventional film-making; see
also cinema verite, surrealism, and abstract form

Avail

It refers to the availability of an actor for a specific project or production dates

with no contractual obligation by the production company or the actor.

B-Film (or B-Movie, B-Picture)

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An off-beat, low-budget, second-tier film, usually from an independent
producer; they were predominant from the 1920s to the late 1940s; they were
shot quickly with little-known, second rate actors, short run times, and low
production values; often the second film (or the 'lower half') of a double-
feature, and paired with an A-feature; the vintage B-movie began to decrease
in the 50s, or morphed into inferior TV series; sometimes B-films were
exclusively shown in a grind house, especially in the 50s and 1960s; as code
restrictions waned in the late 60s, B-films often became exploitation films,
which added sensational and catchy titles, campy acting, cheesy special
effects, and gratuitous violence and sexuality (nudity); contrast to A-
pictures (first-class, big-budget films with high-level production values and
star-power); not to be confused with cult films, although some B-films
attained cult status

Backdrop
Refers to a large photographic backing or painting for the background of a
scene (e.g., a view seen outside a window, a landscape scene, mountains, etc.),
usually painted on flats (composed of plywood or cloth); a large curved
backdrop (often representing the sky) is known as a cyclorama; backdrops
were more commonly used before the current trend toward on
location shooting and the use of blue screens.

Background music
Refers to part of the score that accompanies a scene or action in a film, usually
to establish a specific mood or enhance the emotion.

Background
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May have multiple meanings within the entertainment industry depending
upon the circumstance but in regard to acting, the term generally refers to
“extras

Backlighting
This phenomenon occurs when the lighting for the shot is directed at the
camera from behind the subject(s), causing the figure(s) in the foreground to
appear in semi-darkness or as silhouettes, or highlighted; with backlighting,
the subject is separated from the background.

Back lot
An area, on studio property, in an open-air, outdoor space away from the
studio stages, where real-life situations with backgrounds are filmed;
contrasted to on-location shoots that are more expensive; various studios in
the Los Angeles area offer back lot tours.

Back to one

A given instructions to the performer to return to the original position, or

mark, where they started the scene.

Back projection
This is a photographic technique whereby live action is filmed in front of a
transparent screen onto which background action is projected. Back
projection was often used to provide the special effect of motion in vehicles
during dialogue scenes, but has become outmoded and replaced by blue
screen (or green screen) processing and traveling mattes; also known
as rear projection or process photography (or shot); contrast to matte

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shot. Examples: Any film with a moving vehicle and back-projected street
scenes viewed through the back or side windows, such as in ‘A cry from Hell’
2015 by Felix Bankole.

Back story
Refers to the events that directly happened prior to the beginning of the story,
or lead to the story; composed of information that helps fill out the skeletal
story of a screenplay or a character's background, often to help actors (or the
audience) understand motivation.

Balance
Within a film's visual frame, refers to the composition, aesthetic quality, or
working together of the figures, light, sound, and movement.

Banned
The blocking of a film's release (in a theatre showing or on video) by either
the government or an official movie classification board, for political,
religious, sexual, or social reasons; see also censorship. Some of the bodies
charged with this responsibility in Nigeria are: The National Film and Video
Censors Board (NFVCB), Nigeria Copyright Commission, among others.

Barn doors
The black metal folding doors an all four sides of a light that can be bent back
and forth on their hinges to control where the light is directed.

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Barney
A blanket placed over the film camera to reduce the noise of the moving
mechanisms inside; see also blimp
Based on a true story
These are films that consist a story line that has at least some basis in real
historical events, and may actually contain only a few factual elements. These
films, loosely based on various biographies, stories, or events, may/may not
significantly alter the characters or situations for greater dramatic effect;
inspired by a true story indicates the film is even looser with the factual
basis of the events. Example: ‘The Covenant Church’ Movie is based on the
Redeemed Christian Church of God at its inception.

Beat

Refers to an actor's term for how long to wait before doing an action; a beat is
usually about one second or also seen as a deliberate pause within the
dialogue. “Take a beat” means to pause or take a silent breath before starting
the next phrase or action. Generally used as a device to increase the drama.

Behind the scenes

These are the off-camera events or circumstances during filmmaking.

Below the line

Opposite of above the line.

Best boy
The term for any technical assistant, apprentice or aide (regardless of sex) for
the gaffer or the (key) grip on a set, responsible for the routing and coiling of
25
power cables necessary to run the lights for a shot; a gender-neutral term that
came from whaling.

Beta
A 1/2 inch videotape that was originally called Betamax.

Billing
This is the placement or display of names of actors, directors, and producers
for a movie in publicity materials, opening (or closing) film credits, and on
theatre marquees. A person's status is indicated by the size, relative position,
and placement of their name. Generally, higher positions closer to the top with
larger and more prominent letters designate higher importance and
greater box-office draw, and precede people of lesser importance; the most
prominent actor that appears first is said to have top billing, followed
by second billing, and so forth.

Bio-pic (or biographic)

This a biographical film of the life of a famous personality or historical figure.
Example: ‘The Covenant Church’ on Pastor E.A. Adeboye, Sango, Ogbe-ori
Elemoso among others

Bit part (or bit player)

A small acting role (usually only one scene, such as a waiter) with very few
lines or acting; contrast to a cameo, extra, orwalk-on role.

Biz
In shorthand, refers to the "business", or "show business".
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Black and white
Simply means without color; before the invention of color film stock, all films
were black and white; monochrome (literally meaning "one color") usually
refers to a film shot in black and white, although it can refer to a film shot in
shades of one color; grainy B&W is often used to convey authenticity;
abbreviated as BW, B/W, and B&W; contrast to color.

Black or dark comedy

A type of comedy film, first popular during the late 1950s and early 1960s in
which normally serious subjects, such as war, death, dismemberment, misery,
suffering, or murder, are treated with macabre humor and satire through
iconography, dialogue, and the characters; settings may include cemeteries,
war rooms, funerals

Blacklisting (and blacklist)

Refers to late 40s and early 50s McCarthyism and the HUAC's (House Un-
American Activities Committee) formal and informal discrimination and
'blacklisting' (effectively banning from employment) of various actors, artists
and film-makers based upon their personal, political, social, or religious
beliefs (i.e., "Communist sympathizers"); the blacklist was a roster of illegal
artists who were not to be hired during the years 1947-1951.

Blaxploitation
A combination of the terms "black" and "exploitation"; refers mainly to
sensational, low-budget films in the 1970's featuring mostly African-American
casts (and directors), that broke the mold of black characterization in feature

27
films; usually emphasized fads of the time in hairstyles, music and costuming,
and also brutality, sleazy sex, street-life, racist and militant attitudes, etc.

Blighty
Used to refer to Britain

Blimp
The sound-deadening housing a noisy movie camera is put in to prevent the
sound equipment from picking up extra sounds

Blockbuster
Originally referred to a large bomb that would destroy an entire city block
during World War II; now in common usage, an impactful movie that is a huge
financial success - usually with box-office of more than $200 million (the new
benchmark by the early 2000s, after the original mark was $100 million) upon
release in North America; ticket lines for blockbusters literally go around the
'block'; also known as box-office hit; the term may also refer to a costly film
that must be exceptionally popular in order to recoup its expenses and make a
profit; the opposite of a blockbuster is a bomb, flop, or turkey. See All-Time
Box-Office Bombs/Flops

Blocking a shot (or scene)

The process of figuring out where the camera goes, how the lights will be
arranged, and what the actors' positions and movements - moment by
moment – are for each shot or take; often, the specific staging of a film's
movements are worked out by the director, often with stand-ins and the
lighting crew before actual shooting.
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Blooper
An actual error or mistake (misplaced action, or mis-spoken dialogue by a
performer), usually embarrassing or humorous, made by a performer during
filming; also known as a goof, flawor flub; see also continuity

Blow-up
An optical process - the enlargement of a photographic image or film frame;
often used to create 70mm release prints from original 35mm films

Blue-screen or blue-screen shot

This is a special-effects process whereby actors work in front of an evenly-lit,
monochromatic (usually blue or green) background or screen. The
background is then replaced (or matted) in post-production by chroma-
keying or optical printer, allowing other footage or computer-generated
images to form the image; since 1992, most films use a green-screen

Blurb
Another name for a commercial or advertisement (usually for TV)

Body double (or double)

A performer who takes the place of an actor in scenes that require a close-up
of body parts without the face visible, often for nude scenes requiring exposed
close-ups (considered distasteful by some actors), or scenes requiring
physical fitness; not to be confused with stunt double or stand-in
29
Bollywood
Refers to the burgeoning film industry of India, the world's biggest film
industry, centered in Bombay (now Mumbai); the etymology of the word:
from Bo(mbay) + (Ho)llywood; unlike Hollywood, however, Bollywood is a
non-existent place.

Bookends
A term denoting scenes at the beginning and end of a film that complement
each other and help tie a film together; aka framing device

Boom Microphone
A traveling or moveable counter-balanced pole (also called
fishpole or fishing rod), arm, or telescoped extension device upon which a
microphone, light or camera can be suspended overhead above a scene and
outside the frame during filming (by a boom operator or boom man); for
example, a microphone (mike) boom, a camera boom, or a light boom;
the most common film mistake is the appearance of the boom mike (or its
shadow) in the frame; a mechanical boom mike is known as a 'giraffe.'

Boom shot
A continuous single shot made from a moving boom, assembled like a
montage, and incorporating any number of camera levels and angles

Bootleg

30
An illegally copied, unauthorized, and/or distributed version of a copyrighted
film/video/DVD, often of second-rate quality; also termed pirated

Bowdlerize(d)
This refers to purging anything considered disturbing, vulgar, or adult in
content in order to make it sanitized for mass market consumption and
appropriate for children; originally a literary term derived from the name of
Englishman Thomas Bowdler who published a 'censored' Family Shakespeare
version in the early 1800s.

Box-office
The measure of the total amount of money or box-office receiptspaid by
movie-goers to view a movie; also referred to as B. O. or gross; usually
divided into domestic grosses (unadjusted and adjusted for inflation), and
worldwide grosses; films with great box-office results or a strong and
outstanding performance are often
termed 'boff', 'boffo', 'boffola', 'whammo', 'hotsy', or'socko'.

Bracketing
The act of shooting a scene several times with different F-stops to try and get
a certain desired effect

Bridging shot
A transitional type of shot used to cover or 'bridge' a jump in time or place or
other discontinuity; see also audio bridgeand match-cut

Buddy film
31
A subgenre of film (comedies, westerns, dramas, action films, road films, etc.)
in which two mismatched persons (usually males) are forced to work
together, often a pair of police cops; situations are often contrived to present
the pair with challenges or strains that both strengthen their bond and
weaken it; buddy films are often action/comedy films with witty dialogue
between the two characters and sometimes the inclusion of a love triangle;
has been extended to include female buddies; compare to fish-out-of-
water tale

Building a scene
Using dramatic devices such as increased tempo, volume, and emphasis to
bring a scene to a climax

Bumper
Usually refers to the pre-film segment of pre-made film that contains studio
trademark and logo or title identification; also refers to a period of positive
financial growth (i.e., it was a 'bumper year' for films)

Buzz
Slang for the sense of excitement, expectancy, and hype that surrounds a film,
an actor, or a director

Buzz track
A soundtrack of natural, atmospheric, on-location background noise that is
added to the re-recorded (or looped) track of actors' dialogue and other
sound effects recordings to create a more realistic sound; aka referred to
as room tone or matching ambient sound; a wild track or sound refers to a
32
soundtrack w/o any synchronized picture accompanying it (e.g., the sounds of
a playground)

Callback

This is an interview or audition following the initial audition. The actor may
be asked to perform with other actors in front of a producer or the director.

Call Sheet

A print out or email with the schedule for a specific day of filming, including
cast and crew call times, locations, scene information and production needs.

Call Time

The specific time an actor is expected to report on the set.

Call Sheet
A type of schedule given out periodically during a film's production to let
every department know when they are supposed to arrive and where they are
to report

Cameo
Originally meaning "a small piece of artwork," refers to a bit part (usually a
brief, non-speaking or walk-on role that is uncredited or unbilled) or special
screen appearance by a famous actor, director, or prominent person who
would ordinarily not take such a small part; contrast to a bit part; also refers
to a type of camera shot in which the subject is filmed against a black or
neutral background. See Directors' Cameos.

Camera

33
The basic machine involved in film-making, from a hand-held version to
portables, to heavy studio cameras; some of the parts of a camera include the
aperture, lens, film magazine (for storage), viewfinder, etc; the positioning of
the camera by the camera operator is known as the setup

Camera angle
This the point of view (POV) or perspective (including relative height or
direction) chosen from which to photograph a subject. Various camera angles,
compositions, or positions include: front, behind, side, top, high (looking
down), low (looking up), straight-on or eye-level (standard or neutral angle),
tilted (canted or oblique), or subjective, etc.; see also camera movement
framing

Camera Crew
The team directly involved with operating the camera, including clapper-
loader, focus puller and grip, as well as the camera operator.

Camera movement
This is the use of the camera to obtain various camera angles and
perspectives. (See motion picture camera shots below, including
the pan, tilt, track, and zoom; also boom/crane shots, Steadicam, or hand-
held)

Camera operator
The individual who is responsible for operating the camera, under the
direction of the film's director and director of photography (or
cinematography)
34
Camp (or campy)
A type of comedy parody wherein conventional (and especially overused or
clichéd) situations and plot devices are intentionally exaggerated to the point
of absurdity to produce humor

Can ("in the can")

Refers to the round metal/plastic container that holds or stores film (reels)
for transport or for long-term storage; a film that has been completed is
known colloquially as "in the can"; canned means pre-recorded; also see reel
E.g. A film can (or canister) with reel of film inside

Candlelight (lighting)
Refers to lighting that is provided by candlelight, to provide a warm hue or
tone, and connote intimacy, romance, and harmony

Capsule review
A short movie review

Caption
The descriptive, printed line(s) of text that occasionally appears on the screen,
usually at the bottom of the frame, to describe the time/place, or to translate a
foreign word/phrase; different from closed-captioning (closed captions are
35
all white uppercase (capital) letters encased in a black box that require a
decoder or television with a decoder chip to be viewed) for deaf or hard-of-
hearing viewers; see also subtitles

Caricature
A character appearing ridiculously out of proportion because of one physical,
psychological or moral trait that has been grossly or broadly exaggerated; a
caricature often portrays a character in an unrealistic, stereotypical fashion.
Cartoon
An animated film that is usually not of feature length; also see animation E.g.
Tom and Jerry

Cash cow
In movie terms, it means a definitely guaranteed, 'can't-miss'
blockbuster film that promises to generate disproportionately tremendous
profits due to its lucrative franchise (sequels, merchandising, spin-offs, etc.).

Cast
A collective term for all of the actors/performers (or talent) appearing in a
particular film: usually broken down into two parts: the leads with speaking
roles, and the seconds or supporting characters, background players or extras,
and bit players

Cast against type

An actor playing a role distinctly different from roles previously played E.g.
Baba Suwe (Poplular Yoruba Nollywood actor) playing a normal cast role in a
Movie.
36
Casting
The process of selecting and hiring actors to play the roles and characters in a
film production, and be brought under contract; the lead roles are typically
cast or selected by the director or a producer, and the minor or supporting
roles and bit parts by a casting director; type-casting refers to an actor
playing only roles similar to those he/she has played before

Casting couch
Refers to the illegal practice (mostly during the heyday of the studio system)
when unknown young actors or actresses (starlets) exchanged sex (literally
on an office couch) with a casting director or producer in order to
acquire/land a role in a film

Casting Notice

This is an announcement that a film, television, stage or commercial

production is seeking actors for one or more roles. The announcement usually
includes specific requirements, such as an age range, gender, ethnicity, height,
etc. A casting notice may be distributed to actors and agents as well as posted
in entertainment industry trades or to the general public.

Cast of thousands
This is an advertising claim, often used in big-screen historical epics of the
1930s-60s, when literally 1,000s of extras were hired for crowd scenes, battle
scenes, etc.

Catchphrase (film)

37
Short phrases, expressions, or words that have become favored and/or
popularized due to repeated use, often by film critics

Catharsis
During a film's climax, the audience may experience a purging or cleansing of
emotional tension, providing relief or therapeutic restoration

Cattle Call

This is an open audition for a wide variety of performers. It is often used to

cast background actors or movie extras.

Cautionary tale
A literary term, referring to a narrative with a moral message warning of the
consequences of certain actions, ideologies, character flaws, technologies or
institutions, often with a downbeat ending; many slasher horror films are
semi-cautionary tales about one of the consequences of sex or experimenting
with the occult --- death; see also satire,morality tale and nihilism

Cel (or celluloid, animation cel)

Refers to each of the thousands of hand-drawn sheets (of clear, transparent
material, either celluloid or Mylar) representing a single animation frame to
allow several layers of composition. Cels consist of character cels (containing
only the foreground characters or objects - those things that move from frame
to frame) and background cels, (static drawings of scenery that remain the
same). The character cels are placed against the background cels and filmed
or shot one frame (or picture) at a time to produce the effect of motion.
Celluloid also refers to the thin strip of transparent plastic coating that forms
38
the film's highly-flammable, light-sensitive base layer (such as nitrate
base or acetate base); also used as an adjective related to some aspect of
cinema (e.g., "the celluloid hero"); the light-sensitive substance coating on one
side of the film base is termed emulsion; celluloid is also a slang word for a
movie

Censorship
The process of determining what can or can not be viewed by the public or
depicted by the motion picture industry; also refers to changes required of a
movie by some person or body (other than the studios or film-makers, such as
a national or regional film classification board); see also rating systems
and banned.

CGI
This is also known as Computer-Generated Imagery (or Images), a term
referring to the use of 3D computer graphics and technology (digital
computers and specialized software) in film-making to create filmed images,
special effects and the illusion of motion; often used to cut down on the cost of
hiring extras. See Visual/Special Effects.

Change-over cue
The small dot, oval or mark on the top-right corner of a film frame that
signaled to the projectionist to change over from one projector (or film reel)
to another (about every 15-20 minutes); nowadays, most film theatres have
only one projector - the reels are spliced together into one giant roll and fed
into a single projector from a horizontal revolving turntable called a platter
39
Character
The fictitious or real individual in a story, performed by an actor; also
called players.

Character actor
An actor who specializes in playing well-defined, stereotypical, archetypal,
off-beat, humorous, or highly-recognizable, fictional roles of a particular
physical, emotional, or behavioral type, in a supporting role; see
also typecasting.

Character color coding

Refers to identifying a film's character or persona with a particular color;
changes in color often represent transformations, shifts, merges, or changes in
persona

Character study
A film that uses strong characterizations, interactions and the personalities of
its characters to tell a story, with plot and narrative almost secondary to them

Cheater cut
The footage put into the beginning of a serial episode to show what happened
at the end of the previous episode

Chemistry (or screen chemistry)

40
Referring to performances between actors who are uncommonly suited and
perfectly complementary to each other; performances that lack screen
chemistry can sometimes be disastrous for a film; see also buddy film

Chiaroscuro
Literally, the combination of the two Italian words for "clear/bright" and
"dark"; refers to a notable, contrasting use of light and shade in scenes; often
achieved by using a spotlight; this lighting technique had its roots in German
Expressionistic cinematography; aka high-contrast lighting or Rembrandt
lighting; flat lighting or TV lighting (bright and flat lighting with no
shadows) is its opposite

'Chick flicks'
Refers to films popular with women, but also used in a derogatory sense to
marginalize films with heavy, sappy emotion and numerous female
characters; aka tearjerkers E.g. Thelma & Louise (1991)

Child actor
Technically, any actor under the age of 18; aka moppet

Chopsocky
Slang for a martial arts film

Choreographer (and choreography)

This is a person who plans, designs, organizes, sequences, and directs dancing,
fighting, or other physical actions or movements in a film or stage production;
a dancer is known as a hoofer.
41
Christian Drama
It is the "dramatic illustration of Christum message. This illustration could be on
stage in film, on radio, crusade platform or Altar of the Church.

Christian Movie Industry

This refers to the coalition of Evangelical Christian Drama Ministers who
produces soul winning Evangelical Media products or Services such as:
Movies, Stage plays, photo play magazines, Audio Drama, play books, T.V. and
Radio contents. The largest body of Evangelical Christian Movie Makers in the
World is ANCEDRAM. See ANCEDRAM

Cineaste
Refers to a film/movie enthusiast or devotee; also used in the name of a
leading film magazine

Cinema Scope
The term commonly refers to widescreen processes
oranamorphic techniques, that use different magnifications in the horizontal
and the vertical to fill the screen; it is also the specific trademark name for
20th Century Fox's commercially-successful widescreen process which uses
an aspect ratio of 2.35:1 (originally it could be as wide as 2:66:1 - to compete
with Cinerama and 3-D processes in the 1950s.

Cinematic

42
Relating to or suggestive of motion pictures; having the qualities of a film.

Cinematographer (also cinematography)

Specifically refers to the art and technique of film photography, the capture of
images, and lighting effects, or to the person expert in and responsible for
capturing or recording-photographing images for a film, through the selection
of visual recording devices, camera angles, film stock, lenses, framing, and
arrangement of lighting; the chief cinematographer responsible for a movie is
called the director of photography (or D.P.), or first cameraman; one of the
earliest movie-picture machines, patented by the Lumiere brothers in 1895,
was termed a Cinematographer.

Cinema verité
A French word that literally means "true cinema" or "cinema truth"; a method
or style of documentary movie-making with long takes, no narration and little
or no directorial or editing control exerted over the finished product; usually
made without actors, and often with a minimum of film equipment, a small
film crew (camera and sound), impromptu interview techniques, and a hand-
held camera and portable sound equipment; sometimes used to loosely refer
to a documentary-style film or minimalist cinema; popularized in the
1950s French New Wave movement; now widely used (often inappropriately)
to refer to the popular, artsy trend of using hand-held camera techniques; also
termed free cinema(UK) or direct cinema (UK)

Cinerama

43
A wide-screen filming process that first used three cameras and three
projectors to achieve an encompassing view of the subject matter, and was
projected on a curved screen of about 160 degrees; it was the first
commercially-successful multiple-camera/multiple-screen process.

Clapboard (clapper (board) or slate)

This is a small black or white board or slate with a hinged stick on top that
displays identifying information for each shot in a movie, and is filmed at the
beginning of a take. The board typically contains the working title of the
movie, the names of the director, the editor, and the director of photography,
the scene and take numbers, the date, and the time. On the top of the
clapboard is a hinged wooden stick (called a clap-stick or clapper) which is
often clapped to provide audio/visual synchronization of the sound with the
picture during editing; electronic clappers and synchronization are currently
in use instead of the old-fashioned clapboard.

Claymation
Refers to the animation of models constructed of clay, putty, plasticine, or
other moldable materials, often through stop-motion.

Click
Slang denoting a 'hit' film

Cliffhanger
A film characterized by scenes of great tension, danger, adventure, suspense,
or high drama, often climaxing at the end of a film, or at the end of a multi-part
serial episode, where the plot ending and the fate of the protagonist(s) are left
44
unresolved; the name was derived from the movie serials of the 1930's where
each week the hero (or heroine) was perilously left dangling from a cliff --
with a 'to-be-continued' ending -- to increase interest for the next episode
(sequel).

Climax
The highest point of anxiety or tension in a story or film in which the central
character/protagonist faces, confronts, and deals with the consequence(s) of
all his/her actions, or faces the antagonist in a climactic battle or final
engagement; a crisis often leads to a climax; also called the film's high point,
zenith, apex, or crescendo; a climax may be followed by an anti-climax or
denouement

Clip
See film clip

Close-up (CU)
A shot taken from a close distance in which the scale of the object is magnified,
appears relatively large and fills the entire frame to focus attention and
emphasize its importance; i.e., a person's head from the shoulders or neck up
is a commonly-filmed close-up; a tight shot makes the subject fill almost the
entire frame; also extreme close-up (ECU or XCU) is a shot of a part of a
character (e.g., face, head, hands) to emphasize detail; also known as detail
shot or close on; contrast to long-shot (LS)

(The) Coast
Slang meaning either Hollywood or Los Angeles, both entertainment centers
45
Coda
Literally, means "tail" in Italian, and usually refers to musical selections; in
Film, it refers to the epilogue, ending or last section of a film (often wordless),
that provides closure, a conclusion, or a summary of the preceding storyline

Coin
A slang term for money or financing

Cold Reading

An unrehearsed performance of a scene, usually occurs at an audition or

during the early days of a production.

Color (Film)
A phenomenon of light or visual perception that enables one to differentiate
otherwise identical objects caused by differing qualities of the light reflected
or emitted; contrast to black and white.

Colorization
The film-altering process whereby a black and white film is digitally changed
to include color; popularized but controversial in the 1980s.

Comedian (comedienne)
An actor who specializes in genre films that are designed to elicit laughter
from audiences; also known as a comic

46
Comedy (film)
A film with elicits laughter or humor by celebrating or showing the eternal
ironies of human existence; types include screwball,
dark/black, farce, slapstick, dead-pan, parody, romantic comedy, etc.

Comedy Secular Drama

This is an aspect of drama that purelyentertains, making people to laugh through
the dramatist's manner of speaking acting and reasoning. It is usually set in a
modem environment. There is no use of elaborate traditional or cultural attires or
make-ups. No chanting of war songs, casting of spells. The examples are: Moses
Olaiya, Awada Kerikeri (Oga Bello and Aluwe) and Baba Sala

Comic relief
A humorous or farcical interlude in a dramatic film, usually provided by a
buffoonish character, intended to relieve the dramatic, built-up tension or
heighten the emotional impact by means of contrast

Coming-of-age (film)
A film associated with difficult teen rites of passage (from adolescence to
adulthood), the onset of puberty, the loss of naive innocence and childhood
dreams, the experience of growing up, achieving sexual identity, etc.; aka teen
films

Command performance

47
A great performance in a film by an actor, sometimes referring to the one
before his or her death; it originally referred to a special performance that
was requested by a sovereign, royal, head of state, or other important person

Commentary
An objective opinion or description of characters or events occurring in the
film, presented from an omniscient point of view by a commentator; the
commentator's voice comes from off-camera, and is presented on the
soundtrack as a voice-over; also refers to one of the added features on various
DVDs in which a cast member, director, film critic, or film historian
'comments' on the film in some way

Compilation film
A film made up of shots, scenes, or sequences from other films

Complication
A plot event that complicates or tightens the tension of a film

Composite

These are series of headshots on an 8’’ x 10’’ sheet demonstrating a variety of

looks of an actor.

Composer

The musician who creates (writes or adapts) the film's musicalscore; contrast
to a conductor (who directs the orchestra's performance of the score), or
a lyricist (who writes a song's words)

48
Composition

Combining visual elements from separate sources into single images or

sequences, usually to create the illusion that all those elements are parts of
the same scene. (i.e., colors, shapes, figures, lines, movement, and lighting)
within a frame and in a scene

Concert film (rock or comedy)

A film that records the live concert performance of musician(s), a band/group,

or stand-up comic(s); concert films are often edited over the course of many
performances and/or staged for the camera with multiple set-ups, and can be
considered pseudo-documentaries; a rock concert is aka rockumentary

Continuity (editing or cutting)

The system of editing that developed in the early 20th century to provide a
continuous and clear movement of events/images in a film; refers to the final
edited structure of a completed film, with the events or scenes/sequences
arranged as if they had occurred continuously, when, in fact, they were shot
out of sequence; continuity also refers to the degree to which a film is self-
consistent without errors, jump cuts, or mis-matched shots and details;
a continuity cut refers to a editing cut that takes the viewer seamlessly,
unobtrusively, and logically from one sequence or scene to another, to propel
the narrative along; a blooper or flub is a continuity error

Continuity System
This is the system of editing that developed in the early 20th century to
provide a continuous and clear movement of events in a film; it refers to the
Final edited structure of a completed film, with the events arranged as if they
had occurred continuously, when, often, they were shot out of sequence. It
49
involves a series of rules, notably the 180 degree rule, the match on action, eye
line match and shot/reverse shot.

Contract player

An actor (both stars and bit players) who has a contractual commitment or
agreement to a studio/producer/company

Contrast

Refers to the difference between light and shadow, or between maximum and
minimum amounts of light, in a particular film image; can be either high
contrast (with a sharp delineation between the bright and dark areas) or its
opposite low contrast; color can also be contrasted; see also chiaroscuro

Conventions

This is the expected elements in a type of film, without question, thought, or

judgment. Example: Film noir is expected to be a dark, pessimistic, shadowy-
filmed story about human betrayal or corruption.

Coogan's Law

Refers to landmark legislation in the late 30s designed to protect a child

actor's earnings, by depositing some of the minor's earnings in court-
administered trust funds that the child receives when he/she reaches the age
of majority; named after child actor Jackie Coogan

Costume (or wardrobe) and costume design

50
Refers to the garments or clothing worn by actors/performers in a film;
a costume (or wardrobe) designer researches, designs, and selects the
costumes to be appropriate to the film's time period, the characters, their
location, and their occupations, whereas the costumer (or stylist) is
responsible for acquiring, selecting, manufacturing, and/or handling the
clothing and accessories; a costume drama is a film set in a particular
historical time period, often with elaborate costuming.

Courtroom drama

A drama and/or mystery story, in which the main protagonist is a lawyer, and
a majority of the drama and dramatic action takes place in a courtroom
setting; the plot revolves around the preparation of a trial and its result of
guilt or innocence

Copy

This is an informal term for a script.

Coverage
This refers to all the shots, including close-ups and reverse angles, that a
director takes in addition to the master shot, to make up the final product; to
have proper coverage means having all the scenes, angles and close-ups
needed to ensure that all desired options are possible in the edit.

Crane shot

A camera shot taken from a large camera dolly or electronic device (an
apparatus, such as a crane), resembling a extendable mechanical arm
(or boom), that can raise the camera up in the air above the ground 20 feet or
more; the crane allows the camera to fluidly move in virtually any direction
51
(with vertical and horizontal movement), providing shifts in levels and angles;
crane shots usually provide some kind of overhead view of a scene.

Credits

In general, this term refers to the text appearing on screen - composed of a list
of technical personnel, cast, and production crew of a film; specifically, it
refers to the list of names and functions of persons and corporations
contributing and responsible for the artistic or intellectual content of a film,
such as: "Story by...", "Screenplay by...", "Photography by...", etc.; sometimes
distinguished from the cast (the performers in front of the camera); see
also front (or opening) credits, end (or closing) credits, or(beginning or
end) titles.

Crew

Refers to those involved in the technical production of a film who are not
actual performers

Crisis

The period of highest tension just before the climax of a film (there can be
more than one); the point at which events reach their highest level of tension

Critic (or film critic, film reviewer)

This is an individual who writes and/or publishes a review of a film from

either an artistic or entertainment point of view. Film reviews often analyze
and discuss a film's details, its content and characters, a critique of the
performances, camera work, directing, editing, production, and script; film
critics are usually more philosophical and theoretical than film reviewers or
commentators; film Criticism refers to the analysis of the narrative, historical
and stylistic characteristics of film; 'critics' is sometimes abbreviated as crix.

Craft Service
52
Catered food provided on a set. This may also refer to the person(s)
responsible for providing the food.

Cross Cutting
This is an editing technique involving alternating, interweaving, or
interspersing one narrative action (scene, sequence, or event) with another -
usually in different locations or places, thus combining the two, which
suggests some kind of parallel action is taking place simultaneously. The
technique is frequently used to dramatically build tension and suspense

Cue

This refers to a verbal or visual sign to begin performing or signal an action.

Cult film(s)

Usually a non-mainstream film that attracts a small, but loyally-obsessed

group of fans, and remains popular and worshipped over many years; cult
films have limited but special appeal, and often have unusual or subversive
elements or subject matter; they are often replayed for repeat viewings and
audience participation (and group identification) as midnight movies; not to

Cultural Secular Drama

This is an attempt to dig into the idolatry past of the forefathers. This category of
drama does not only dig into it, but it digs out the idolatry past to make it influence
the presence e.g. Oduduwa, Sango, Afonja, OgedegbeAgbogungboro,
OgboriElemosho.e.t.c.

Cut (or cutting)

An abrupt or sudden change or jump in camera angle, location, placement, or

time, from one shot to another; consists of a transition from one scene to

53
another (a visual cut) or from one soundtrack to another (a sound
cut); cutting refers to the selection, splicing and assembly by the film editor of
the various shots or sequences for a reel of film, and the process of shortening
a scene; also refers to the instructional word 'cut' said at the end of a take by
the director to stop the action in front of the camera; cut to refers to the point
at which one shot or scene is changed immediately to another; also refers to a
complete edited version of a film (e.g., rough cut); also see director's cut;
various types of cuts include invisible cut, smooth cut, jump cut (an abrupt
cut from one scene or shot to the next), shock cut (the abrupt replacement of
one image by another), etc.

Cut-away shot
This refers to a brief shot that momentarily interrupts a continuously-filmed
action, by briefly inserting another related action, object, or person
(sometimes not part of the principal scene or main action), followed by a
cutback to the original shot; often filmed from the POV of the character and
used to break up a sequence and provide some visual relief, or to ease the
transition from one shot to the next, or to provide additional information, or
to hint at an impending change; reaction shots are usually cutaways; cross-
cutting is a series of cutaways and cutbacks indicating concurrent action; a
cutaway is different from an insert shot.

Cyberpunk
a sub-genre of science fiction, derived from combining the terms
cybernetics and punk, and related to the digital or information technology
society (referring to the proliferation of computers, the online world,
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cyberspace, and 'hacking'); this sub-genre also incorporates classic film-
noirish characteristics into its style - traits include alienation,
dehumanization, the presence of counter-cultural anti-heroes,
darkness, dystopia, and corruption; heavily influenced by the novels of
Raymond Chandler; also associated with the work of writer William Gibson
and his 1984 novel Neuromancer

Cyclorama
The curved backdrop used to represent the sky when outdoor scenes are shot
in the studio

Day Player (Day Performer)

An actor hired on a daily basis, as opposed to a longer contract.

Dailies –
The immediately processed, rough cuts, exposed film, or first prints of a film
(w/o special effects or edits) for the director (producer, cinematographer, or
editor) to review, to see how the film came out after the day's (or previous
day's) shooting; more commonly in the form of videotape or digital dailies
nowadays; aka rushes (referring to the haste taken to make them available);
used to determine if continuity is correct, if props are missing or out of place,
or if sound is poor, etc., to help decide whether to re-shoot

Dark horse

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In film terms, a little-known, unlikely movie (often a sleeper, a low-budget
film, indie, or a foreign film) that is, surprisingly, nominated for a major
award (i.e., Academy Award or Golden Globe)

Day-for-night shot

A cinematographic technique for using shots filmed during the day to appear
as moonlit night shots on the screen, by using different lenses, filters, special
lighting and underexposure; very common during the 50s and in the 60s, but
rarely used in present-day films.

Deadpan

A specific type of comedic device in which the performer assumes an

expressionless (deadpan) quality to her/his face demonstrating absolutely no
emotion or feeling.

Decoupage

A French term referring to the design of a film - the arrangement of its shots

Deep-focus shot

A style or technique of cinematography and staging with great depth of field,

preferred by realists, that uses lighting, relatively wide angle lenses and small
lens apertures to simultaneously render in sharp focus both close and distant
planes (including the three levels of foreground, middle-ground, and extreme
background objects) in the same shot; contrast to shallow focus (in which
only one plane is in sharp focus)

Deleted scene

This refers to a scene that was edited out of a film's final cut, for several
possible reasons: the scene was poorly done, the scene was unnecessary, the
56
film's running time needed truncation, the film was avoiding an R or NC-17
rating, the film's studio disapproved of it, etc. Deleted scenes are now
commonly included on DVDs, either re-edited into a director's cut or as a
separate feature

Demo Tape (Reel)

This is an audio, video or digital compilation of an actor’s best work,

frequently used for audition purposes.

Denouement
The point immediately following the climax when everything comes into place
or is resolved; often the final scene in a motion picture; aka tag;
see resolution

Depth of field
The depth of composition of a shot, i.e., where there are several
planes (vertical spaces in a frame): (1) a foreground, (2) a middle-ground,
and (3) a background; depth of field specifically refers to the area, range of
distance, or field (between the closest and farthest planes) in which the
elements captured in a camera image appear in sharp or acceptable focus; as a
rule of thumb, the area 1/3 in front of and 2/3 behind the subject is the actual
distance in focus; depth of field is directly connected, but not to be confused
with focus

Depth of focus
Related to depth of field - refers to an adjustment made technically to insure
that a camera shot retains its deep focus throughout all the
various planes (fore, middle, and back)

Deus ex machine
literally, the resolution of the plot by the device of a god ("deus") arriving
onstage by means of a piece of equipment ("machina") and solving all the
characters' problems; usually refers to an unlikely, improbable, contrived,
illogical, or clumsy ending or suddenly-appearing plot device that alleviates a
57
difficult situation or brings about a denouement - just in the nick of time; can
sometimes refer to an unexpected, artificial, or improbable character

Devoution
Refers to act of praying, worshipping and studying the word of God either in
before the call time or before lights out after the wrap on a movie Location.

Dialect

This is a regional or specific speech pattern, which may require additional

training or coaching for an actor to effectively duplicate.

Dialogue
Any spoken lines in a film by an actor/actress; may be considered
overlapping if two or more characters speak simultaneously; in film-making,
recording dialogue to match lip movements on previously-recorded film is
called dubbing or looping

Diegetic (diegesis)
simply means realistic or logically existing, such as the music that plays on a
character's radio in a scene; more generally, it refers to the narrative elements
of a film (such as spoken dialogue, other sounds, action) that appear in, are
shown, or naturally originate within the content of the film frame; the
opposite is non-Diegetic elements, such as sounds (e.g., background music,
the musical score, a voice-over, or other sounds) w/o an origin within the film
frame itself; in an objective shot, the most common camera shot, it simply
presents what is before the camera in the diegesis of the narrative

Diegetic sound
A sound that comes from the world of the film, created by something or
Someone visible on screen or the source of which is implied as present by the
action of the film.

Different Titles/Roles
58
Every actor has to get their start somewhere and it usually isn’t at the top.
While you are paying your dues, there are many types of roles an actor may
play. Some of the most common titles are featured below.

Diffusion
The reduction or softening of the harshness or intensity of light achieved by
using a diffuser or translucent sheet (lace or silk) in front of the light to cut
down shadows; materials include screen, glass, filters, gauze, wire mesh, or
smoke; also see soft-focus.

Digital production
refers to filming on digital video using digital high-resolution cameras, rather
than on traditional 35mm film Example: Star Wars, Episode II: Attack of the
Clones (2002)was the first major live-action feature film ever to be shot using
digital cinematography - it was a complete digital production from start to
finish.

Directing the eye

In cinematographic terms, using light and dark lighting and frame
composition to emphasize what is important

Direct sound
The technique of recording sound simultaneously with the image

Director (and directing)

The creative artist responsible for complete artistic control of all phases of a
film's production (such as making day-to-day determinations about sound,
lighting, action, casting, even editing), for translating/interpreting a script into
a film, for guiding the performances of the actors in a particular role and/or
scene, and for supervising the cinematography and film crew. The director is
usually the single person most responsible for the finished product, although
he/she couldn't make a film without support from many other artists and
technicians; often the director is called a helmer (at-the-helm); the assistant
director is known as the a.d. ; the director of photography (or

59
cinematographer), responsible for the mechanics of camera placement,
movements, and lighting, is known as the d.o.p in Nigeria Movie Industry.

Director's cut
A rough cut (the first completely-edited version) of a film without studio
interference as the director would like it to be viewed, before the final
cut (the last version of the film that is released) is made by the studio.

Discovery shot
In a film scene, when the moving or panning camera unexpectedly comes
upon or 'discovers' an object or person previously undisclosed to the viewer

Disney-fication or Disney-fied
Refers to the making of an adapted, sanitized, 'family-friendly' version of a
book or play, by removing objectionable elements (such as crude language,
sexuality, or violence) and modifying plot elements to make the tale more
acceptable, entertaining, predictable and popular for mass consumption by
audiences, as first exercised by the Disney studios in the 50s; now used as a
derogatory term for how popular culture has been homogenized and cultural
diversity has been minimized; see also bowdlerize(d)

Dissolve (or lap dissolve)

A transitional editing technique between two sequences, shots or scenes, in
which the visible image of one shot or scene is gradually replaced,
superimposed or blended (by an overlapping fade out orfade
in and dissolve) with the image from another shot or scene; often used to
suggest the passage of time and to transform one scene to the next; lap
dissolve is shorthand for 'over'lap dissolve; also known as a soft
transition or dissolve to

Distribution
The process of getting the film to its audience, in all formats, including
theatrical release and other formats such as DVD and online, which includes
working with exhibitors and the marketing of the film.
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Diva
This is the name given to an interesting actor/character that draws attention
to him/herself wherever he/she goes. Can be by way of comedy or dressing or
style of walking. Or style of talking.

Documentary
A non-fiction (factual), narrative film with real people (not performers or
actors); typically, a documentary is a low-budget, journalistic record of an
event, person, or place; a documentary film-maker should be an unobtrusive
observer - like a fly-on-the-wall, capturing reality as it happens;
aka doc or docu; also called direct cinema; one type is termed docudrama;
contrast with cinema verite and mockumentary Examples: a term first
coined by John Grierson when describing Robert Flaherty's (the 'father of the
documentary') 'objective' film about the daily life of a Polynesian
youth, Moana (1926); Michael Moore's Roger and Me (1989).

Dogme 95
A collective of film directors founded in Denmark in 1995 led by Lars von
Trier, with a distinctive democratizing philosophy and set of rules (termed
"the vow of chastity") that rejected special effects and contrived
lighting/staging and camera work, and espoused returning to more "truthful"
and honest, "non-Hollywood" forms of cinema; the ten rules included
shooting on location, use of hand-held cameras, natural lighting only, no
props, use of digital-video (DV), lack of credits for the director, etc.

Dolby stereo
A stereo-sound process for motion pictures created by Dolby Laboratories,
Inc., used to improve sound quality; 35mm prints have two optical sound
tracks (Dolby can decode and playback on four channels), while 70mm prints
have six magnetic tracks for multi-channel playback; by the 1990s, Dolby
Stereo was superceded by advanced digitally-recorded sound

Dolly (shot)
It refers to a moving shot in which the perspective of the subject and
background is changed; the shot is taken from a camera that is mounted on a
hydraulically-powered wheeled camera platform (sometimes referred to as
61
a truck or dolly), pushed on rails (special tracks) and moved smoothly and
noiselessly during filming while the camera is running; a pull-back
shot(or dolly out) is the moving back ('tracking back') of the camera from a
scene to reveal a character or object that was previously out of the
frame, dolly in is when the camera moves closer ('tracking in') towards the
subject, and dollying along with (or 'tracking within') refers to the camera
moving beside the subject; also known as tracking shot, trucking
shot, follow shot, or traveling shot; contrast with zoomshots.

Doppelganger
A German word literally meaning: "doublewalker," a reference to the fact that
a shadow-self, duplicate, counterpart or double (spiritual, ghostly, or real)
accompanies every individual

Double
It refers to the person who temporarily takes the leading player's place for a
dangerous or difficult stunt, or to photographically stand in for the actor
(when the latter is not available or when the actor wants a body double for a
nude scene, etc.)

Double exposure
To expose a single frame twice so that elements of both images are visible in
the finished product; produces an effect similar to superimposition and is
often used to produce 'ghostly' effects

Double take
A comedic convention that refers to the way in which an actor first looks at an
object (subject, event, scene, etc.), then looks away, and then snaps his head
back to the situation for a second look - with surprise, disgust, sexual longing,
etc.; a variation is termed a spit-take (the double-take causes the character to
spit out whatever he is drinking)

Dramatis Personae
This is another name for Cast List. Compilation of cast for film or stage

Drive-in
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An outdoor movie theatre in which the patrons viewed a film from their
automobile; films projected were often B-films or low-budget films; reached
their peak in terms of popularity and numbers in the 1970s; also called
a passion pit, ozoner; contrast with a hard top (or indoor movie theatre).

Dub (or dubbing)

The act of putting a new soundtrack on a film or adding a soundtrack
(of dialogue, sound effects, or music) after production, to match the action
and/or lip movements of already-filmed shots; commonly used when films are
shot on location in noisy environments; also refers to adding translated
dialogue to a foreign-language film; as opposed todirect sound - which is
sound recorded when filming a scene; contrast to looping.

Dunning
The process or technique of combining shots filmed in a studio with
background footage shot elsewhere

Dutch tilt (or canted angle)

A shot made with the camera leaned to one side and filming at a diagonal
angle; see also camera angle.

Dynamic frame
A photographic technique used to mask the projected image size and shape to
any ratio that seems appropriate for the scene (e.g., the image narrows as an
actor passes through a narrow passageway, and then widens as he emerges)

Dystopia
An imaginary, wretched, dehumanized, dismal, fearful, bad, oppressive place
or landscape, often initiated by a major world crisis (post-war destruction)
coupled with, an oppressive government, crime, abnormal behavior, etc.; the
opposite ofutopia (a state of ideal perfection); see also nihilism

Editing (editor)
The process (performed by a film editor) of selecting, assembling, arranging,
collating, trimming, structuring, and splicing-joining together many separate
63
camera takes(includes sound also) of exposed footage (or daily rushes) into
a complete, determined sequence or order of shots (or film) - that follows
the script; digital editing refers to changing film frames by digitizing them
and modifying them electronically; relational editing refers to editing shots
to suggest a conceptual link between them; an editor works in a cutting
room; the choice of shots has a tremendous influence upon the film's final
appearance.

Ellipsis
The shortening of the plot duration of a film achieved by deliberately omitting
intervals or sections of the narrative story or action; an ellipsis is marked by
an editing transition (a fade, dissolve, wipe, jump cut, or change of scene) to
omit a period or gap of time from the film's narrative.

Emcee
Another term for master of ceremonies
End (or closing) credits
This usually appears at the end of a film; aka end titles

Enfant terrible
Literally from the French, meaning "terrible baby" - referring to a brilliant,
young, passionate but egotistical, brash director; characteristics of an enfant
terrible director include being innovative and unorthodox

Ensemble (film): (onsonbul as pronounced)

A film with a large cast without any true leading roles, and usually with
multiple plotlines regarding the characters; it also literally means 'the group
of actors (and sometimes directors and designers) who are involved in a film'.
In some contexts, within the contemporary settings, an ensemble can be a set
of good actors or bad actors. When a film has a set of talented actors it can be
called a good ensemble.

Entertainment Christian drama

Entertainment Christian Drama are plays or films staged or produced by Christian
cast to entertain people. Mostly such presentations are common at birthdays,
64
wedding receptions, funeral, or naming, house-warming. They are also found in
Church Service and Programmes performed by Church drama groups who do not
understand what drama evangelism. Example: Alfa Sules ‘OrokoNla’

Epic
A costly film made on an unusually large scale or scope of dramatic
production,that often portrays a spectacle with historic, ancient world, or
biblical significance. Examples: Ben-Hur (1959), Titanic (1997), or Patton
(1970), shown here.

Epilogue
A short, concluding scene in a film in which characters (sometimes older)
reflect on the preceding events Example: the epilogue of Saving Private Ryan
(1998) and Schindler's List (1993) (pictured

Epiphany
A moment of sudden spiritual insight for the protagonist of a film, usually
occurs just before or after the climax

Episode
A self-contained segment or part of an anthology film or serial; a number of
separate and complete episodes make up an episode film Example: Twilight
Zone - The Movie (1983)

Episodic
A film that is composed of a series of loosely-related segments, sections, or
episodes, with the same character(s)
Examples: Intolerance (1916), Around the World in 80 Days (1956), Short Cuts
(1993), Pulp Fiction (1994)

Establishing shot
Usually a long (wide-angle or full) shot at the beginning of a scene (or a
sequence) that is intended to show things from a distance (often an aerial
shot), and to inform the audience with an overview in order to help identify
and orient the locale or time for the scene and action that follows; this kind of
shot is usually followed by a more detailed shot that brings characters,

65
objects, or other figures closer; a re-establishing shot repeats an establishing
shot near the end of a sequence.

Christian Evangelical Christian Drama

Christian Evangelical Christian Drama is a drama acted on stage, film, radio, video
e.t.c. by a group of regenerated born again and spirit filled children of God for the
purpose of reconciling the unbelievers to God and also for reviving and
enlightening the children of God

Exec or exex
Abbreviations for 'executive' or 'executives'

Executive producer
This is the person who is responsible for a film's financing, or for arranging
the film's production elements (stars, screenwriter, etc.)

Exhibitor
A term meaning 'movie theatre owner'; aka known as exhib(shortened term)

Experimental film
It refers to a film, usually a low-budget or indie film not oriented toward
profit-making, that challenges conventional filmmaking by using camera
techniques, imagery, sound, editing, and/or acting in unusual or never-before-
seen ways; sometimes akaavante-garde, art films. Examples:
Disney's Fantasia (1940), Hitchcock's Rope (1948), Jonathan
Demme's Swimming to Cambodia (1987).

Exploitation film
This is a sensational, often trashy B-film aimed at a particular audience and
designed to succeed commercially and profitably by appealing to specific
psychological traits or needs in that audience without any fuller analysis or
exposition; often refers to films with extremely violent or sexual scenes; not
necessarily a derogatory term; various types
include blaxploitation, sexploitation, splatter films.

Exposition
This is the conveyance (usually by dialogue or action) of important
background information for the events of a story; or the set upof a film's
story, including what's at stake for the characters, the initial problem, and
other main problems.
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Expressionism (and expressionist)
This refers to the distortion of reality through lighting, editing, and costumes,
to reflect the inner feelings and emotions of the characters and/or the
filmmaker; a cinematic style of fantasy film common in post-WWI Germany in
the 1920s and 1930s, characterized by dramatic lighting, dark visual images
and shadows, grotesque and fantastic shots, distorted sets and angles, heavy
makeup, highly stylized acting, and symbolic mime-like action and characters;
opposed to realism.

Extra(s) or Background performer

This is a person who appears in a movie in a non-specific, non-speaking,
unnoticed, or unrecognized character role, such as part of a crowd or
background, e.g., a patron in a restaurant, a soldier on a battlefield; usually
without any screen credit; also termed atmosphere people; contrast
with walk-on and non-speaking role, bit players, or principals; also
see cast of thousands

Eyeline match
It refers to a cut between two shots that creates the illusion of the character
(in the first shot) looking at an object (in the second shot).

Fade
A transitional device consisting of a gradual change in the intensity of an
image or sound, such as from a normally-lit scene to darkness (fade out, fade-
to-black) or vice versa, from complete black to full exposure (fade in), or
from silence to sound or vice versa; a 'fade in' is often at the beginning of a
sequence, and a 'fade out' at the end of a sequence.

Farce
It refers to a light-hearted, gleeful, often fast-paced, crudely humorous,
contrived and 'over-the-top' comedy that broadly satirizes, pokes fun,
exaggerates, or gleefully presents an unlikely or improbable stock situation
(e.g., a tale of mistaken identity, cross-dressing, etc.) often characterized by
67
slapstick, pratfalls, and other physical antics; types of farces
include screwball comedy, bedroom/sex farce/comedy; contrast
to parody and satire. Examples: Duck Soup (1933), To Be or Not to Be
(1942), Victor/Victoria (1982)

Fast motion (or accelerated motion)

A camera device or effect to compress reality and highlight a scene or cause a
dramatic effect, created by filming a scene with the film running at a rate less
than the normal 24 frames per second and then projecting it back at standard
speed, thereby creating the effect of moving faster than normal; generally
used for comic effect; contrast to slow-motion or time-compression.

Feature (film)
A "full-length" motion picture, one greater than 60 minutes in length - but
usually about 90-120 minutes on one particular topic; also known as
a theatrical; contrast to shorts.

Featurette
A term often used before the 1970s to refer to a 20 to 45 minute film (longer
than a short subject but shorter than afeature film), usually a "making of" or
"behind the scenes" mini-documentary, or an extended trailer, which was
usually displayed by theater owners to "sell" a film for exhibition in their
movie house -- nowadays, featurettes are commonly run on premium cable
stations, or offered as a 'bonus feature' as part of a DVD's extras; see
also "Making of..." Examples: One of the most notorious featurettes was
Alfred Hitchcock's extended trailer for Psycho (1960), in which the director
explored the set of the Bates Motel, and coyly described the film's murders
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"Feel good" film (or movie)
Usually a light-hearted, upbeat comedy or romance that ends with an
audience-pleasing conclusion; sometimes used derogatively; compare
to tearjerker

Festival
An event at which films can often be premiered, exhibited, awarded, and
engaged in distribution deals, such as Cannes, Toronto, Sundance, etc.; also
known as fest. Example: the Cannes Film Festival (France) is the best known
of various film festivals, with its Palm D'Or grand award. In Africa, we have
GOFEST for the Christian Movie Industry, AFRIMA e.t.c.

Field Rep. – An individual representing a specific union who ensures all union
contractual obligations are in compliance on set.

'Fifteen minutes of fame'

A cliched term popularized by pop artist/painter Andy Warhol in the late 60s,
who predicted that everyone could be famous for 15 minutes and experience a
moment of 'crowning glory'; aka one-hit wonders; due to today's increasing
demands for pseudo-celebrities or 'personalities', headline-grabbers, and the
widespread dissemination of information by cable TV, talk radio, and the
WWW, it may be possible for everyone to 'bask in the limelight' for a fleeting
moment (a flash in the pan).

Fill Light
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Diffused light, usually used to offset shadows from the key light source.

Film
(1) as a verb, to record a scene or make (or lense) a motion picture;
(2) as a noun, refers to a motion picture, or (3) the thin strip of material
on the film negative (with a base and light-sensitive coating
of emulsion) that is used to create images - through light exposure.

Film aesthetics
The examination or study of film as an art form

Film artifact
Unwanted film damage that could be a defect or error - dust, hair, specks,
emulsion scratches, splices, reel-change marks, a hiss, crackle or pop on the
soundtrack, mottling of the image, scratches on the negative being printed
positive, etc.; film preservation, restoration, and archival efforts help to keep
older, decomposing, and endangered films from deteriorating and acquiring
artifacts, through painstaking processes (often digital restoration)

Film clip
A short section of film removed from a movie and often exhibited; a part of a
film, and sometimes a complete scene or sequence, taken from a film; similar
to an excerpt.

Film(ic) codes (or conventions)

Many elements within a film (the use of music, audio, costuming, scripting,
camera angles, framing, shot duration, a character's actions, etc.) speak a
70
'language,' 'grammar,' or code that when used by the filmmaker help the
viewer to understand more about the plot and its characters.

Film d'art
An early movement in French cinema to film more respectable stage
productions

Film form
It refers to various technical or logistical aspects which make up, compose, or
produce a finished film, including Cinematography (Camera Movement),
Sound and Editing, Lighting, Framing, Acting, and the Narrative itself

Film gauge
This refers to the measurement of a width of a film strip (in millimeters) used
in a camera; see 35mm, film stock, Cinerama, Cinemascope, etc.; see
also digital video. Example: from The Maltese Falcon (1941), the most
common film gauge - used for most films until 1953, 35mm film with four
perforations on each side for each frame, and running at 24 fps; the frame
area was 1" wide and 3/4" high, producing an aspect ratio of 1.33:1 (called
the Academy ratio)

Film grain
This is the amount of light-sensitive material in the film's coating oremulsion;
results can either be fine-grained (or sharp) - that requires more light for
filming, or excessively grainy (or coarse) - best for low-light situations.

Filmmaker(s)
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A collective term used to refer to a person(s) who have a significant degree of
control over the creation of a film:directors, producers, screenwriters,
and editors.

Film noir
A French phrase literally meaning "black film" that developed in the early 40s;
refers to a genre of mostly black/white films that blossomed in the post-war
era in American cinema, with bleak subject matter and a somber, downbeat
tone; the plot (often a quest), low-key lighting (harsh shadows and
chiaroscuro) often in night scenes, camera angles (oftencanted or high angle
shots), the setting (the gloomy underworld of crime and corruption),
iconography (guns, urban settings), characters (disillusioned, jaded), and
other elements (voice-overs and flashbacks) combined to present a dark
atmosphere of pessimism, tension, cynicism, or oppression. Film noirs, often
crime films, were usually set in grim and seedy cities, with characters
including criminals, anti-heroes, private detectives, and duplicitous femme
fatales; see also tech-noir

Filmography
A comprehensive (often chronological by year) listing of films featuring the
work of an actor/actress, director, or other crew member; may also be a list of
films for a specific genre or topic; a filmographer is another term for a film-
maker or a person who studies film

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Film review
An evaluative oral or written judgment about the quality of a movie, based
upon various assumptions, facts, biases, etc; professional film reviewers are
known as critics; a film review usually includes a brief synopsis
(avoiding spoilers, usually), a balanced notation of both the film's plusses and
minuses, quotable wording, and some judgments; more extensive, in-depth
film evaluations are called analytical essays.

Film stock
It refers to film size or gauge (8mm, 16mm, 35mm, 70mm, 105mm, for
example), and film speed, among other things; also refers to raw unused,
unexposed film; various kinds of film stock include tungsten (for use with
artificial light, usually indoors) and daylight film stock (for use with natural
light, usually outdoors)

Film within a film

A particular story-telling approach, literally, to have one film within another;
in some cases, the characters are aware of the 'film-within-a-film,' and break
the fourth wall and enter into or interact with it; aka subset film or picture
within a picture. Examples: the opening of Butch Cassidy and the Sundance
Kid (1969)with silent film footage of the historical Butch Cassidy's 'Hole in the
Wall'.

Filter
A Glass, plastic, or gelatinous substance placed before or behind a camera lens
to change the effect and character of the lighting within the film's frame
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Final cut
(1) the last edited version of a film as it will be released; see also
rough cut
(2) a professional editing softare

First Assistant Director

Responsible for the preparation of the shooting schedule and script
Break-down, working with the Director to manage operations on the set
during the process of filming, tracking the progress of filming versus the
production schedule and ensuring that all safety and contract rules are
adhered to.

Fish-eye (lens)
It is an extreme type of super wide-angle lens with a very shortfocal
point (and nearly infinite depth-of-field), that exaggerates and distorts the
linear dimensions of the image, giving it a sense of curvature. Widely used for
the shot of Musical videos.

'Fish-out-of-water' tale
This is a film (usually humorous) in which the main character(s) faces 'culture
shock' by being placed in unfamiliar or new surroundings or situations.

Flashback
A filmic technique that alters the natural order of the narrative; a flashback
may often be the entire film; it takes the story order back chronologically in
time to a previous or past event, scene, or sequence that took place prior to
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the present time frame of the film; the flashbacked story that provides
background on action and events is often called the backstory; contrast
to flash-forward.

Flash-forward (or flash-ahead)

This can be simply put, as the opposite of flashback; a filmic technique that
depicts a scene, event or shot taking place (or imagined) or expected that is
projected into a future time beyond the present time of the film, or it can be a
flash forward from the past to the present. Example: very common in
futuristic science-fiction films (e.g.,2001: A Space Odyssey (1968), or Jacob's
Ladder (1990)), Saprtucus (Blood and Sand) or in reflecting a character's
hopes/dreams

Flash frame (or shot)

This is a single clear frame that is inserted between two shots that can barely
be perceived, giving the appearance of a flash of white when viewed, and for
the intention of producing a shock or sudden dramatic effect. Example: in
Hitchcock's black and white Spellbound (1945), two frames are hand-tinted
red (Hitchcock's first use of color) in a gigantic closeup of a gun that rotates
slowly and fires directly at the camera.

Flash in the pan

Transitory, impermanent success or recognition; derived from panning for
Gold experience; see fifteen minutes of fame.

Flat

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A section of a studio's set, consisting of a constructed wooden frame covered
with materials (such as plywood that is treated or covered with fabric, metal,
paint, wallpaper, etc.)

Flick
The flickering image in early films gave rise to the generic termflicks when
referring to the movies; often used in a condescending way, such as stating
that a film is a 'horror flick' or 'chick-flick'

Flicker
It refers to the unsteady, stroboscopic, fluctuating effect perceived by the
viewer, often produced by an improperly-photographed or projected film;
similar to the old-time movie effect.

Flood
A lamp that provides general diffuse lighting on a studio set.

Flop
A film that is a failure at the box-office; also known as
floppola, bomb, turkey. See Greatest All-Time Film Flops.
Examples: Heaven's Gate (1980) and Ishtar (1987) are two notorious examples
of major flops.

Focus
It refers to the degree of sharpness or distinctness of an image (or an element
of an image such as a person, object, etc.); as a verb, it refers to the
manipulation or adjustment of the lens to create a sharper image; terms
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related are deep focus, shallow focus (very common in close-ups), soft
focus, and rack focusing.

Foil
This an acting role that is used for personality comparison or contrast, usually
with the protagonist or main character, as a means to show and highlight a
character trait

Foley
An act or process of recreating sound effects (such as footsteps) in
synchronisation with the visual element of a movie.

Foley artist
In the post-production and editing stage of a film's production, the foley
artist (named after pioneer Jack Foley) creates or adds sound effects/noises
(e.g., footsteps, gunshots, kisses, punches, storm noises, slamming doors,
explosions, etc.) to the film as it is projected, often with props that mimic the
action.

Follow (or following shot)

A shot with framing that shifts to follow and keep a moving figure or subject
onscreen; also known as a type of tracking shot.

Follow-up
It refers to a cinematic work that comes after, regardless of whether it is a
sequel or a prequel; contrast to a prequel,serial, series, sequel, spin-
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off or remake. Examples: Star Wars: Episode 1 - The Phantom Menace
(1999) was a follow-up to the sequel, Star Wars: Episode 6 - Return of the Jedi
(1983), as was Toy Story 2 (1999) to Toy Story (1995)

Footage
Any length, portion or sequence of film (either shot or to be shot) measured in
feet; also refers to a particular sequence of events depicted in a motion
picture.

Foreground (abbreviated as f.g.)

Objects or action closest to the camera; contrast tobackground (abbreviated
as b.g.)

Foreign film
A feature-length motion picture produced outside the Nigeria Film Industry
with a predominantly non-English dialogue track.
Example: Mostly watched in Nigeria are: American Films, Indian Films,
Telomundo, Teloneva Series, Chinise and Korean Movies e.t.c.

Foreshadow-ing
To supply hints (in the form of symbols, images, motifs, repetition, dialogue or
mood) within a film about the outcome of the plot, or about an upcoming
action that will take place, in order to prepare the viewer for later events,
revelations, or plot developments; also, ominous music often foreshadows
danger or builds suspense. Example: or the death of Lester Burnham (Kevin
Spacey) was foreshadowed in his opening voice-over monologue in American
Beauty (1999).
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"For your consideration"
A phrase often used in special trade advertisements (in publications such
as Variety) that are paid for by studios to promote "Oscar-worthy" films (and
their actors) and createOscar buzz for Academy Award nominations,
especially for borderline films and/or lesser known indie efforts and lesser-
known performers that would probably be overlooked without the additional
publicity, aka FYC. Example: A typical "For Your Consideration" ad by Warner
Bros. touted Sandra Bullock's Best Supporting Actress-worthy performance
in Infamous (2006)

Format
The size or aspect ratio of a film frame

Fourth wall
Refers to the imaginary, illusory invisible plane through which the film viewer
or audience is thought to look through toward the action; the fourth wall that
separates the audience from the characters is 'broken through' when the
barrier between the fictional world of the film's story and the "real world" of
the audience is shattered - when an actor speaks directly to the viewers by
making an aside. Examples: the conclusion of The Great Train Robbery
(1903)when the gunman fires directly at the audience, Woody Allen's asides
in Annie Hall (1977), the end of GoodFellas (1990), and all throughout Ferris
Bueller's Day Off (1986)

Frame

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Refers to a single image, the smallest compositional unit of a film's structure,
captured by the camera on a strip of motion picture film - similar to an
individual slide in still photography; a series of frames juxtaposed and shown
in rapid succession make up a motion (or moving) picture; also refers to the
rectangular area within which the film image is composed by the film-maker -
in other words, a frame is what we see (within the screen);
see fps and framing below. Example: A strip of film negative, showing a
single rectangular frame or box that contains the image that is
projected. There are 16 frames per foot of 35mm film.

Frames per second or fps

Present-day films are usually run through a camera or projector at a frame
rate (running speed or camera speed) of 24 fps (frames per second); older
films, made at 18 fps, appear jerky and sped-up when played back at 24 fps -
this technique is referred to as undercranking; overcrankingrefers to
changing the frame rate (i.e., shooting at 48 or 96 fps), thereby producing
slow-motion action when viewed at 24 fps.

Framing (or framed shot)

Refers to the way a shot is composed, and the manner in which subjects and
objects are surrounded ('framed') by the boundaries or perimeter of the film
image, or by the use of a rectangle or enclosing shape (such as a shadow,
mirror, door or hallway) within the film image; also, camera angles such as
low-angle and high-angle shots contribute to the framing; reframing refers
to short panning or tilting movements of the camera to adjust to the
character's movements and keep them onscreen, centered, and in the frame.

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Freeze (or freeze-frame)
An optical printing effect in which a single frame image is identically repeated,
reprinted or replicated over several frames; when projected, a freeze frame
gives the illusion of a still photograph in which the action has ceased; often
used at the end of a film to indicate death or ambiguity, and to provide an
iconic lasting image

Front projection
A film process developed in the 1950s in which actors and foreground objects
were filmed in front of a projection screen, with a previously-filmed
background projected onto it. Example: the Dawn of Man sequence in 2001: A
Space Odyssey (1968)

F-stop
The scale measurement of the size of the opening of the iris (the opening that
lets light in) on a lens; common f-stops are 1.4, 2, 2.8, 4, 5.6, 8, 11, 16, and 22;
the smaller the number, the larger the opening, and the more light that is
allowed.

F/x
Abbreviation for special (or visual) effects

FYC\
Abbreviation for 'For Your Consideration' (see above)
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Gaffer
The chief or head electrician or supervisory lighting technician in the
film/photography crew on a movie set, responsible for the design and
execution of a production's lighting on the set; the gaffer's right-hand
assistant is known as the best boy;gaffer tape refers to multi-purpose, sticky
and wide black cloth tape, used to mark studio floors, to hold things together,
etc.

Gag-based comedies
These are comedy films that are often non-sensical and literally filled with
multiple gags (i.e., jokes, one-liners, pratfalls, slapstick, etc.), are designed to
produce laughter in any way possible, and often with comic or spoofing
references to other films

Gate
The aperture assembly of a camera, printer, or projector at which the film is
exposed

Gel
A transparent, tinted colored sheet of plastic used as a filter for a movie light
to create a colored glow over a scene, usually to evoke a desired mood. Black-
and-white silent films would often physically tint film stock to achieve the
same effect (see tint) Example: The hellish blood-red glow seen during the
infamous strip club scene in Mean Streets (1973).

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Gender-bending role
This is usually, a cross-dressing role in which a male or female plays a
character of the opposite sex. Jaye Davidson, Boys Don't Cry (1999) - Hilary
Swank

Gender twist
A role traditionally played by a male or female that is switched and played by
a member of the opposite sex; see also non-traditional casting. Examples:
Rosalind Russell as Hildy Johnson (originally a male role) in His Girl Friday
(1940), Judi Dench as M in theBond series

General release
It refers to the widespread simultaneous exhibition of a film

Generation
This is usually refers to the number of times a videotape has been copied;
third generation means three steps away from the original media master

Genre
Originally a French word meaning "kind", "sort" or "type"; refers to a class or
type of film (i.e., westerns, sci-fi, etc.) that shares common, predictable or
distinctive artistic and thematic elements or iconography (e.g., bad guys in
Westerns wear black hats), narrative content, plot, and subject matter, mood
and milieu (or setting) or characters. Film genres are distinct from film
styles (a recognizable group of conventions used by filmmakers to add visual
appeal, meaning, or depth to their work) that can be applied to any genre; also
see hybrid; anti-genre films present an apparent genre stereotype and then
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subvert or challenge it - see revisionistic films. Revisionistic genre films: (e.g.,
Altman's McCabe & Mrs. Miller (1971), and The Long Goodbye (1973); Costner's
Dances With Wolves (1990))

GOFEST
A film Festival that is basically designed for the Christian Movie Industry in
Africa, it was founded by Olaitan Faranpojo. It is a forum where Christian
Evangelical Movies are being screened and Awards are also presented to
Drama Ministers in various categories.

Gothic
This is a literary or film style characterized by dark and dreary influences,
such as ghouls, the supernatural, the grotesque, deathly forces, and the
mysterious. Settings include old mansions, castles, and a threatened heroine.
This is often used in reference to horror films with these characteristics, to
increase the film's prestige. Examples: archetypal gothic romances
include Wuthering Heights (1939) and David Lean's Great Expectations
(1946); Dracula (1931)and Rosemary's Baby (1968) are archetypal gothic
horror films

Grand Guignol
Literally meaning 'large puppet' in French; originally a reference to the
famous classic shock Parisian theatre (during the 1900s) which specialized in
gruesome melodramas with gory special effects; the term now refers to a
play/film with sensational, macabre, horrifying, dramatic, and gothiccontent.
Examples: Mad Love (1935), The Devil Doll (1936), What Ever Happened to
Baby Jane? (1962), Theatre of Death (1967), Interview with the Vampire (1994)
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Greenlight or "greenlighting"
A term denoting the 'go-ahead' for a film to be made; contrasted to
being redlighted; shouldn't be confused withgreen-screening

Grindhouse film
A grindhouse originally signified a burlesque, strip-tease theatre (for "bumps
and grinds") in a red-light district, or a blue-collar downtown cinema-house
that featured racy films, chopsocky films, or other marginal fare; as a film, it
first referred to a cheap, low-budget, non-mainstream, sleazy, hard-core film
that played in an 'adults-only' venue, scruffy downtown area or drive-in in the
60s or 70s; early topics included nudist pictures, kung-fu flicks, and
cheesy/sexy potboilers, but then branched out to refer to any genre of film
with little plot, but with lots of action, sex and nudity, violence, taboo drug-
use, lewdness, atrocities, Hong Kong martial arts content, or just plain
weirdness; see also B-movies, exploitation or trash films, slasher
films, Blaxploitation films. Examples: any of the early gore, slasher, or
splatter films (Blood Feast (1963), 2000 Maniacs (1964), I Spit On Your Grave
(1978), The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974)), cheesy spaghetti westerns,
biker films, blaxploitation films (Superfly (1972), Coffy (1973), Dolemite
(1975)), revenge melodramas, early exploitation films such as the
shockumentary Mondo Cane (1962), kung fu (The Street Fighter (1974)),
smutty soft-core sex films (Faster, Pussycat! Kill! Kill! (1966), Therese and
Isabelle (1968)), women in prison films (Caged Heat (1974)), and the films of
Ed Wood, Jr.; a modern-day example: From Dusk Till Dawn (1996); Tarantino
has claimed his recent opus Kill Bill, Vols. I and II (2003-4) is sort of a mega-
grindhouse epic, as is Grindhouse (2007) by Robert Rodriguez
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Grip
The crew member responsible for setting up dolly tracks and camera cranes,
erecting scaffolding, moving props or scenery, or the adjustment or
maintenance of any other production equipment on the set - a physically
demanding job; the key grip is the head grip who coordinates all of the other
grips in the crew, and receives direction from the gaffer or head lighting
technician; the key grip's right-hand assistant is known as the best boy grip

Gross
It refers to the box-office take - the total amount of money taken in during
theatrical release, not including earnings from film rentals or sales, or the
entire profit made by a film

Grotesque
A term originally coined by Federico Fellini to describe the bizarre-looking or
deformed background characters in his films; a grotesque is a live-action
caricature with exaggerated features, but not necessarily to be viewed as
frightening or sinister. Examples: Most of Fellini's films have an eye for the
"grotesque", such as Fellini - Satyricon (1970), Fellini's Roma (1972), Amarcord
(1973), and City of Women (1981)

Guerrilla film
A low-budget film usually shot without seeking location permits, using non-
SAG (Screen Actors Guild) actors, etc. Example: Student films. A Guerrilla can
also be a short spontaneous piece acted to draw the attention of others
probably busy in the classroom or office. It serves like a mini-advert for a
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major drama production later that day or the nearest future. The startling act
will initially draw people’s attention to the intended advert.

'Guilty pleasure' films

This is an escapist film that engenders low expectations (usually an awful B-
movie or a critically-lambasted film) that the public enjoys despite or, more
likely, because of its flaws; these are often quite personal film choices that are
sometimes embarrassing to admit. Universally-loved 'guilty pleasure' films
become cult films. See also flop and B-movie. Examples: Teen movies,
various horror films, sappy romances, The Rocky Horror Picture Show
(1975), Kentucky Fried Movie (1977), Flash Gordon (1980), Supergirl
(1984), Cocktail (1988), Gamera: The Guardian of the Universe
(1995), Showgirls (1996), William Shakespeare's Romeo + Juliet
(1996), Anaconda (1997), Wild Things (1998), and Lara Croft: Tomb Raider
(2001).

Handheld shot
This is a shot taken with a handheld camera or deliberately made to appear
unstable, shaky or wobbly; often used to suggest either documentary footage,
'realism,' news reporting, cinemaverite, or amateur cinematography;
contrast with Steadicam. Frequently exaggerated and currently overused,
such as in The Blair Witch Project (1999)

Hays Code
Named after Will Hays, a series of rigid censorship restrictions imposed on
films by the Motion Picture Production Code (MPPC) beginning in mid-
1934, and enforced/administered by Joseph Breen (in the Breen Office); the
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code had existed since the late 1920s but wasn't vigorously enforced, and it
basically lasted until the late 1960s; the Code explicitly prescribed what
couldn't be shown in films, i.e., "nakedness and suggestive dances," "methods
of crime," "alleged sex perversion," "illegal drug use," "scenes of passion,"
"excessive and lustful kissing...", "miscegenation," "pointed profanity," etc.

Head-on shot
A shot in which the action moves or comes directly toward or at the camera,
to enhance the audience's feelings of participation; works well with 3-D films;
also may refer to ahead shot
Helicopter shot
A moving shot, often breathtaking; an establishing shot from a bird's eye view
or from overhead, usually taken from a helicopter - due to its maneuverability,
the shot may pan, arc, or sweep through a landscape; many films open with a
helicopter shot (often under the credits)

Helm
Terms used to refer to the director (aka helmer) of a film

Hero/heroine
It refers to the major male and female protagonists in a film with whom the
audience identifies and sympathizes. Character traits often include being
young, virtuous, handsome, pretty, etc.; contrast with
the antagonist or heavy(the villain or evil force). The underdog hero, Rocky
Balboa in Rocky (1976)

High-angle shot
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A shot in which the subject or scene is filmed from above and the camera
points down on the action, often to make the subject(s) small, weak and
vulnerable; contrast to low-angle shot. Example: in the opening of Force of
Evil (1948), a high-angle (overhead) camera view of towering skyscrapers
surrounding St. Andrew's Church near Wall Street

'High-concept'
It refers to the saleable or marketable elements of a film; a high
concept (actually low-concept in practice) refers to a film's main premise
expressed as a simple formula in just a few words (as a one-liner) that can be
easily understood by all; this idea portrays a shallow, condescending attitude
toward undiscriminating film audiences by Hollywood's marketers and often
results in having film content controlled by what appeals to the lowest
common denominator type market; see also logline (also known as premise).
Example: Braveheart (1995) - an epic love story and swashbuckler on the
Scottish battle plain

High-definition (HD)
This is an on screen television image that will appear in a ratio of 16:9
compared to today's analog signal ratio of 4:3; the image will be 'high-def' due
to increased lines of resolution (e.g., 1080 lines rather than the 525 of analog)

High Key Lighting

A style of lighting that is bright, even and produces little contrast between
the light and the dark areas of the scene.

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Highlighting
The use of thin beams of light to illuminate selected or limited parts of the
subject (e.g., an actress' eyes)

Hike
Slang term for the following verbs, meaning "to increase", "to raise" or "to
promote"

Hitting a mark
An actor's term for moving to the correct, predetermined position during
rehearsals and during camera takes so that the camera can smoothly record
the action; 'mark' refers to pieces of crossed tape on the floor to signify
positions

Hold over
The term used by a director for an actor used for an extra day

Holding – A designated area where background performers check in and

remain until they are needed on set.

Homage

Usually a respectful tribute to someone or something; this often occurs within

one movie when a reference is made to another film's scene, image, etc.
Examples: Woody Allen's Shadows and Fog (1991) pays tribute to German
Expressionism and classic b/w horror films, including Cat People
(1942) and Freaks (1932); also the final shot of The Grifters (1990), paying
homage to The Maltese Falcon (1941)

Hoofer

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This is a slang term denoting a dancer. Examples: 'hoofers' in Busby
Berkeley's dance production numbers.

Horror (films)
This is a popular film genre designed to frighten and thrill with familiar
elements (monsters, killers, vampires, zombies, aliens, mad scientists, the
devil or demons, etc.), gothic qualities or settings (e.g., castles), psychological
terror, etc.; initially influenced by German expressionism; subgenre types
include slasher films, occult films, and gore-fests; often combined with the sci-
fi genre. Examples: the Universal horror classics: Dracula (1931),Frankenstein
(1931), The Mummy (1932), The Invisible Man (1933)

Horse opera
general slang for a western film, not for a "singing cowboy" film; also known
as an oater (for the food that horses eat) Examples: Stagecoach (1939), My
Darling Clementine (1946), Red River (1948), High Noon (1952), Shane
(1953), The Searchers (1956), Ride the High Country (1962), The Wild Bunch
(1969), Little Big Man (1970), Dances With Wolves (1990)

Hot Mic (Live Mic) – A microphone has been turned on.

Hybrid (film)
A film or production that combines or intersects two or more
distinct genre types, and cannot be categorized by a single genre type; see
also cross-over. Examples: Little Shop of Horrors (1986) (musical plus
horror); Westworld (1973) (sci-fi plus western); Blade Runner (1982)(sci-fi
plus film noir); Who Framed Roger Rabbit? (animation plus film noir);
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Hype
The abbreviation for hyperbole; refers to manufactured
promotional buzz and excessive advertising/marketing for a film or project,
including celebrity appearances, radio and TV spots or interviews, and other
ploys; a similar word - hypo - means to increase or boost

Iconography (or icon)

This is the use of a well-known symbol or icon; a means to analyze the themes
and various styles in a film. Example: in films, a star's persona can be
iconographic; or this still photo of Marilyn Monroe in an iconographic pose
from The Seven Year Itch (1955)

Image
Generally refers to the picture that is the result of the photographic process

IMAX
A specialized, big-screen film format about ten times larger than the
traditional cinema format (35mm) and three times larger than the standard
70 mm widescreen format; debuted in Osaka Japan at the 1970 Exposition;
IMAX films, often short documentaries, 'educational,' travelogue or nature
films, are shot and projected on 15 perforation/70mm gauge film - "15/70",
the largest film format in existence, which produces incredible high-definition
sharpness in films projected on up to eight-story high screens in theatres
equipped with advanced digital surround-sound systems; IMAX projection
onto a domed screen is called Omnimax. Examples: Catch the Sun (1973),

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Volcano (1973), To Fly (1976), Living Planet (1979), Hail Columbia (1982),
Behold Hawaii (1982), The Dream is Alive (1985), and many more.

Improvisation

This is a spontaneous performance without using a script. It may be requested

during an audition, used as part of an acting exercise or for comic effect in the
theatre.

In-camera editing
This refers to filming in the exact order required for the final product, thereby
eliminating the post-production editing stage; a fast, albeit unprofessional
way to produce a film, often employed by student or amateur film-makers;
requires advanced planning to tell the desired story in order; aka in-camera
effects, such as double-exposures, split-screen shots, rear-screen and front-
projection process shots, etc.

Independents (indie and independent films)

Small independent, low-budget companies, mini-majors, or entities for
financing, producing, and distributing films (i.e., Miramax, New Line Cinema,
Polygram) working outside of the system or a major Hollywood studio;
however, an indie maylose its independent status when its grows large and
powerful; also refers to a movie, director, distributor or producer (sometimes
unconventional) not associated with or produced by a major Hollywood film
studio; often with groundbreaking subject matter designed for sophisticated
audiences, and not necessarily produced with commercial success as the goal,
unlike mainstream films. Example: California-based Miramax, although the

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leader in the independent film movement in the early 1990s, has become so
powerful and successful that it has lost most of its independent studio status;
indie films include Jim Jarmusch’s Stranger Than Paradise (1984), and Kevin
Smith's Clerks (1994); the cable TV Independent Film Channel showcases indie
films; see 50 Greatest Independent Films

Industry, the
Another name for the film or entertainment industry; also referred to as
the biz, show business, show-biz, Hollywood, or the town.

Ingénue
A young, teenaged female actress often in an important or lead role in a film;
usually portrays an innocent, sometimes naive, and attractive character; also
refers to an actress sometimes known as a starlet; the male counterpart is
known as a juvenile. Example: young Leslie Caron as Lisein An American in
Paris (1951) in contrast to Nina Foch as womanly-wise Milo

Ink
Slang term meaning to 'sign' a contract

Insert shot
A shot that occurs in the middle of a larger scene or shot, usually a close-up of
some detail or object, that draws audience attention, provides specific
information, or simply breaks up the film sequence (e.g., a quivering hand
above a gun holster in a Western, a wristwatch face, a letter, a doorbell button,
a newspaper headline, a calendar, a clock face); an insert shot is filmed from a
different angle and/or focal length from the master shot and is different from
a cutaway shot (that includes action not covered in the master shot); also
known as cut-in.

Inside joke
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In a film, an obscure, show-biz related joke that is understood (or realized)
only by those who know the reference (outside the context of the film)
Example: Finding Nemo (2003) names its great white shark

Intercut shots
Usually refers to a series of shots, consisting of two simultaneous events, that
are alternated together to create suspense; intercutting can also consist of
shots of two people involved in a telephone conversation. Example: Speed
(1994) - the bomb, the bus' speedometer, other action, all intercut

Interlude
A brief, intervening film scene or sequence, not specifically tied to the plot that
appears within a film. Example: Harpo Marx's musical interlude performances
of his harp in the Marx Brothers films.

Intermission
This is a break in the middle of a film, normally in a feature-length film of
three hours or more (although rare in current-day films); originally,
intermissions served as a 'stretch-restroom' opportunity, or provided time for
the projectionist to change reels; they often were accompanied by a medley of
the film's score - or a song score for musicals; the strategy of film theaters
nowadays is to show a film as many times as possible during the day.
Examples: West Side Story (1961), Lawrence of Arabia (1962), My Fair Lady
(1964), Doctor Zhivago (1965)

In Camera Editing
This is a process of filming in the order required for the final product, thereby
eliminating the editing stage.

In the can
A term for an entire film or a subset of shots that are all finished shooting; also
denotes when a director has the take that he wanted

Iris (or irising)

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An earlier cinematographic technique or wipe effect, in the form of an
expanding or diminishing circle, in which a part of the screen is blacked out so
that only a portion of the image can be seen by the viewer; usually the lens
aperture is circular or oval shaped and is often expanded or contracted as the
film rolls, often from one scene to the next; known also as diaphragm. The
camera movment is often termed iris wipe, circle-in/circle-out,
or iris-in/iris-out; also refers to the adjustable opening in the lens that allows
light to pass through - the measurement for the iris opening is f-stop

"It" List
It refers to the tendency in show business to prioritize individuals (stars,
writers, would-be celebrities, or up-and-comers) as 'hot' or 'watchable' -
highlighting those who have suddenly 'burst onto the scene' and are either
notable and bankable; those who had some transient success or 'brush with
greatness, but then were demoted from the list are called forgotten, has-
beens, shooting stars, or flashes in the pan (after "fifteen minutes of
fame" - an Andy Warhol expression); aka "A" List. Example: "It" originally
referred to the sex appeal of 20s flapper star and "It Girl" Clara Bow,
popularized in the film It (1927); a modern day "It" List individual is (was)
Monica Lewinsky.

J-cut
See L-cut (below); aka split edit

Jukebox musical
A filmed musical (drama, or animation, etc.) that uses pre-existing popular
songs (usually from a variety of artistic sources) as its song score; the songs
are often re-imagined with different song styles; aka karaoke musical.
Examples: Singin' in the Rain (1952), Thoroughly Modern Millie
(1964), Everyone Says I Love You (1996), A Knight's Tale (2001), Moulin Rouge!
(2001), Happy Feet (2006) Inale (2010) by Keke Bongo, directed by Jeta Amata.

Jump cut
An abrupt, disorienting transitional device in the middle of a continuous shot
in which the action is noticeably advanced in time and/or cut between
two similar scenes, either done accidentally (a technical flaw or the result of

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bad editing) or purposefully (to create discontinuity for artistic effect); also
contrast with an ellipsis and match cut

Juvenile
The role of a young, teenaged male character; the female counterpart is
known as an ingenue.

Juxtaposition
In a film, the contiguous positioning of either two images, characters, objects,
or two scenes in sequence, in order to compare and contrast them, or
establish a relationship between them; see also sequence, symmetry, and
composition. Example: the famous 'baptism scene' - the murders of the heads
of various crime families juxtaposed with the baptism ceremony for Michael's
god child at the conclusion of The Godfather (1972); the parallel imagery in the
"Making Christmas" sequence of The Nightmare Before Christmas (1993)

Key light
The main or primary light on a subject, often angled and off-center (or from
above) that selectively illuminates various prominent features of the image to
produce depth, shadows, etc.; high-key lighting (with everything evenly and
brightly lit, with a minimum of shadows) is termed realistic (and often used in
musicals and comedies), while low-key lighting (with less illumination, more
shadows, and many grayish, dark areas) is termed expressionistic (and often
used in film noir);three-point lighting uses: (1) a fill (or filler) light - an
auxiliary light to soften shadows and areas not covered by the key light, (2)
a back light behind to add depth to a subject, and (3) a bright key light

Kick-off
A term denoting the start of production or principal photography

Klieglight
A type of powerful carbon-arc lamp that produces an intense light, often used
in film-making; also used for promotional purposes at film premieres

Kudocast
Another term for an awards show, see Academy Awards

Landmark film
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A revolutionary film, due to either its technical or performance artistry; those
films recognized by the National Film and Video Censors Borad (NFVCB).
Example: The Wounded Heart by Mount Zion Films, Ije, Figurine, October Ist.

Lavalier (microphone)
A miniature type of microphone, usually omni-directional and wireless, and
small enough to be taped or clipped to an actor, to record dialogue;
aka lav, lapel or lap microphones

L-cut
A digital film editing term, also known as a split edit, J-cut ordelayed edit; it
refers to a transitional edit in which the audio and video edit do not start at
the same time; the audio starts before (or after) the picture cut

Lead role
It refers to the most important, main character in a film, often distinguished
by gender; usually there is at least one male and female lead role; also usually
known as protagonist; contrasted to supporting roles or characters.
Example: Joshua Mike- Bamiloye was the Lead role in Mount Zion’s ‘Dying
with the King’.

'Legs'
A film that has 'legs' has strong and profitable box-office, stamina and
audience drawing power far beyond the opening weekend; the term usually
applies to films that last many months. Examples: Il Postino (1994), Titanic
(1997), Hoop Dreams (1994), My Big Fat Greek Wedding (2002

Leitmotif
An intentionally-repeated, recurring element or theme associated with a
particular person, idea, milieu, or action; the element presents itself as a
repeated sound, shot, bit of dialogue, piece of music, etc., that helps unify a
film by reminding the viewer of its earlier appearance; sometimes presented
along with a film's tag line on a film poster.

Lens
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A piece of glass in a camera through which light passes before hitting the film
stock inside; various types include wide-angle lens, telephoto lens, normal,
etc.; to lense means to film a motion picture

Letterboxing (or letterboxed)

The technique of shrinking the film image just enough so that its entire width
appears on TV screen, with black areas above and below the image; refers to
the way that videos emulate the widescreen format on television screens; if a
widescreen film is not in the letterbox format it is often in pan-and-scan
format. An example of letterboxing, from Apocalypse Now (1979).

Library shot
A stock shot, often unimaginative or commonplace

Lighting
It refers to the illumination of a scene, and the manipulation of light and
shadows by the cinematographer.

Lines
This refers to the spoken dialogue belonging to a single performer; also refers
to the full complement of spoken words in a film or stage script; also known
simply as dialogue.

Lip sync
It refers to synchronization between mouth movement and the words on the
films’ soundtrack

Location (or on location)

The properties or places (interior or exterior) used for filming away from the
studio, set, or (back)lot, often to increase the authenticity and realism of the
film's appearance; exteriors are abbreviated as ext., and interiors as int.

Location Manager
He or she organises various aspects of filming on location, such as arranging
with authorities for permission to shoot in specific places.
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Location sound
It refers to recording background sound on location, to improve the film's
realism; see also buzz track

Location Filming
Filming which occurs at a place not constructed specifically for the film, such
as outdoors, a well-known place, or in an interior suited to the purpose.

Locked-down shot
This refers to a camera shot in which the camera remains immobile, while
something happens off-screen (e.g., an off-screen death) - a technique to
create suspense

Logline
A short, introductory summary of a film, usually found on the first page of the
screenplay, to be read by executives, judges, agents, producers and script-
readers; all screenwriters use loglines to sell their scripts; also known
as premise; see also high concept hook. Example: Evang. Mike Bamiloye’s
long line in ‘Walking with Jesus’ Movie by Jesus Film Series.

Long-shot (LS)
A camera view of an object or character from a considerable distance so that it
appears relatively small in the frame, e.g., a person standing in a crowd of
people or a horse in a vast landscape; variations are the medium long-shot
(or mid-shot) (MS) and the extreme long-shot (ELS or XLS); also called
a wide shot; a long shot often serves as an establishing shot; contrast
to close-up (CU); a full-shot is a type of long shot that includes a subject's
entire body (head to feet).

Long take (or lengthy take)

A shot of lengthy duration; see also mise-en-scene

Looping
It refers to the process in which dialogue is re-recorded by actors in the studio
during post-production, matching the actor's voice to lip movements on
screen; aka ADR(Automated Dialogue Replacement); contrast with dubbing;
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loop refers to a length of film joined from beginning to end for repeated
continuous running

Low Key lighting

A term used in cinematography to refer to high contrast lighting, especially if
there is a predominance of shadowy areas.

Low-angle shot
A shot in which the subject is filmed directly from below and the camera tilts
up at the action or character, to make the subject appear larger than life, more
formidable, taller and more menacing; contrast to a high-angle shot

Madcap comedy
A fast-paced, wild, and reckless humorous work, usually with plenty
of slapstick humor, goofy and farcical action, and crazy characters; also
see screwball comedy

Made-fors
Short for movies filmed or made-for-television, often mid-way in style
between a short drama and a cinematic release

Magic hour
The optimum time for filming romantic or magical scenes due to 'warm' and
'soft' lighting conditions, characterized by a golden-orange hue color; occurs
for about 30 minutes around the time of sunset and sunrise; aka golden hour

Mainstream
A Hollywood-made film with major stars, big budgets, and big hype; compare
to independents; its extreme opposite is termed counter-cinema (forms of
alternative cinema, such as avant-garde, art films, Third World cinema,
etc.)

Majors
It refers to the major Hollywood motion picture producer/distributor studios
at the present time (i.e., DreamWorks SKG, MGM/UA, Paramount Pictures,
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20th Century Fox, Sony (Columbia/TriStar), Warner Bros, Universal, and
Disney); contrast to the smaller, mini-major production-distribution
companies (i.e., Miramax, New Line Cinema, and Polygram) that compete
directly with the bigger studios. In Nigeria, we have the Mount Zion Studios,
EVOM Studios, Mainframe production Studios, Horeb digital Studios, Royal
arts Academy Studios, Golden Effects Studio, Fellyx Productions Studios.

Makeup
This refers to the materials that are used to prepare the performer for his/her
respective role(s) before the camera, anywhere from facial pancake to
elaborate costuming, latex masks, and other ghastly transformations; the
makeup department is headed by a makeup artist

Making of...
A specialized documentary that focuses on the production of a specific film;
most "making of..." documentaries are extended promotional advertisements
before the release of the film, and almost all of them are shot while the film is
in production; some specialized documentaries of classic films
(called retrospectives), made years after the film was released, gather
interviews and behind the scenes clips, etc. Example: Lancelot Imaseun’s
Invasion 1897 documentary, Kunle Afolayan’s October 1st documentary.

Mark
(1) the name for the clapping of the sticks to sync up the sound and
the picture; and (2) something on the ground (tape, a stick, chalk, etc.)
that lets the talent know where they should be for the shot

Mask (or blackout)

It refers to covering up or blocking out a portion of the frame with blackness
or opaqueness; most masks are black, but they could be white or some other
colour

Master shot

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A continuous shot or long take that shows the main action or setting of an
entire scene (most scenes are shot with one or two master angles and then
broken up into a series of smaller or tighter angles during editing (such as
one-shots, two-shots, close-ups, and reaction shots)); a master refers to a
positive print made especially for duplication purposes

Match cut
A transitional technique, in which there's a cut between two shots (outgoing
and incoming) that are joined, matched, or linked by visual, aural, or
metaphorical parallelism or similarities; there can be audio matches, segues
(a segue refers to a smooth, uninterrupted transition), and visual match-
cuts of various kinds; see also audio bridge and bridging shot

Matte shot
The optical process of combining (or compositing) separately-photographed
shots (usually actors in the foreground and the setting in the background)
onto one print through a double exposure that does not meld two images on
top of each other, but masks off (or makes opaque and blank) part of the
frame area for one exposure and the opposite area for another exposure; the
second image is printed in the masked-off area; it is a photographic technique
whereby a matte painting or artwork from a matte artist - usually painted on
glass - is combined with live action footage to provide a convincing setting for
the action; also sometimes known as split-screen.

McGuffin (or MacGuffin)

Alfred Hitchcock's term for the device or plot element (an item, object, goal,
event, or piece of knowledge) that catches the viewer's attention or drives the
logic or action of the plot and appears extremely important to the film
characters, but often turns out to be insignificant or is to be ignored after it
has served its purpose; its derivation is Scottish, meaning a "lion trap" for
trapping lions in the lion-less Scottish Highlands (i.e., a trap that means
nothing, since it is for an animal where there is no such animal).

Medium shot

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It refers to a conventional camera shot filmed from a medium distance;
although it is difficult to precisely define, it usually refers to a human figure
from the waist (or knees) up; between a close shot and a long shot;
abbreviated as m.s.

Megaplex (multiplex)
Both refers to movie chains (i.e., Loews, AMC Theatres) with movie theatres
that screen more than one film at a time, as opposed to single-screen theatres.
A multiplex has from 2 up to 16 screens, a megaplex has 16 or more
screens; plex is the abbreviation for a multiplex theatre.

Melodrama
Originally referred to "a drama accompanied by music"; a film characterized
by expressive plots with strong and intensified emotion, often with elements
of pathos, illness and hardship; called 'women's films' or 'weepies'
(tearjerkers) during the 1940s; aka meller; sometimes used disparagingly to
describe films that are manipulative and crudely appeal to emotions; see
also 'chick flicks' Examples: prominent "weepies" include Letter From an
Unknown Woman (1948)(shown above) and Mildred Pierce (1945), and any of
director Douglas Sirk's lurid melodramas of the 50s, such as Magnificent
Obsession (1954),All That Heaven Allows (1955), Imitation of Life (1959), and
Written on the Wind (1956).

Metaphor
A filmic device in which a scene, character, object, and/or action may be
associated, identified, or interpreted as an implied representation of
something else (that is unrelated)

Method acting
A style of acting first expounded by Konstantine Stanislavsky in the early
1900s, and popularized by Lee Strasberg (1899-1982) in the US in his Actors
Studio; refers to actors who gave realistic performances based upon and
drawn from their own personal experiences and emotions; refers to not
emoting in the traditional manner of stage conventions, but to speak and
gesture in a manner used in private life.

Midnight movies

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Offbeat, often independent (non-Hollywood) counter-cultural cult
films exhibited at theatres for late-night shows - sometimes involving
audience participation; appealed to various small segments of niche audiences
with different tastes; these films (originally sexual thrillers, slasher flicks, etc.)
were often box-office bombs upon initial release, but then gained a faithful
following; the phenomenon began in the early 70s, then mostly disappeared in
the 80s, but has recently been revived. Example: The Adventures of Priscilla,
Queen of the Desert (1994), Office Space (1999) and Donnie Darko (2001)

Mime (or pantomime)

This is acting without words, emphasizing facial expressions, body
movements, and gestures; common during the silent film era. Example: the
films of Charlie Chaplin; or Janet Gaynor's Oscar-winning performance in F.W.
Murnau's classic Sunrise (1927)

Miniatures
Small-scale models photographed to give the illusion that they are full-scale
objects; also known as model or miniature shots. Examples: the space craft
in Star Wars (1977) and 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968)

Miscast
It refers to an actor/actress who is completely wrong, untalented, or
unbelievable for the role he or she has been cast in.

Mise en scène
A French term for "staging," or "putting into the scene or shot"; in film theory,
it refers to all the elements placed (by the director) before the camera and
within the frame of the film -- including their visual arrangement and
composition; elements include settings, decor, props, actors, costumes,
makeup, lighting, performances, and character movements and positioning;
lengthy, un-cut, unedited and uninterrupted sequences shot in real-time are
often cited as examples ofmise-en-scene; contrast to montage. Examples: the
harsh lighting or expressionistic angles used in classic film noirs (such as in
Fritz Lang's work), in F.W. Murnau'sSunrise (1927) with the striking contrast
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between the marsh, rural life and the city; or in angular set designs of The
Cabinet of Dr. Caligari (1920, Germ.); or in the visual magnificence of the sets
in David Lean's epic films, such as the frozen dacha in Doctor Zhivago
(1965) (pictured) or the searing desert in Lawrence of Arabia (1962), or in the
claustrophobic feel on-board the Orca searching for the Great White in
Spielberg's Jaws (1975)

Mix (mixing)
The electrical combination of different sounds, dialogue, music, and sound
effects from microphones, tape, and other sources onto the film's master
soundtrack during post-production; dubbing (or re-recording) refers to the
mixing of all soundtracks into a single composite track; the soundtrack is
blended by a mixer (chief sound recording technician)

Mockumentary
A fictional, farcical film that has the style, 'look and feel' of a documentary,
with irreverent humor, parody, or slapstick, that is deliberately designed to
'mock' the documentary or subject that it features; related to docudrama (a
film that depicts real people and actual events in their lives). Examples: This is
Spinal Tap (1984) (pictured), Best in Show (2000), Zelig (1983), Husbands and
Wives (1991), Bob Roberts (1992), Waiting for Guffman (1996), Drop Dead
Gorgeous (1999).

'Modern' (or modern-day) classic

A popular, critically-acclaimed film in recent years destined (possibly?) to
ultimately become an all-time classic. Examples: Saving Private Ryan (1998),
or Groundhog Day (1993)

Mogul
It refers to a domineering, autocratic head of a major film studio; most
commonly used when the studio system dominated film-making; now
popularly called a studio chief. Example: Louis B. Mayer of MGM

Money shot aka payoff shot

A term originally borrowed from the pornographic film industry; referring to
a scene, image, revelation, or climactic moment that gives the audience "their
money's worth," may have cost the most money to produce - and may be the
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key to the movie's success. Examples: the transformation scene in classic
horror films in which the character grows hair and fangs; Darth Vader cutting
off Luke Skywalker's hand in The Empire Strikes Back (1980), the attack and
bomb 'POV' (point-of-view) shot in Pearl Harbor (2001)(above), the first sight
of Gilda in Gilda (1946), or Halle Berry's toplessness revealed behind a book
in Swordfish (2001)

Monitor
It refers to a small television screen hooked up to the camera and/or
recording device that allows crew other than the camera operator to check the
quality of a scene as it is being shot or to check and see if it needs to be reshot.

Monologue
This is a scene or a portion of a script in which an actor gives a lengthy,
unbroken speech without interruption by another character; see
also soliloquy. Example: Keyes' (Edward G. Robinson) long speech about
suicide statistics in Double Indemnity (1944), or Romeo's last embrace and
death scene in Romeo and Juliet (1968)

Montage
A French word literally meaning "editing", "putting together" or "assembling
shots"; refers to a filming technique, editing style, or form of movie collage
consisting of a series of short shots or images that are rapidly put together
into a coherent sequence to create a composite picture, or to suggest meaning
or a larger idea; in simple terms, the structure of editing within a film; a
montage is usually not accompanied with dialogue; dissolves, cuts,
fades, super-impositions, and wipes are often used to link the images in a
montage sequence; an accelerated montage is composed of shots of
increasingly-shorter lengths; contrast to mise-en-scene.

Moppet
The term for a child, or pre-teen child actor

Morality tale (or play)

A literary term mostly, but used also to refer to a film (often heavy-handed
and obvious in tone) that presents a judgment on the goodness/badness of
human behavior and character, and emphasizes the struggle between good
and evil. Examples: Intolerance (1916), Quiz Show (1994), The Lord of the
Rings trilogy
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Morality Secular Drama
This is written, produced and staged by the secular theatre groups to teach morals.
Usually in Modern settings and the plays staged in the Local Languages. No
extensive use of Local Costumes or make-ups and no use of charms or casting of
spells are involved. Many of Nigerian secular theatre groups fall in this category
before, but now, the devil is pushing them away from this level into a deeper
experience with him (Satan) in Cultural and occult Secular Drama

Morph
This is the transformation of one digital image into another with computer
animation. Examples: The Mask (1994) (shown above), Terminator 2:
Judgment Day (1991), Stargate (1994), and Interview with the Vampire (1994).

Motif
It refers to a recurrent thematic element in a film that is repeated in a
significant way or pattern; examples of motifs - a symbol, stylistic device,
image, object, word, spoken phrase, line, or sentence within a film that points
to a theme.

Motion pictures (movies, pic(s), pix, or "moving pictures")

A length of film (with or without sound) with a sequence of images that create
an illusion of movement when projected; originally referred to the motion or
movement (due to the principle of persistence of vision) perceived when a
string of celluloid-recorded images were projected at a rate of 16 or more
frames per second; an art form, and one of the most popular forms of
entertainment, known archaically as a photoplay during the silent era.

Motivated and unmotivated lighting

It refers to lighting (or a light source) that is naturally existing in the real
world, i.e., from a lamp post, table lamp, sunlight shining through a window,
etc., that appears in a scene; for the lighting to appear natural in a film scene, it
should seem to be coming from light sources that are visible or implied within
the scene; the opposite effect is unmotivated lighting. Example: Andy's
crucifixion victory stance in The Shawshank Redemption (1994)was lit by
unmotivated or inexplicable lighting

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Mouse (House)
A slang term for the Walt Disney Co. or any division thereof -- refers to the
company's most famous animated character: Mickey Mouse

MPAA
Acronym-initials meaning 'Motion Picture Association of America' - an
organization that represents the interests of the major motion picture studios

MTV style editing

It refers to the style of filming and editing first found on the MTV cable
channel in the 1980s and its music videos, consisting of rapidly-cut shots, fast-
paced action, jump-cuts, fast-edits, numerous camera angles. Example: first
evidenced in the films of surrealists, and during the New Wave era; more
recently in films such as Easy Rider (1969), Flash dance (1983), and Oliver
Stone's Natural Born Killers (1994)

Musical (film)
A major film genre category denoting a film that emphasizes segments of song
and dance interspersed within the action and dialogue; known for its
distinctive artists, stars, singers, and dancers; two major types are 'backstage'
musicals and 'music-integrated' musicals. Example: Keke Bongo’s Inale (2010)

Mute
A print with only the picture image (minus the sound track)

Narration
The telling of a story, and the supplemental information given to the film
audience by an off-screen voice; sometimes the narrator is a character in the
film, who provides information in a flashback; see also voice-over.

Narrative film

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The telling of a story, and the supplemental information given to the film
audience by an off-screen voice; sometimes the narrator is a character in the
film, who provides information in a flashback; see also voice-over.

Narrative film
A structured series of events, linked by cause and effect, that provide the plot
of a film; a film that tells a chronological or linear story (with a beginning,
middle, and end), as opposed to non-narrative films, such
as poetic or abstract films.

Naturalism (naturalistic)
This is a stage, artistic, philosophical, or literary term as well as a film term,
signifying an extreme form of realism in which life is depicted in a stoic,
unbiased way; see also Neo-Realism. Examples: Dead End (1937), The Asphalt
Jungle (1950), On the Waterfront (1954)

Negative
It refers to film that has an inverted record of the light and dark areas of the
photographed scene

Negative roles
These are unpleasant parts and spiritually negative Examples:Dead Person,Witch,
Executed Criminal, Drunkard, Harlots, Souls in Helle.t.c.

Neo-Realism

An influential movement of the late 1940s and 1950s that originated in Italy;
inaugurated by Jean Renoir, but associated with Italian post-war directors
(Rossellini, Visconti, and De Sica); refers to films made outside the studio, with
shooting on real locations, sometimes the absence of a script and/or non-
professional casts and actors - all designed simultaneously to cut costs and
increase the impression of spontaneity; neo-realistic films often deal with
contemporary social and political issues; see also naturalism.

New Wave
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This is also known as Nouvelle Vague; originally referred to a group of
individualistic, innovative, and non-traditional French filmmakers, directors
and producers in the late 1950s and early 1960s, including Francois Truffaut,
Jean-Luc Godard, Claude Chabrol, Eric Rohmer, and Alain Resnais, who began
as critics on Cahiers du Cinema and espoused the principles of auteur theory;
the New Wave film style was characterized by a cinema verite style with the
use of the jump cut, the hand-held camera, non-linear storytelling, and loose,
improvised direction; now used to generally refer to any new movement in a
national cinema.

Newsreel

It refers to a filmed cinema news report

Nickelodeon

The term for a makeshift motion picture theater, often a converted store,
which proliferated all over the US, mostly in working-class areas of
metropolitan centers, during the first decade of the 20th century. The name
was derived from the 5 cents/nickel charged to patrons.

Nihilistic (nihilism)

A dark and brooding film that features a downbeat, depressing, dreary,

cynical, gloomy or bleak tone; often doom-laden and concerned with the
subjects of death, suffering, tragedy, unhappiness, and existential despair; the
protagonist often meets with death or tragedy in a film's conclusion; see
also dystopia. Examples: Almost all film noirs are nihilistic, such as The Killers
(1946), D.O.A. (1950), Sunset Boulevard (1950), Kiss Me Deadly (1955), A
Clockwork Orange (1971), Taxi Driver (1976), and American Beauty (1999)

Nitrate film base

A highly-flammable kind of film base, composed of cellulose nitrate, used up

until the late 1940s when it was then supplanted by acetate base. Example:
deteriorating and powdery nitrate-based film, one of the most important
reasons for film archival work and preservation.
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Noir

See film noir, tech-noir

Non-speaking role

A small role in a film, usually a brief appearance on screen, that has

no dialogue but where the individual is clearly identifiable and usually
appears in the credits; see also extra, cameo, bit, and walk-on.

Non-sync (non-synchronized)

It refers to a scene shot without synchronized sound - and sounds must be

added later during the editing stage; sync sound is its opposite; also refers to
a mis-matched soundtrack; aka asynchronous

Non-traditional castinga movement, now officially headed by the Non-

Traditional Casting Project (NTCP) to "promote inclusive hiring practices and
standards, diversity in leadership and balanced portrayals of persons of color
and persons with disabilities"; not to be confused with cast against type or
miscast. Example: Morgan Freeman as Red in The Shawshank Redemption
(1994) - a role originally written for an Irish character

Nostalgia film

A film that wistfully looks back at an earlier past time, often depicting it as
more innocent and uncomplicated than it actually was, historically; nostalgia
films usually look back on the protagonist's or narrator's childhood. See also
coming of age film. Examples: How Green Was My Valley (1941), Amarcord
(1973), American Graffiti (1973), A Christmas Story (1983), Radio Days (1987),
Cinema Paradiso (1988, It./Fr.), Avalon (1990), Crooklyn (1994), The Inkwell
(1994).

Novelization

It refers to making a novel from a film or screenplay

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NTSC

An abbreviation, refers specifically to National TelevisionSystem Committee

that sets TV and video standards; also refers to the US and Japanese video
systems that have 525 horizontal scan lines, 16 million different colors, and
30 frames per second (or 60 half-frames (interlaced) per second); competing
systems in Europe and worldwide are PAL (Phase Alternating Line)
and SECAM (Sequential Color with Memory)

Nut

In the movie-theatre business, refers to operating expenses associated with a

film (the exhibitor's calculation of what it takes to lease his theater, to staff
and run it, etc.); aka house nut

Occult Secular Drama

This is the highest level of Secular Dramaand the deepest level the devil could take
them. It is an advanced level of cultural secular drama, The dramatist are not only
seeking to dig out the idolatry past, but also to bring into the open, the activities
and operations of the demonic spirit world, like witches, wizards, and other
familiar spirits in the ocean, on the land and in the air. Examples: Lords of the
rings, Idemili, Koto aye, The Final Burial e.t.c.

Off-Camera (OC or OS)

This is a dialogue or action taking place off screen, which is unseen by the
audience.

Off or offstage (or off-camera)

It refers to action or dialogue off the visible stage, or beyond the boundaries of
the camera's field of vision or depicted frame; aka off-screen

Off-line
The preliminary editing done to prepare a list of edits for the on-line edit

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stage.
Omniscient point-of-view (POV)
A film in which the narrator knows (and sees) everything occurring in a story,
including character thoughts, action, places, conversations, and events;
contrast to subjective point-of-view

On-line
The final editing and preparation for distribution of film, with edits often from
a list of changes prepared during the off-line stage.

On or onstage (or on-camera)

On the visible stage, or within the boundaries of the camera's field of vision

One-liner
A term for a short, one-line joke (that contains its own punchline); also the
term may refer to the 'high concept' description of a film - a few words used
to describe a script, storyline or a film's premise that a person can easily
understand with a simple one-liner. Examples: (comedic one-liner): "Either
he's dead or my watch has stopped!" (Groucho Marx in A Day At the Races
(1937)), and (high concept one-liner): "A teenager is mistakenly sent into the
past, where he must make sure his mother and father meet and fall in love; he
then has to get back to the future." Back to the Future (1985)

One man (or woman) show

A scripted or filmed narrative (or an avant-garde or experimental film)
featuring a solo performance piece with only one actor or actress who
sometimes plays multiple roles or characters; often presented by a stand-up
comedian; contrast with concert film. Example: Seun Adedokun’s movie
‘Ifarahan Ojiji’ First of its kind in Africa.

One-reeler
It refers to a film 10-12 minutes long

One-sheet
It refers to the typical size of a movie poster

Opening credits or title (sequence)

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The presentation of the 'opening credits' (as an introduction to the audience
about the film and including selected important members of the production)
is known as the opening credits sequence; sometimes it is superimposed on
the action, but often exists as static letters on a solid background; since
the closing or end credits usually list the entire cast and production crew,
the opening credits sequence is usually positioned to set the mood of the film,
and sometimes even lacks any credits except the film's title; akafront
credits or beginning titles

Optical(s) (or optical effects)

In film-making, refers to a visual device, e.g.,
a fade, wipe,dissolve, superimposition, freeze-frame, split-
screen,composite (a train reflection in a car window), or another effect, some
of which can be created in the camera, and others that have to be achieved
in post-production by mixers or other specialized techniques. Example: Star
Wars (1977) mimicked the Saturday matinee style of episodic serials with
various opticals

Oscar(s)
The name given to the awards of AMPAS (the Academy of Motion Picture Arts
and Sciences) given each year to various performers and others in the film
industry; officially known as the "Academy Award of Merit" The 13.5 inch
award statuettes were officially nicknamed Oscars after 1939

Oscar bait
Often used in a derogatory way to describe studio-invented pre-release PR
buzz that a film (usually an epic or serious biopic released late in the year) is
worthy, meaningful, and deserving of Oscar awards; the term was reportedly
first used by Hedda Hopper in a "Looking at Hollywood" column on June 1,
1948; the term either refers to (1) a self-proclaimed, "important", often over-
produced film, undercut by its attempt to appeal to all demographics, or (2) a
showy acting performance designed to draw attention to itself; these kinds of
films and performances were the sort that used to guarantee an Oscar from
Academy voters during the film industry's adolescent years of the 1950's and
early 1960's, but are now considered either pretentious and/or cheesy in the
modern age, and ironically often hurt the film's or actor's chances at winning
an Oscar, though some films still succeed; aka Oscarbation

Out of Frame
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This is a performer or object that is outside the range of a camera.

Out-takes
It refers to camera shots that are not included (literally, they are 'taken out')
in the final cut or print of a film, often retrieved from the cutting room floor,
and shown during the closing credits; also see blooper

Overacting
Poor, overly-broad, or 'over-the-top' acting by a 'ham' actor; aka "hamming it
up" or 'chewing up the scenery'; sometimes considered in a positive light as
'campy'; contrast with underacting. Example: Faye Dunaway in Mommie
Dearest (1981).

Overcrank
To speed up a camera - to shoot at more than the normal 24 fps, so that the
resulting image appears in slow-motion; this technique is often used to shoot
miniatures; the term "cranking' refers to the old technique of having to turn or
crank a camera by hand

Overexposed
It refers to a film shot that has more light than normal, causing a blinding,
washed-out, whitish, glaring effect; deliberately used for flashbacked or
dream scenes; aka flared or bleached; the opposite of underexposed.
Example: the kissing scene in Pride & Prejudice (2005)before a bright sun

Overlap
The carry-over of dialogue, sounds, or music from one scene to another;
occurs when the cut in the soundtrack is not at the same time as the cut in the
image; can also refer to two or more characters speaking at the same time;
aka overlap sound. Example: Robert Altman's M*A*S*H (1970)

Over-the-shoulder (OTS) shot

Avery commonly-used medium camera angle or view in a dialogue scene,
mostly, with alternating shot/reverse-shot editing, in which the camera
records the action from behind the shoulder and/or head of one of the

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characters, thus framing the image; the two characters are thus linked or
connected to each other, and their positions are established

Overture

In film terms, a pre-credits or opening credits musical selection that sets the
mood and theme for the upcoming film. Examples: Most musicals feature an
overture (during or before the opening credits) that is comprised of a medley
of the main songs of the film, such as West Side Story (1961) and My Fair Lady
(1964); some dramatic (or epic) films have overtures as well -- Ligeti's
Atmospheres overture in 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968) precedes the opening
credits. Pre-credit overtures are often cut in home and television video
releases.

Ozoner

A slang term for a drive-in movie theater; aka passion pit; see also hard-
top (indoor movie theater)

P.A.

Abbreviation for 'personal appearance' - often required of major stars - to

promote or provide PR (p.r.) or 'public relations' (marketing) for their films

Pace

The speed/tempo of the dramatic action, which is usually enhanced by the

soundtrack and the speed of the dialogue, the type of editing, etc.

Package

The marketing elements of a film project, such as script, signed film stars,
director, locations, 'high-concept' hook, etc.

Pan

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(1)Verb meaning 'to express a totally negative opinion of' a film, normally in a
critical film review; also known as 'trashing' a film

(2)Pan (or panning shot, or panoramic shot)

Abbreviation for panorama shot; refers to the horizontal scan, movement,

rotation or turning of the camera in one direction (to the right or left) around
a fixed axis while filming; a variation is theswish pan (also known as flash
pan, flick pan, zip pan, blur pan, or whip pan), in which the camera is
purposely panned in either direction at a very fast pace, creating the
impression of a fast-moving horizontal blurring of images across the screen;
often confused with a dolly or tracking shot.

Pan and Scan

A technique that avoids the 'letterboxing' of a widescreen film for a full-

framed 4x3 home video or TV picture, by focusing on the elements of the
picture that are most important to the plot and by adjusting or cropping the
image; when an important part of the image drops out of the visible screen,
the picture is mechanically panned to the side (left or right in a ping-pong
effect) to show the missing part - hence, the term pan-and-scan;
approximately 43% of the visuals are sacrificed or cropped out in the pan-
and-scan version, affecting the director's original intent and aesthetic sense.
Example: from the film Out of Sight (1998), with the yellow box showing the
selected "pan and scanned" window or 4 x 3 image, "Pan and scan" encounters
major problems, as in the climactic show-down cemetery scene in The Good,
the Bad, and the Ugly (1966), when the image takes up the entire screen

Parallel (editing, action, sound, etc.)

Editing that cuts between two sequences taking place at different locations
and possibly different times; parallel action refers to a narrative device in
which two scenes are observed in parallel by cross-cutting; parallel
sound refers to sound that matches the accompanying image; aka cross-
cutting, inter-cutting

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Parody

a comedy that imitates or makes fun of an existing work(s) in an absurd, non-

sensical way, and exaggerates its characteristics. Examples: Airplane! (1980)-
a parody of disaster films; Blazing Saddles (1974) - a parody of westerns.

Payoff

A dramatic scene that justifies everything that preceded it; the necessary
result of a complication for which the audience has been prepared; contrast
to punchline and money shot. Example: the startling scene with an
admission of incest ("She's my sister and my daughter!") by Evelyn Mulwray
(Faye Dunaway) in Chinatown (1974)

Payola

It refers to bribery or under-the-table payments

Persona

Literally, Latin for "mask"; related to the on-screen image or personality

associated with a star. Literally, Latin for "mask"; related to the on-screen
image or personality associated with a star

Pic(s) (also pix)

Slang terms for motion picture(s)

Picture within a picture

A particular story-telling approach, literally, to have one film within another;

in some cases, the characters are aware of the 'film-within-a-film,' and break
the fourth wall and enter into or interact with it; aka subset film or film
within a film. Example: the newsreel of Kane's life "News on the March"
in Citizen Kane (1941), homage to the real "The March of Time" newsreel

Pitch(es)

Orally or written (sales) proposals for film projects usually made by

screenwriters (to sell a screenplay idea), or independent producers for studio
producers or executives to obtain financial backing; anything from a one-line
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description to a two- to three-pagetreatment of an idea (before becoming
a script); also refers to short phrases that capture or succinctly sum up the
script. Examples: Jaws (1975): Man afraid of water pursues killer shark;
or E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982): Loveable alien is left behind; or Toy Story
(1995): Toys come to life

Pivotal character

It refers to the character that launches the action between the

protagonist and the antagonist; or the character who sets the main events of
the plot in motion; films with a classic "love triangle" involve a woman who
serves as the 'pivotal character' between two rival suitors

Pixilation

An animation technique in which the illusion of continuous, real movement of

three-dimensional objects, often people, is broken and/or made to move
unevenly or jerky through the use of stop-action cinematography (single
frame animation) or by printing only selected frames from the continuously-
exposed negative. Example: the infamous eating scene in Tom Jones (1963)

Plot and plot point

It refers to a series of dramatic events or actions that make up a film's
narrative; a plot point is a key turning point or moment in a film's story that
significantly advances the action; plot points either set the story further into
motion, or disrupt and complicate the plot; also known as beat or A story;
contrast to a subplot (aka B story or C story) - a secondary plot in a film;
a plot plant is the technique of 'planting' an apparently trivial piece of
information early in a story - that becomes more important later on

Point of view (POV)

The perspective from which the film story is told; also refers to a shot that
depicts the outlook or position of a character; also see
omniscient and subjective point of view, and P.O.V. shot

P.O.V. shot (or point-of-view shot)

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A subjective shot made from the perspective of one of the characters to show
the audience the scene as it would look through the character's eyes; usually
coupled (before and/or after) with areaction shot (or a three-shot sequence
called a shot reverse shot) to establish the POV; also known as first-person

Point-of-view shot or subjective camera (the use of the camera to suggest

The POV of a particular character), a subjective shot made from the
perspective of one of the characters to show the audience the scene as it
would look through the character's eyes; usually coupled (before and/or
after) with areaction shot (or a three-shot sequence called a shot reverse
shot) to establish the POV; also known as first-person point-of-view
shot or subjective camera (the use of the camera to suggest the POV of a
particular character)

Positive roles
These are pleasant parts, spiritually fine roles like the roles of Angels, Preachers,
Holy Spirit, Christian Brother and Sister etc

Post-credits sequence

Either a throwaway scene or an epilogue that happens during or after the end
credits; sometimes used as a bonus for theatergoers who remain to watch
the credits, and partly to generate 'buzz' about the extra scene
Examples: Airplane! (1980)has the most famous example of a post-credits
sequence when taxi passenger (politician and income-tax fighter Howard
Jarvis), who was abandoned by Ted Striker (Robert Hayes) -- but with the
meter still running, checks his watch and huffs with one final punch line:
"Well, I'll give him another 20 minutes, but that's it!"; other films
include Young Sherlock Holmes (1985), Angel Heart (1987), The Great Outdoors
(1988),Cosi (1996), and Pirates of the Caribbean: The Curse of the Black Pearl
(2003). Many films have post-credit sequences in the middle of the end
credits, such as Gremlins 2: The New Batch (1990), Chicken Run (2000),
and Shrek 2 (2004)

Post-modern

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It refers to a return to tradition, in reaction to more 'modernist' styles

Post-production

The final stage in a film's production after principal photography or

shooting, involving editing, the addition of sound/visual effects, musical
scoring, mixing, dubbing, distribution, etc.; in digital post-production, can
also include changing facial expressions, removing flaws or obtrusive objects
(microphone, boom, etc.), enhancing the visual image, etc.; aka post; contrast
to pre-Production

Post-synchronization (aka Automatic Dialogue Replacement, or ADR, or post

synching)

It refers to the post-production process of recording the sound after the film
has been shot, often adding dialogue spoken by actors as they watch the
projected film

Potboiler

A literary reference to the hard-edged, American detective/crime thrillers

(also often called 'pulp fiction' or 'dime novels') rapidly written and filled with
violence, crime, and sex - to literally 'boil the pot'; also known as hard-boiled.
Examples: Most of the films based upon Raymond Chandler's, Dashiell
Hammett's and Mickey Spillane's film-noirish crime novels, i.e., The Big Sleep
(1939),The Maltese Falcon (1941), and Kiss Me Deadly (1955), featuring
'private dicks' and 'femme fatales'

Prayer

It refers to communion to God Almighty the creator of the universe, this act is
usually carried out by the cast and crew on set, most especially when a cast
plays a negative role. See also devoution

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Pre-Code

It refers to the four-five years (1930-1934) before the enforcement of

the Hays Production Code in Hollywood, to rigidly sanitize and censor films.
In film plots from mid-1935 and lasting about the next 30 years, adultery and
promiscuity were prohibited (unless they ended in a miserable downfall), and
all crimes (and their criminals) had to be punished. Examples: pre-Code films
included Night Nurse (1931),Queen Christina (1933), Baby Face (1933),
and The Gold Diggers of 1933 (1933).

Premiere

The first official public screening of a movie, marking the kick-off, opening or
opening night; a 'red carpet' premiere is one with greater publicity
and hoopla (sensational promotion), ballyhoo, or hype; aka a bow, debut,
or preem

Premise

The main idea of a movie, usually explainable in a few sentences

Pre-production

The planning stage in a film's production after the project is finally green
lighted, and before principal photography or actual shooting commences,
involving script treatment and editing/rewriting, scheduling, set design and
construction, casting, budgeting and financial planning, and
scouting/selection of locations; contrast to post-production

Pre-visualisation Artist
This a specialist task involving conceptualising a sequence, often involving
complex and expensive action, through the use of 3D FX character animation.

Prequel

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This is the second or third film in a series of films that presents characters
and/or events that are chronologically set before the time frame of the
original movie; contrast to sequel. Examples: Star Wars: Episode I: The
Phantom Menace (1999), and Star Wars: Episode II - Attack of the Clones
(2002) are both prequels to Star Wars (1977); a combination prequel-sequel
film was Coppola's The Godfather, Part II (1974); Another Part of the Forest
(1948) was a prequel of The Little Foxes (1941)

Preview

A short film, usually with excerpts from a future film, intended as an

advertisement; a sneak preview refers to an unadvertised, often surprise
showing of an entire film before its general release or announced premiere,
often to gauge audience reaction; aka trailer

Pre-screen

To view/watch/see a movie before it is released for the public (at the

premiere)

Principal photography

It refers to the filming of major and significant portions of a film production

that involves the main/lead actors/actresses; contrast tosecond-unit
photography

Principals

This refers to the main characters in a play or film (usually those that
have dialogue); contrasted to protagonists or antagonists, orextras.

Print

It refers to a positive copy of a film

Prison film

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A very popular sub-genre with the film's plot usually set within the walls of an
institutional prison; themes involve imprisonment and/or escape, the effects
on the characters involved and interactions between officers and inmates, and
issues of justice/injustice; the prison flick sub-genre can be found in any
major genre (animated, drama, comedy, musical, science fiction, sexploitation,
etc.) Examples: The Big House (1930), I Am a Fugitive From a Chain Gang
(1932), Brute Force (1947), Stalag 17 (1952), Riot In Cell Block Eleven
(1954), The Bridge on the River Kwai (1957), Jailhouse Rock (1957), The Defiant
Ones (1958), The Great Escape (1963), Cool Hand Luke (1967), Take the Money
and Run (1969), Birdman of Alcatraz (1962), Papillon (1973), Caged Heat
(1974), Ilsa: She Wolf of the SS (1975), Midnight Express (1978), Escape from
Alcatraz (1979), Stir Crazy (1980), Escape from New York (1981), 48 HRS
(1982), Chained Heat (1983), Schindler's List (1993),The Shawshank
Redemption (1994), The Rock (1996), The Green Mile (1999), Chicken Run
(2000), O Brother Where Art Thou? (2000)

Process (projection or shot)’

A technique that shoots live action in front of a screen on which the

background view is projected; a process shot refers to a shot of live action in
front of a process projection

Producer (film)

The chief of a movie production in all logistical matters (i.e., scheduling,

financing, budgeting) save the creative efforts of the director; raises funding
and financing, acquires or develops a story, finalizes the script, hires key
personnel for cast, crew, and director, and arranges for distributors of the film
to theaters; serves as the liaison between the financiers and the film-makers,
while managing the production from start to finish.

Product placement

It refers to how companies buy advertising space within a film for their
products, as a way for a producer to fund some film production costs.
Example: the familiar brand names in Kubrick's 2001: A Space Odyssey (1968);
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Mountain Dew in Antz (1998); or Hershey's Reese's Pieces in E.T.: The Extra-
Terrestrial (1982) - when Mars Inc. passed on using M&Ms or the blatant
placements of Coca-Cola in the company-owned Columbia Pictures'
release Leonard Part 6 (1986); or Pampers in Three Men and a Baby (1987); or
McDonalds and Coke in Mac and Me (1988); or Exxon in Days of Thunder
(1990); or the numerous FedEx product placements in Cast Away (2000).

Production

The general process of putting a film together, including casting, set

construction, costuming, rehearsals, and shooting; also refers to the
middle stage of production which is preceded by pre-production and
followed by post-production

Production design

It refers to a film's overall design, continuity, visual look and composition

(colors, sets, costumes, scenery, props, locations, etc.) that are the
responsibility of the production designer; the art department refers to the
people in various roles (e.g., matte painters, set designers and decorators,
illustrators, title designers, scenic artists, and storyboard artists) who work
under the production designer's supervision; the art director is responsible
for the film's physical settings (specifically refers to the interiors, landscapes,
buildings, etc.) Example: Anton Furst's amazing, Oscar-winning Art
Direction/Set Decoration of Gotham City in Batman (1989)
Production (value)

Production

It refers to an entire movie project; pre-production refers to the stage at

which a film is prepared to go into production; post-production refers to the
stage at which editing, scoring and effects are executed on a motion
picture; production value refers to the overall quality of a film, based not on
the script, acting, or director, but on criteria such as costumes, sets, design,
etc.

Projector
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The machine that rapidly puts ('projects') a succession of motion picture
images (individual frames) up onto a screen, using the principle of illusion of
motion

Prologue

A speech, preface, introduction, or brief scene preceding the the main action
or plot of a film; contrast to epilogue. Example: The Lord of the Rings: The
Fellowship of the Ring (2001) provided a prologue to briefly explain the
essential history of Middle-Earth and its inhabitants

Promo

Slang term for sales promotion

Props (or property)

Abbreviation for properties - refers to the furnishings, fixtures, hand-held

objects, decorations, or any other moveable items that are seen or used on a
film (or stage) set but that are not a structural part of the set; usually the
responsibility of the prop man or property master. Example: Life-size
cutouts of celebrity guests, from the set ofThe King of Comedy (1983)

Protagonist

The lead or main character in a film; also known ashero/heroine; contrast

to antagonist.

Punchline

A funny, witty line that culminates a story, joke or scene; contrast

with payoff and one-liner. Example: In When Harry Met Sally...(1989), the
request of a female patron after Sally's fake orgasm in the deli: "I'll have what
she's having."

Q rating

It refers to an ad research rating that gauges how easily a celebrityis

recognized -- and how well the celebrity is liked

Rack focusing
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It refers to an on-screen film technique of focus change that blurs the focal
planes in sequence, forcing the viewer's eye to travel to those areas of an
image that remain in sharp focus; the focus changes from an object in the
foreground to an object in the background or vice versa, to direct, shift, and
steer the attention of the viewer forcibly from one subject to another; also
known as selective focusing or pull focus

Rating system(s) or ratings

It refers to the ever-evolving classification system for films usually based

upon age-appropriateness, and the judgment of a film's suitability for various
audiences, in terms of sexual content, offensiveness, or violence; see
also censorship content, offensiveness, or violence; see also censorship. E
examples: "G-Rated or General Audiences," "PG-Rated or Parental Guidance
Suggested," "PG-13," "R-Rated or Restricted under 17.

Reaction shot
A quick shot that records a character's or group's response to another
character or some on-screen action or event; often accompanied with a POV
shot; reaction shots are usually cutaways.

Real time
Actual time it would take for an event to occur in reality, as contrasted
to filmic time (time can be sped up or slowed down). Real and filmic time
often coincide for long sequences within a film; also see running time.
Example: High Noon (1952) was specifically shot in real-time with frequent
reference to clocks ticking closer and closer to the noon-time showdown.
Realism
Filming so that the reality outside the camera is shown in a neutral style with
as little distortion and interference as possible; realism is attained by long,
uninterrupted takes, deep focusshots, and other filmic techniques; contrast
to expressionism; similar to the 'reality' of docudramas. Examples: Woody
Allen's Husbands And Wives (1992);Bergman's Scenes From a Marriage (1973)

Rear (screen) projection

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A special effects technique to create backgrounds, in which actors are filmed
in front of a screen on which a background scene is projected; commonly used
in early films to produce the effect of motion in a vehicle. Also see process
shot, process photography, or back projection. Example: rear projection in
Written on the Wind (1956), or the many films with shipboard scenes of two
actors standing near a railing behind which are rear-projected waves and sky.

Red carpet
Literally, to "roll out" a welcoming 'red carpet', laid down for major
ceremonies (film premieres, awards ceremonies) to signify an important,
honorary event with dignitaries and esteemed guests attending; often the
locale for live interviews and photo opportunities. Example: the red carpet
entryway for the African Magic Viewer’s Choice Award show.

Red herring
An instance of foreshadowing that is deliberately planted to make viewers
suspect an outcome--but the audience is to be deceived - the opposite happens
and the false clue 'plant' is irrelevant; often done for humor, irony, or for other
thematic reasons; contrast to McGuffin. Example: the various clues, all to
subvert and confuse, that are unrelated to the real reason for Michelle
Pfieffer's paranormal beliefs and confusion in What Lies Beneath (2000).

Red lighted
It refers to a film project that was in production, but lost its financial backing -
resulting in a premature abandonment by the studio; aka a film in
turnaround

Reel
This refers to a plastic or metal spool for winding film; also, earlier films were
measured in reels (one reel = about 10 minutes of running time).

Re-enactment
A film production that re-creates an actual event as closely as possible.
Examples: Glory (1989), Nixon (1995).
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Reference

It refers to how one film in its storyline (through dialogue, images) alludes to,
recalls, or refers to another film; similar to homage. Examples: the movie that
E.T. (in Spielberg's E.T.: The Extra-Terrestrial (1982)) is watching at home on
TV and that Elliot re-enacts in his Science class is the John Wayne classic The
Quiet Man (1952).

Reissue

This refers to a studio releasing a work subsequent to the original or initial

release; similar to re-release

Release

It refers to the first distribution and general public exhibition of a film to

theatre audiences.

Remake

This refers to a later production (of a previous film), with different credits,
script, and cast; a redone, second version of a film's narrative and subject
matter; remakes have been common throughout all of film history.
Examples: The Jazz Singer (1927) remade in the 50s as the Jazz Singer
(1953) with Danny Thomas, and in the early 1980s as The Jazz
Singer (1980) with Neil Diamond; also What Price Hollywood?
(1932) became A Star is Born (1937) - with Janet Gaynor, and A Star is Born
(1954) - with Judy Garland, and A Star is Born (1976) with Barbra Streisand;
and the unnecessary, meticulous shot-by-shot remake of Psycho (1960) by Gus
Van Sant in 1998

Rentals

It refers to that portion of film grosses that goes to film distributors; also
refers to videocassette (or DVD) rentals

Re-release

This is the revival or rebroadcast of a work by the original distributor, studio,

releaser, or broadcaster.

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Reshoot contingency

It refers to the funds kept or saved by a producer in case supplementary

shootings (reshoots) are required - often occurring after test screenings or
decisions made by studio executives

Resolution

The outcome, or the "untying" of tension in the scenes after theclimax of a

film; refers to how things turned out for all of the characters; some films
abruptly end without a scene following the climax; aka denouement.
Example: the original, non-studio version of Don Siegel's ultra-
paranoid Invasion of the Body Snatchers (1956) was softened with the addition
of a framing device ('bookends') at the film's beginning and end), to change
the film's resolution and make it less grim.

Retrospective

Usually a tribute, exhibition, or 'looking back' at a film star's, artist's or

director's work over a span of years with a comprehensive compilation
or montage of film clips or excerpts; also known as a retro; also, in terms of a
screenplay, a film in which nearly the entire story is looking back in time at
events that have already taken place, usually accomplished by flashback.
Example: Sunset Boulevard (1950) - a film told almost entirely as a backwards-
looking retrospective

Reverse angle shot

A basic camera angle composed of a shot photographed from the opposite side
of a subject to provide a different perspective; in adialogue scene between
characters, a shot of the second participant is commonly composed as
an over-the-shoulder shot; sometimes known as an 180 degree angle
shot or change in perspective; the alternating pattern between two
characters' points of view is known as shot/reverse shot.

Reverse motion

It refers to a trick camera effect, created by running film backwards in the

camera or during optical printing; aka reverse action.
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Revisionistic

It refers to films that present an apparent genre stereotype and then subvert,
revise, or challenge it; aka deconstruction

Revival house

Film or exhibition theatres that are dedicated to emphasizing or specializing

in only one type of film - such as foreign films, older films, silent films, classics,
rarely-screened films, etc.

Roadshow

It refers to exploitation films (such as "sex-hygeine" films) with controversial

content (disguised as educational medical information) that were heavily
promoted and shown on the road, and would be packed up quickly in case of
the authorities; also refers to films that were released early and shown in
prestigious theatres. Example: showman Kroger Babb's Mom and Dad
(1945),or Child Bride (1938)

Roman a clef

A French term literally meaning 'novel with a key'; in film terms, refers to a
film in which actual persons/events are disguised or masked as fictional
characters - but with a 'key,' the true persons/events are revealed.
Examples: Citizen Kane (1941) - with similarities between Kane and
newspaper tycoon William Randolph Hearst.

Rotation

It refers to a camera rotation - which can be a vertical or horizontal pan; or it

may refer to a camera move in which the camera is moved in a complete (or
half) circle to produce a spinning, disorienting effect to the viewer; a partial
rotation is termed a tilt

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Rough cut

An early edited (or 'cut') version of a film - with all the pieces of the film
assembled in continuous, sequential order, but without any fancy editing; also
sometimes known as first cut; one of the stages toward the final cut; often
used in a focus group screening.

Running time

A measure of the duration or length of a film, usually about two hours for a
feature film.

Rush(es)

The prints of takes (of the camera footage) from one day's shooting, usually
without correction or editing, for examination by the director before the next
day's shooting; aka daily-ies

Satire

This is a mocking, ridiculing commentary on an economic, political, religious

or social institution, ideology or belief, person (or group), policy, or human
vice. Examples: The Great Dictator (1940), Dr. Strangelove, Or How I Learned to
Stop Worrying And Love the Bomb (1964), Brazil (1985)

Scenario

(1) the outline for a screenplay, or

(2) a complete screenplay

Scene
Usually a shot (or series of shots) that together comprise a single, complete
and unified dramatic event, action, unit, or element of film narration, or block
(segment) of storytelling within a film, much like a scene in a play; the end of a
scene is often indicated by a change in time, action and/or location; see also
shot and sequence.

Scenery

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It refers to the outdoor background in a set (represented by either
a backdrop or a natural view).

Scene-stealing

Usually refers to a character (or group of characters), usually subsidiary,

whose appearance, actions and/or dialogue draws more attention than other
actors in the same scene; similar to the term 'chewing up the scenery.'
Examples: Tim Curry as Darkness in Legend (1985); William Bendix as Jeff
in The Glass Key (1942); John Gielgud as Hobson the butler in Arthur (1981)

Schlock film

From the Yiddish expression for 'inferior' - refers to a forgettable, cheaply-

made, low-budget, luridly-advertised B-film (or lower Z-film) with little or
non-existent quality - often unintentionally hilarious; designed to take in
profitable box-office in opening week; usually films found in the horror,
comedy and science-fiction genres of the 50s and 60s. Examples: Films from
AIP (American International Pictures); also Robot Monster (1953) and The
Giant Claw (1957), Sex Kittens Go to College (1960) (film)

Score

The musical component of a movie's soundtrack, usually composed

specifically for the film by a film composer; the background music in a film,
usually specially composed for the film; may be orchestral, synthesized, or
performed by a small group of musicians; also refers to the act of writing
music for a film. Examples: Bernard Herrmann's memorable score with
screeching violins for Hitchcock's Psycho (1960) or the score for The Wizard of
Oz (1939)

Screen direction

It refers to the direction that characters or objects are moving in a film's scene
or visual frame; common screen directions include "camera left" (movement
to the left) or "camera right" (movement to the right); a neutral shot is a
head-on shot of a subject with no evident screen direction; a jump-cut often
indicates a change in screen direction\

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Screener

The term for a promotional DVD (or video) version of a film that is sent to
voters (and film critics) by the movie studios for their convenience during the
awards season, before the movie is officially available to the public through
video rental chains

Screening

The exhibition or display of a movie, typically at a cinemahouse/theatre;

to screen (or unspool) a film means to show or project a film; types of
screenings include a critical screening (a pre-release viewing for film critics),
a pre-screening, or a focus-group screening (to test audience reactions to a
film's rough cut); cinema is another term for a movie theatre.

Screenplay

A script or text for a film production written by a scripter or

screenwriter(s) (or scribe), written (scribbled, scripted, or penned) in the
prescribed form as a series of master scenes, with all the dialogue provided
and the essential actions and character movements described; screenplays are
often adaptations of other works; known archaically as a photoplay during
the silent era.

Screen test

It refers to a filmed audition in which an actor performs a particular role for a

film production; casting often depends upon the photogenic (the projection
of an attractive camera image) quality of the star.

Screwball comedy

A type of highly-verbal comedy prevalent in 1930's Hollywood, and typified

by frenetic action, verbal wit and wisecracks (substituting or serving as a
metaphoric euphemism for sex), a battle of the sexes with conflict that is
ultimately resolved - all elements that serve as important plot points.
Examples: Capra's It Happened One Night (1934) and Hawks' Bringing Up Baby
(1938) and His Girl Friday (1940); My Man Godfrey (1936), The Awful Truth
(1937), Sturges' The Palm Beach Story (1942), and Cukor's The Philadelphia
Story (1940).

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Script (also shooting script)

It refers to the written text of a film - a blueprint for producing a film detailing
the story, setting, dialogue, movements and gestures of actors, and the shape
and sequence of all events in the film; in various forms, such as
a screenplay, shooting script, breakdown script (a very detailed, day-to-
day listing of all requirements for shooting, used mostly by crew), lined
script, continuity script, or a spec script (written to studio specifications); a
screenplay writer is known as
Screenwriter, scripter, scribbler, scribe or penner; a last-minute script re-
writer is known as a script doctor; a scenario is a script that includes camera
and set direction as well as dialogue and cast direction; a shooting script is a
detailed final version of the screenplay with the separate scenes arranged in
proper sequence, and used by the cast.

Second banana

In general terms, an actor who plays a subordinate or secondary role;

aka second fiddle; in comedies, it refers to a performer who acts as a
sidekick, foil or stooge (straight man) to a lead comedian. Examples: Dean
Martin was a 'second banana' to Jerry Lewis when they were a comic duo; or
Bud Abbott to Lou Costello; or Ralph Bellamy to Cary Grant in His Girl Friday
(1940); also, Ward Bond as a secondary player in many westerns

Second-unit photography

In larger film productions, this refers to the less important scenes (large
crowd scenes, scenery, foreign location backgrounds, various inserts, etc.)
that are filmed by a smaller, secondary or subordinate crew, usually headed
by a second-unit director; contrast to principal photography

Segment (or seg)

A section or episode of a film; a series of sequences that comprise a major

section of the plot; segmentation of a film often helps to further analysis

Sell-through

An industry term meaning prerecorded videocassettes or DVDs priced lower,

to encourage their sale rather than rental

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Sepia tone

A black-and-white image that has been converted to a sepia tone or color (a

brownish gray to a dark olive brown) in order to enhance the dramatic effect
and/or create an "antique" appearance

Sequel

A cinematic work that presents the continuation of characters, settings,

and/or events of a story in a previously-made or preceding movie; contrast to
a prequel, follow-up, serial, series, spin-off or remake. Examples: The
Maltese Falcon (1941) followed by The Black Bird (1975); National Velvet
(1944) followed by International Velvet (1978); A Man and a Woman
(1966) followed by A Man and a Woman: 20 Years Later (1986); generally,
sequels are inferior - with some exceptions, such as The Godfather, Part II
(1974), Toy Story 2 (1999), The Empire Strikes Back (1980), X2: X-Men United
(2003), etc.

Sequence

A scene, or connected series of related scenes that are edited together and
comprise a single, unified event, setting, or story within a film's narrative; also
refers to scenes that structurally fit together in the plot; sequence usually
refers to a longer segment of film than a scene; sequences are often grouped
into acts (like a three-act play); a sequence shot refers to a long, normally
complicated shot with complex camera movements and actions; see
also shot and scene.

Serial

A multi-part, 'short-subject' film that was usually screened a chapter/episode

per week at a film theatre; the predominant style of the serial
was melodrama; often, each chapter or episode, continually presented in
installments over several weeks, would conclude with an
unresolved cliffhanger to ensure that audience would return the following
week to discover the resolution; popular until the early 1950s; contrast
with series and sequels. Examples: Mount Zion’s ‘Haunting Shadows’,
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‘Ultimate Power’, Stormy Seas’ and Christoline Film Productions’ ‘House on
the Rock’, Tinsels on African Magic, e.t.c.

Series

This is a string or sequence of films with shared situations, characters

or themes and related titles, but with little other inter-dependence, especially
with respect to plot or significant character development. Usually
presented without cliffhangers; the term also applies to feature films with
more than one sequel; contrast with serials and sequels.

Set

The environment (an exterior or interior locale) where the action takes place
in a film; when used in contrast to location, it refers to an artificially-
constructed time/place (a backdrop painting or a dusty Western street with a
facade of storefronts); supervised by the film's art director; strike refers to
the act of taking apart a set once filming has ended.

Set-piece

Usually a self-contained, elaborate scene or sequence that stands on its own

(i.e., a helicopter chase, a dance number, a memorable fight, etc.), and serves
as a key moment in the film; in terms of production, it may also refer to a
scene with a large set. Example: the bullet-dodging sequence in The Matrix
(1999).

Setting

This is the time (time period) and place in which the film's story occurs,
including all of the other additional factors, including climate (season),
landscape, people, social structures and economic factors, customs, moral
attitudes, and codes of behavior; aka locale. Example: Chinua Achebe’s
‘Things Fall Apart’ is in an Igbo culture setting while Wole Soyinka’s ‘The Lion
and the Jewel’ is in a Yoruba culture setting.

Set-up
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The place or position where the director and the director of photography put
the camera (and lighting) when shooting a scene; a scene is usually shot with
multiple setups and with multiple takes from each setup; aka angle.

Set-up (screenplay)

In screenplay terms, set-up refers to the first act in which the characters,
situation, and the setting are established. Example: the 'first act' of The Wizard
of Oz (1939) before the Technicolor sequences in the Land of Oz

Sex comedy

A humorous, light-hearted film with an improbable plot about sexual

relationships and extra-marital affairs, with various pairings between
numerous characters, often characterized by slamming doors; aka sex
farce or bedroom farce.

Shoot

The process of filming or photographing any aspect of a motion picture with a

camera; the plan for a shoot is termed ashooting schedule.

Short subject (shorts or short films)

A film that is shorter than around 30 or 45 minutes; in the silent film era, most
films were shorts, such as those shown in nickelodeons; then, during the early
film era, the price of a movie ticket included not only the weekly feature but
also "selected short subjects," as they were usually billed; contrast
to features. Examples: The Mount Zion Alumni Fellowship (Northern Forum)
Movie; ‘Mai Ceto’ Meaning My Saviour (2013)

Sight gag

aka visual gag; an image that conveys humor visually, usually non-verbally;
often used in silent film comedy, or in films with very little dialogue. Example:
all silent film comedies, Jacques Tati's Playtime (1967), the animated film The
Triplets of Belleville (2003), or the scene of Cameron Diaz with semen as her
hair-gel in There's Something About Mary (1998) (pictured), or numerous
examples from James Bond films, such as Moonraker (1979) (pictured) - the
death of a henchman propelled head-first into a billboard advertising British

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Airways claiming: "We'll Take More Care of You" - his head appeared
consumed by the flight attendant's mouth

Silent film (or silents)

The term for motion pictures without sound (spoken dialogue or

synchronized soundtrack), although they were often accompanied by live
commentary, piano-music, sound effects, and/or orchestration; the period
from about 1895 to 1927 (when "talkies" were introduced); contrast
with talkies.

Silver bullet

aka "magic bullet" - a solution that completely solves the complicated

dramatic problem within a film; the term was derived from European folklore
in which only a silver bullet could kill a werewolf. Example: the silver bullet
was used in The Lone Ranger Show(on radio and TV, and later on film) as a
symbol of the Lone Ranger's presence to solve various problems.

Size

It refers to a film element, used by the film-maker to indicate a character's or

objects’ relative strength compared to other things or persons. Example:
in Citizen Kane (1941), Kane looks massive compared to wife Susan working
on a puzzle and dwarfed in size by a gigantic fireplace.

Skip frame

The optical printing effect of skipping or cutting out certain frames of the
original scene to speed up the action

Slapstick (comedy)

A broad form of comedy in which the humor comes from physical acts or
pantomime, frequently harmless violence and pratfalls intended to produce
laughter. The name was derived from a device called a slapstick, two boards
that slapped together with a loud crack when used to strike something or
someone; prevalent during the silent era and in early talkies, with its primary
motif being pie-throwing. Examples: Keystone Kops, Charlie Chaplin (here in
the extended boxing sequence in City Lights (1931)), Laurel and Hardy, Buster
Keaton, the Three Stooges, and more recently, Jerry Lewis and Jim Carrey.
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Slasher film

Usually a cheaply-made sub-genre film (usually in the horror genre) designed

for the teenage audience (teen movie), deliberately made to contain gory,
blood-splattering, explicit deaths without any build-up, style or suspense,
often committed by an unstoppable serial killer, with a sharp bladed weapon;
most slasher films are created to generate sequels and repetitive boredom;
aka splatter films; see also trash film, grindhouse film, schlock film, B-
film and Z-film. Examples: Three of the best known, classic slasher films that
were commercially successful include Hitchcock's Psycho
(1960), Carpenter's Halloween (1978), and Wes Craven's A Nightmare on Elm
Street (1984); also the films of Mario Bava and Dario Argento (i.e. Deep Red
(1975)), The Texas Chainsaw Massacre (1974), Lucio Fulci's Zombie
(1979), Sleep away Camp (1983), the Friday the 13th franchise; also in the
parodies beginning with Scream (1996).

Slate (board)

It refers to the digital board held in front of the camera that identifies shot
number, director, camera-person, studio and title; the slate has the clap
sticks on top and the scene number, take and production name or title usually
written on it, and the person operating the slate will say "mark" and clap the
sticks for picture and sound sync purposes; originally the data was written
with chalk on a slate board; the footage of the slate at the beginning of each
shot or take is used in the laboratory and editing room to identify the shot; see
also clapboard.

Sleeper

A movie that is released with little publicity or pre-release buzz, often

directed by and starring relatively unknown people, that eventually becomes
popular (as a cult film) or financially successful beyond expectations, usually
due to positive word-of-mouth; the term is sometimes used incorrectly to
describe unpopular movies that the critics love

Slow-motion(or slo-motion)

It refers to an effect resulting from running film through a camera at faster-

than-normal speed (shooting faster than 24 frames per second), and then
projecting it at standard speed; if a camera runs at 60 frames per second, and
captures a one second-long event, a 24-frame playback will slow that event to
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two and a half seconds long; over crank(ing) means to speed up the camera,
thereby making the action appear slower when projected - the term dates
back to the old days of physically hand-cranking film through a camera; this
filmic technique is usually employed to fully capture a 'moment in time' or to
produce a dramatic (or romantic feeling); contrast to fast-motion (or
accelerated motion, achieved by under cranking) or time compression.
Example: often used in sports films in which the climactic winning catch or
play is run in slow-motion

Smash-cut (or shock cut)

A cinematic term that refers to an abrupt, jarring and unexpected change in

the scene or film's image (and the audio), in order to surprise the viewing
audience; see also transition Example: often used in murder scenes or when a
character is suddenly awakened from a nightmare; it also may be evidenced in
a sudden cut to a black screen

Snub

This usually happens during nominations or awards proceedings, when a

prominent, leading, or favored performer/director/crew member or film is
inexplicably excluded or denied an award or nomination. Examples:
See Academy Awards Mistakes and Omissions

Soft-focus

A cinematographic effect in which a filter, vaseline or gauze-like substance

placed over the camera lens reduces the clarity or sharpness of focus, blurs
the image, and produces a diffused, hazy light; often used to enhance romantic
or dreamy scenes, or to remove wrinkle lines from an actor's face. Example:
often used in the 1930s; also in the love scene at the French plantation
in Apocalypse Now Redux (1979 and 2001)

Soliloquy

A dramatic monologue delivered by a single actor with no one else onstage;

sometimes expressed as a 'thinking aloud' dialogue of inner reflections;
delivered by a character to him or herself, or directly to the audience; contrast

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to an aside.. Example: Odelabu’s wife in Felix Bankole’s Play book; ‘The Dead
Pregnancy’.

Sound

The audio portion of a film including dialogue, music, and effects; sound
effects refers to all created sounds except dialogue or music

Sound Designer
This is the leading creative for a film soundtrack, especially in post-
production.
Sound Recordist
This is also known as Production Sound Mixer, the person who records the
audio on the shoot.

Soundstage (or stage)

A large, soundproof area/room in a studio used in film production, where

elaborate sets are constructed, to allow film-makers greater control over
climate, lighting, and sound, security, and spectators. Example: The "You Were
Meant For Me" scene deliberately shot on an empty sound stage, in Singin' in
Rain (1951).

Shot list
A list given to the film crew which indicates the order of shooting for the day.

Soundtrack

Technically, this term refers to the audio component of a movie, including the
dialogue, musical score, narration, and sound effects, that accompany the
visual components. Popularly, it refers to a collection of songs heard during
the movie, and often sold as an album.

Spaghetti western

A western, low-budget B-movie filmed in Italy (or Spain) during the 60s,
usually characterized by low production values, sparse dialogue. Examples:
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Sergio Leone's westerns, starring Clint Eastwood as an amoral drifter - the
poncho-clad gunslinger Blondie.

Special effects (or F/X, SFX, SPFX, or EFX)

A broad, wide-ranging term used by the film industry meaning to create

fantastic visual and audio illusions that cannot be accomplished by normal
means, such as travel into space. Many visual (photographic) or mechanical
(physical) filmic techniques or processes are used to produce special
illusionary effects, such as optical and digital effects, CGI, in-camera effects,
the use of miniatures/models, mattes, rear-camera projections, stop-
motion animation, blue screens, full-scale mockups, pyrotechnics (squibs
(miniature explosions, i.e. a gunshot)), stunt men, animatronics (electronic
puppets), rain/snow/wind machines, etc.; F/X are coordinated by the visual
effects and the special effects supervisors; known negatively as trick
photography; see also visual effects - a sub-category of special effects. See
this site's Milestones in Special/Visual Effects in Film History.

Spin-off

It refers to a derivative work (film or TV), either a sequel or a prequel which

includes characters from the previous original product; contrast to
a prequel, follow-up, serial, series, sequel or remake. Examples: The
Scorpion King (2002) was a spin-off of The Mummy Returns (1999) with the
character of the Scorpion King (Dwayne Johnson); or Alien vs. Predator
(2004) - an obvious spin-off of previous hits; Laverne & Shirley was a spin-off
of the TV show Happy Days

Split edit

An editing technique used to ease the transition from one scene to another, in
which the audio starts before (or after) the picture cut; aka L-cut or J-cut

Split-reel

In the silent era, refers to two different short-subject films (each too brief for a
separate screening) that were joined together on one reel for movie-house
exhibition

Split-screen

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The combination of two actions filmed separately by copying them onto the
same negative and having them appear side-by-side within a single frame
(without overlapping); a slight variation on split-screen is termed multiple
image (different images are set alongside each other within a single frame);
split-screen is usually intended to signify simultaneous action; also see blue
screen and matte shot. Examples: Hollywood’s serial; 24 has a lot of split
screen on phone conversations and lasoKunleAfolayan’s Phone Swap has
some split screen phone conversations too.

Spoiler

Information about the plot or ending of a film that may damage or impair the
enjoyment of the film if known ahead of time; usually, critics or reviewers
warn readers with a 'spoiler alert', or avoid revealing spoilers altogether.
See Greatest Plot Twists and Spoilers. Examples: "Darth Vader is Luke's
father," "Rosebud" is the name of the sled in Citizen Kane (1941), Norman's
mother is alive in Norman Bates's psychotic imagination, or a film's plot twists
(e.g., Shyamalan's films), etc.

Spoof

This is usually a comedic film that pays tribute to an earlier film in a

humorous way. Examples: Airplane! (1980) and Airport (1970); Blazing
Saddles (1974) and westerns; Monty Python and the Holy Grail (1974) and King
Arthur legendary tales; Monty Python's Life of Brian (1979) (see above) and
Christ stories; Scream (1996) - a spoof of horror slasher films; and Top Secret!
(1984);Raiders of the Lost Ark (1981) was spoofed as 'Raiders of a Lost Art'
in MAD Magazine (Jan '82)

Stage Right

It refers to the actor’s right side, the audience’s left side. Therefore, Stage Left
refers to the performer’s left, the audience’s right.

Stand-in

A substitute person who is physically similar (in size and appearance) to an

actor and who takes the actor's place during often lengthy preparation of a
scene (the taking of light meter readings, camera setup, light adjustment, etc.)
but not during filming. Not to be confused with a stunt double or abody
double.
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Star

The name given to famous, talented, and popular actors or celebrities, often in
lead character roles, who can draw an audience to a film with
their photogenic appearance, inspirational acting, or some other quality.
Historically, astarlet (or ingenue) was an attractive actress promoted by a
film studio in a small role as an up-and-coming star during the 40s and the
50s; also used in the term star quality and star system.

Star system

It refers to the way in which studios "groomed" stars under contract, and
sought star vehicles for them; studios served as protectorates for their stars

Star vehicle

This is a film expressly made to show off the talents of a performer, with all
other aspects almost secondary; compare with tour de force

Static shot

An unmoving camera shot that is stationary, due to the use of a tripod

Steadicam (shot)

A hand-held camera technique using a stabilizing Steadicam (introduced in

the late 70s), developed by inventor Garrett Brown, with a special, mechanical
harness that allows the camera operator to take relatively smooth and steady
shots, though hand-held, while moving along with the action; the resulting
images are comparable to normal tracking shots on a wheeled dolly.
Example: Ben Ope Johnson (B. J.)Popular Cinematographer in Africa was in
Charge of Steadycam in Tinsel.

Stealing a scene (or scene-stealing)

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Usually refers to a supporting actor/actress attracting attention from the lead
actor or actress to whom the center of interest legitimately belongs; see also
'tour de force' performance

Stereotyping

This is the act of portraying a particular character (or group) with a formulaic,
conforming, exaggerated, and oversimplified representation, usually offensive
and distorted. Example: in Breakfast at Tiffany's (1961), the portrayal of
Audrey Hepburn's upstairs neighbor, Mr. Yunioshi (Mickey Rooney) in an
exaggerated way: with buck-teeth, a pronounced accent, and comic ineptness -
all conveying a degrading and stereotypical view of Japanese or Asian men;
this scene was also replayed in Dragon: The Bruce Lee Story (1992).

Still

It refers to a single, static image, either (1) a frame still (possibly enlarged)
from a finished film, (2) a production still taken from an unfinished film, or (3)
a publicity shot (of an actor or scene); aka photogram. Example: a
publicity still of the major cast members of The Wizard of Oz (1939) and a still
taken from To Kill a Mockingbird (1962)

Stinger

This is a surprising, last-minute bit of dialogue (or footage) that appears after
the end (or closing) credits. Example: title character Ferris (Matthew
Broderick) breaks the fourth wall and tells the audience: "You're still here?
It's over! Go home. Go!" in Ferris Bueller's Day Off (1986); or the end of The
Muppet Movie (1979)when Animal yells at the audience: "Go home! Go home!
Bye-Bye."

Stock character

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A minor character whose actions are completely predictable, stereotypical, or
standard for his/her job or profession; similarly, a stock situation is a basic,
recognizable plot situation (e.g., a lover hiding in the closet, twins mistaken
for each other, etc.). Examples: the wily servant, the braggart soldier, the
innocent virgin, a drunken husband, etc.

Stock footage (or stock/library shot)

Previously-shot footage or film of common elements or scenes, such as

canyons or deserts in the American West, or travelogue shots (e.g., skylines,
airplane takeoffs/landings, famous places, etc.) that are kept in a film archive
or library and used to fill in portions of a movie in different film productions,
thereby saving the time of reshooting similar scenes over and over; a stock
shot refers to an unimaginative or commonplace shot that looks like it could
be stock footage.

Stop-motion (animation)

A special-effects animation technique where objects, such as solid 3-D

puppets, figures, or models are shot one frame at a time and moved or
repositioned slightly between each frame, giving the illusion of lifelike motion.
Stop-motion was one of the earliest special-effects techniques for science-
fiction films, now replaced by CGI and animatronics; aka stop-frame motion.
Example: the stop motion animation in the first great monster movie, King
Kong (1933); also in the landmark films by Ray Harryhausen such as Jason and
the Argonauts (1963); The Adventures of Mark Twain (1985), The Sandman
(1991), Wallace & Gromit: Curse of the Were-Rabbit (2005) and Corpse Bride
(2005).

Story

The events that appear in a film and what we can infer from these events;
aka narrative or plot

Storyboard

A sequential series of illustrations, stills, rough sketches

and/or captions (sometimes resembling a comic or cartoon strip) of events,
as seen through the camera lens, that outline the various shots or provide a
148
synopsis for a proposed film story (or for a complex scene) with its action and
characters; the storyboards are displayed in sequence for the purpose of
visually mapping out and crafting the various shot divisions and camera
movements in an animated or live-action film; a blank storyboard is a piece of
paper with rectangles drawn on it to represent the camera frame (for each
successive shot); a sophisticated type of preview-storyboard (often shot and
edited on video, with a soundtrack) is termed an animati Examples of two
storyboard sketches (and the actual scene) from Steven Spielberg's Jaws
(1975).

Straight man

An actor/actress who serves as a stooge for a comedian (or funnyman),

usually by adopting a serious stance or reaction to the comic partner; the
straight man often feeds lines to the other irreverent comedian - who replies
with witty comments; aka second banana or foil. Example: Baba Sala, Aluwa,
Papa Ajasco, Baba Suwe, Baba Ijesha, A.Y. Okon among others.

Studio(s)

(1) the for-profit companies that specialize in developing, financing

and distributing most commercial films; (2) also refers to the actual site
for a film production, with physical sets, stages,
offices, backlots (located on the outdoor grounds of a film studio and
used for filming exteriors), etc.; see also majors and independents, and
mogul.

Studio chief

The head or chairperson of a film studio who has the final authority for each
film project (gives the green light - or authorization go-ahead), and oversees
the many departments (financial, legal, marketing, advertising, distribution,
etc.); also called the topper.

Studio system

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It refers to the all-powerful control the monopolistic film studios had over all
aspects of assembly-line filmmaking and film production from the 1920s until
the late 1950s, when chiefs -moguls (Mayer, Selznick and Zukor) ruled; tactics
included the ownership of property, control of publicity and marketing, and
iron-clad contracts with star-actors, directors, composers, cameramen,
costume designers, writers, and producers.

Stunt double(s)

A stunt performer(s) (aka stunts) that take the place of an actor when the
scene calls for a dangerous or risky action (car crash, fight, window jump,
etc.); doubles usually have the same build or appearance as the star; also
called stunt performer, stuntman or stuntwoman; not to be confused with
a stand-in or a body double; stunts are supervised, conducted and planned
by a stunt coordinator Example: Harrison Ford with his stunt double Vic
Armstrong on the set of Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989)

Stylize(d)

A term that refers to the artificial exaggeration or elimination of details in

order to deliberately create an effect - in other words, to make (or interpret) a
person, a face, a tree, a figure, or something as 'grotesque,' 'disturbing,' or
'overbright' as opposed to realistic or naturalistic.

Subjective point-of-view (POV)

A film in which the narrator has a limited point-of-view regarding the

characters, events, action, places, thoughts, conversations, etc.; a subjective
camera is a style of filming that allows the viewer to look at events from the
POV of either a character or the author, when the camera position is close to
the line of sight of the character; contrast to omniscient point-of-view

Subplot

A secondary, subordinate, or auxiliary plotline, often complementary but

independent from the main plot (the A story), and often involving supporting
characters; not the same as multiple plotlines; aka the B story or C story.
Example: the additional plotline of 'video peeping tom' Ricky Fitts (Wes
Bentley), the teenage son of Col. Fitts (Chris Cooper) - the next-door,
repressed, Nazi-worshipping neighbor, and how Lester Burnham (Kevin
Spacey) is mistaken for being gay in American Beauty (1999).
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Subtext

The deeper and usually unexpressed "real" meanings of a character's spoken

lines or actions - if the viewer can 'read between the lines'.

Subtitles

It refers to the printed line(s) of text superimposed and displayed at the

bottom of the screen frame, often used to translate a foreign-language phrase,
or to describe a time/place; also the text translating an entire foreign language
film (that hasn't been dubbed); often termed caption

Sundance

Short for the influential Sundance Film Festival, known for the exhibition and
screening of the best of independent films each year in Utah; also see
(film) festival

Superimpose (or superimposition)

An optical printing process that places or 'exposes' one image on top of

another on the same piece o. Example: in Hitchcock's Vertigo (1958) during
Scottie's nightmare sequence, his face is superimposed over a drawing. Film-
stock, such as inserted credits and titles at the beginning of a film; sometimes
composed as a double exposure

Supporting role(s) (or players, characters)

Characters seen less frequently than the lead role characters, but still in
important, secondary roles; often termed a featured player or feature
player; well-known guest stars often play brief supporting roles in a
film; character actors are usually in supporting roles

Surreal (surrealism)

A term applied to a film, signifying a distorted or fantastic dream state, a

nightmarish or hallucinogenic world, or a subconscious thought or death
experience; often expressed by a random, non-sequential juxtaposition of
images that go beyond realism. Examples: the eerie Salvador Dali dream
sequence in Hitchcock'sSpellbound (1945), and David Lynch's Eraserhead
(1977).
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Suspenser

Another term for a suspense/thriller film

Swashbuckler

Usually refers to adventure films with an heroic, athletic, sword-wielding

character

Sword-and-sandal epic

A term for a movie, usually a Roman or Biblical epic, characterized by the

weapons (swords) and footwear (sandals) of the period

Sword and sorcery

A term for the class of fantasy movies characterized by the presence of wizards
and warriors, magic and sword fighting

Symbol

An object in a film that stands for an idea, or that has a second level of
meaning to it, e.g., a window or train=freedom, a rose=beauty, a cross-roads=a
decision point, etc.; the more a symbol is repeated, the greater its significance

Symmetry

It happens within a film when two or more distinct plotlines 'mirror' each
other or develop variations on the film's theme or plot; aka mirroring.
Examples: David Lynch's Lost Highway (1997), and Woody Allen's Crimes and
Misdemeanors (1989)

Synchronous sound

It refers to sound whose source can be seen in the image's frame, or whose
source can be understood from the context of the image

Tag line

A clever phrase or short sentence to memorably characterize a film, and tease

and attract potential viewers, or sell the movie; also creates a catchy 'sound-

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bite' often repeated or presented in a trailer or on a film's poster, sometimes
along with the film's leitmotif

Take

A single continuously-recorded performance, shot or version of a scene with a

particular camera setup; often, multiple takes are made of the same shot
during filming, before the director approves the shot; in box-office
terms, take also refers to the money a film's release has made

Talent

A term applied to the actors, as a group, on a film set

Talkies

The common term used for films with sound (beginning in 1927), although
rarely used currently. The advent of talkies marked the dawning of the era of
sound films, as opposed to silent films. Example: the landmark film In Old
Arizona (1929), was advertised as "100% All-Talking", and "You Hear What
You See" on its poster, because it was the first sound western from a major
studio (Fox Pictures); Singin' in the Rain (1952) took a look back at the
dawning of the talkies

Talking head(s)

A medium shot of people conversing; used as a criticism - denoting an

uninteresting image

Tap

A slang term, meaning to "pick", "select", "name", or "appoint"

Tearjerker(s)

An excessively-sentimental or emotional film, usually with suffering female

protagonists, tragic circumstances, manipulative scenes, and dramatic musical
scoring; aka melodramas or weepies; derogatively known as a 'woman's film'
or 'chick flick'; contrast to feel-good film

Technicolor

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The trade name for the best known color film process; 3-strip color is often
used as a synonymous term; also used generically as a term for rich, bright,
vibrant, sometimes garish colors; Technicolor films were described as highly
saturated (with pure and vivid colors); Technicolor (a 3-color dye transfer
system) was introduced in the Disney short cartoon, Flowers and Trees (1932).
This new process in the 1930s involved a camera that used prisms to split the
light coming through the lens onto three strips of black-and-white film, one
each for the primary colors (red, green, blue; with complementary color dyes:
cyan, magenta, yellow)

Tech-noir

Modern day (or post-modern) expressionistic film noirs set in the future,
with dark, decaying societies. Examples: Ridley Scott's Alien (1979) and Blade
Runner (1982). (1981),Nineteen Eighty-Four (1984), The Terminator
(1984), Robocop (1987),Total Recall (1990), Kathryn Bigelow's Strange Days
(1995), Andrew Niccol's Gattaca (1997), Alex Proyas' Dark City (1998), and
David Cronenberg'seXistenZ (1999).

Telefilm

It refers to a feature-length motion picture made for television; also known

as telepic or telepix; see also made-for TV movie

Telephoto (lens)

It refers to a camera lens with a very long focal length and narrow angle of
view - the effect is to compress or condense depth in space, thereby bringing
distant objects closer to the viewer (without moving the camera), but it also
flattens the depth of the image; it has the opposite of the effect of a wide-
angle lens

Tentpole

An industry slang or trendy buzzword term, meaning a film that is expected

to serve as a primary support for a studio, i.e., to be a top-
grossing blockbuster (usually during the summer season), to compensate for
a studio's other flops; usually the film is the start of, or an installment in, a

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franchise. Example: Armageddon (1998) and other $100 million-plus films,
such as Spider-Man (2002) or Shrek (2001)

Theatre – theater (film)

The place for screening, presenting, or viewing a film or motion picture;

aka cinema

Theatrical

A slang term referring to a feature-length motion picture

Theme (film)

The central characteristic, idea, concern or motif in a film

Theme music

This is the opening or closing music of a motion picture, often containing the
film's 'signature'. or leitmotif tune/phrase that is associated with a character
or situation within the film.

Three-shot

It refers to a medium shot that contains three people; compare to two-shot

Tie-in

It refers to any commercial venture connected to a film. Examples: the

simultaneous release of a novel and the film based upon it, or of model
characters, such as the Harry Potter novels

Tilt shot (or oblique angle)

A camera tilted up or down on a diagonal along a vertical axis; a vertical

camera movement from a fixed position often used to suggest an imbalance,
or strangeness, or to emphasize size, power or menace; also known as tilt
pan, tilt up or tilt down (or reveal), or vertical pan, although not technically
the same as "pan up" or "pan down", similar to a moving close-up; a dutch
angle is filmed at an extreme diagonal tilt
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Time lapse

A method of filming where frames are shot much slower than their normal
rate, allowing action to take place between frames, and giving the appearance
of the action taking place much faster in the finished product; often done for
nature filming (the blooming of a flower, the movement of clouds, etc.),
allowing the viewer to witness the event compressed from real time (hours
or days) into a few seconds; (one frame shot every 30 seconds over 24 hours
of real time would equal two minutes of film time); opposite of slow-motion

Time-line

Often used by editors to arrange shots in the intended order for coherence.
The time-line helps to locate a particular shot in a clear figurative sequence
while editing. It helps to track a particular shot or sequence without have to
scan all the way.

Tint

The use of color to physically tint film stock to achieve a desired mood, usually
done selectively by hand; often used by silent black-and-white films before the
widespread use of color film. See gel and sepia. Example: The Great Train
Robbery (1903) was selectively hand-tinted. D.W. Griffith's Intolerance
(1916) (pictured) tinted each of its four episodes (and its "cradle rocking"
interludes) in a different color: the "Modern" Story was tinted amber, the
"Judean" Story was tinted blue, the "French" Story was tinted in sepia, and the
"Babylonian" Story was tinted grey-green. Gold tinting was also used to
"color" the gold, brass beds, gold teeth, gilt frames, and the canary cage
in Greed (1924). The 1984 re-release of Fritz Lang's Metropolis (1927) also
tinted various scenes

Title role

The lead part in a movie or other production for an actor or actress, that is
named after the title of the film. Example: Harrison Ford in the title role in
Indiana Jones and the Last Crusade (1989), or Angelina Jolie in the title role
of Lara Croft: Tomb Raider (2001).
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Titles

The words that appear on the film screen and convey information; categories
of titles include: credit titles, main titles, end titles, insert titles,
and subtitles; a creeper title, also known as a roll-up title, refers to a film
title that appears to move solwly across the screen - vertically or horizontally;
in silent film, "titles" (called title cards or intertitles) included the written
commentary and full screens of textual dialogue spliced within the
action; title design refers to the artistic manner in which the title of a film is
displayed on screen; the working title is the name by which a film is known
while it is being made (e.g., during the filming of Psycho (1960), it was known
as Production 9401); see Movie Title Screens; see also credits

Tix

Abbreviation for tickets

Tone

The mood or atmosphere of a film scene, often revealed by the director in the
way a film is directed, e.g., serious, humorous, satiric, amusing, etc.

Toon

Abbreviation for cartoon

Topline

To star; or to be billed above the title of a film; the topliner is the star of a
particular film. Example: Bette Davis, top-billed or starring in the
melodrama Marked Woman (1937), with lesser billed and lesser-known actor
Humphrey Bogart.

Topper

It refers to the head of a company or organization

Tour de force

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Literally "forceful turn" (French); usually refers to a lead actor's performance
that was incredibly skillful, brilliant, notable, masterful, reflecting a very high
standard, and perfectly displaying the actor's ability; compare to 'stealing a
scene' - the equivalent for a supporting actor role

Tracking shot (or truck)

A smooth shot in which the camera moves alongside ('tracking within') the
subject, usually mounted on a dolly, in a side-to-side motion (relative to the
scene or the action); also known as following shot; sometimes used
interchangeably with dolly shot, pull back (pull-out, push-out, widen-
out or push-back) shot, track back (moving away) or track in (or push-in)
(moving forward), or zoom shot; see also Steadicam.

Trademark

It refers to a personal touch or embellishment of an actor, director, writer or

producer within a film; aka signature, calling card.

Trades

This refers to the professional magazines and publications that report the
daily or weekly entertainment news of the entertainment industry.

Trailer

A short publicity film, preview, or advertisement composed of short excerpts

and scenes from a forthcoming film or coming attraction, usually two-three
minutes in length; often presented at the showing of another film. Historically,
these advertisements were placed at the end of a newsreel or supporting
feature and so "trailed" them, hence the name; also commonly known
as preview(s); also, another name for the tail - a length of blank leader (strip
of film) at the end of a reel; a teaser is basically a very short trailer (of 15-30
seconds in length) that only provides a few hints about the film (a Web
address, a few bars of music, a quick sequence of images, specially-shot
footage, etc.).

Transition (or transitional technique or device)

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One of several ways of moving from one shot or scene to the next, including
such transitional effects or shots as a cut, fade, dissolve, and wipe;
a transition focus between two scenes means the current scene goes out of
focus and the next scene comes into focus.

Trash film

It refers to second-run, low-budget films that are deliberately over-the-top,

infantile, amateurish, sometimes excessively gory or raunchy which are
intended to shock, disgust, and repel mainstream audiences, and appeal to
non-traditional audiences. Sometimes described as a sub-category of
exploitation and cult films, or called a 'turkey' film. Compare
with sexploitation, B-films, and Z-films. Examples: Films distributed and
produced by Troma Studios, the splatter films of Herschell Gordon Lewis, Paul
Morrissey's Trash (1970), John Waters' Pink Flamingos (1972) and Female
Trouble (1974), William Sach's The Incredible Melting Man (1977), Meir
Zarchi's Day of the Woman (aka I Spit on Your Grave (1978)).

Travelogue

A film made for the purpose of showing scenes from foreign, exotic places.
Example: Around the World in 80 Days (1956)

Treatment

A detailed literary summary or presentation of a film's story, with action and

characters described in prose form, often used to market and/or sell a film
project or script; a completed treatment is a late stage in the development of
a screenplay after several story conferences have incorporated changes into
the script; contrast to a synopsis (a brief summation of a film)

Trilogy

This is a group of three films that together compose a larger narrative and are
related in subject or theme. Examples: Coppola's three Godfather films, the
Terminator films trilogy, Terry Gilliam's 'Age of Reason' trilogy, Satyajit
Ray's Apu trilogy, the Lord of the Rings trilogy, Ingmar Bergman's trilogy,
theQatsi trilogy, Spielberg's 'Indiana Jones' films, the original Star
Wars trilogy, and Kieslowski's 'Three Colors' films

Triple threat
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It refers to an actor or actress who can sing, dance and act skillfully and
equally well on a consistent basis; usually applicable to performers in the
musicals genre; it also could refer to a person who can act, direct, and screen
write.

Tubthump

A term that denotes to promote or draw attention to; usually conducted by

publicists, advertisers, and agents; from the ancient show business custom of
actors wandering the streets banging on tubs and drums to draw an audience
together

Turnaround

It refers to a film or project that has been abandoned by a studio and is no

longer active (and now available for being shopped to another studio)

Twist ending

A film that is marketed as having a surprise ending that shouldn't be revealed

(as a spoiler) to those who haven't seen the picture

Two-fer

Slang for coupons that discount an film's admission price to "two for" the
price of one

Two-hander

It refers to a film with only two characters Example: Frank Rajah-Arase’s ‘Why
Marry’

Two-reeler

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In the silent era, this referred to a film lasting a little over 20 minutes.
Example: Silent era Edgar Kennedy's many two-reelers of comedy shorts
(with Mack Sennett and Hal Roach)

Two-shot

A medium or close-up camera shot of two people (often in dialogue with

each other), framed from the chest up; often used to provide a contrast
between the two characters; compare to three-shot

Typecasting

When an actor or actress is commonly (but unfairly) identified, associated

with, or 'stereotyped' by a particular character role;casting against type is
the reverse of typecasting; typagerefers to director Eisenstein's theory of
casting that shunned professional actors in favor of 'types' or representative
characters

U-matic

Refers to 3/4 inch magnetic tape, originally a professional cassette tape

format now being supplanted by new digital formats; a competing tape format
was the inferior 1/2" VHS orbeta

Unbilled role

A 'supporting' role for a major (sometimes minor) star that is officially

credited (usually in the end credits), but no mention (or billing) is made in the
film's advertisements or the opening credits; contrast
with cameo and uncredited role.

Un-credited role

A role that a major (or minor) star plays that is not credited in the credits or in
the film's poster; contrast with cameo andunbilled role.

Underacting

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It refers to an understated, neutral and muted acting performance; contrast
with overacting. Example: Bruce Willis in Shyamalan's Unbreakable (2000)

Undercranking

It refers to the slowing down of a camera, by shooting at less than the

standard 24 fps, so that the image, when normally projected, will appear in
fast motion; often used to produce a comic effect

Underexposed

It refers to a film shot that has less light than normal, causing an indistinct,
dimly-lit, unclear image; the opposite ofoverexposed

Underground film

A low-budget, non-commercial film, usually independently-made, without the

traditional sources of funding or distribution

Understudy

This a common theatre term for the performer who learns the all lines,
choreography and songs of a principal performer in the show in order to take
over the part in case of emergency, illness or vacation. Thus, “there are no
small roles, only small actors,”

Unions

Organizations that represent professionals in the motion picture industry

(e.g., directors, actors, writers, etc.), and help those individuals negotiate
contracts, receive recognition, pursue rights, protect interests, etc.;
aka Actors guild of Nigeria, ANCEDRAM, Directors Guild of Nigeria (DGN)

Unreliable narrator

A literary term meaning a protagonist or narrator whose perspective is

skewed to their own perspective, producing a portrayal of events that may or
may not be accurate or truthful; the lack of credibility may be deliberate or
due to a lack of knowledge

Unspool

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A slang term meaning to screen or show a film

Utopia(n)

It refers to an imaginary, ideal (or mythical), perfect state or place (especially

in its laws, government, social and moral conditions), often with magical
healing, restorative properties; see also its opposite – dystopia. Example:
Shangri-La in Lost Horizon (1937)

Vamp

This is a femme fatale or woman with a bad reputation, usually seductive and
scheming in nature or behavior. Theda Bara was the first to be labeled a vamp
in A Fool There Was (1914).

Variety

A respected, oft-quoted show-biz periodical or trade paper (or one of

the trades) that reports and provides coverage on the entertainment industry
(including the film industry), and best known for its goofy, shorthand
'Varietyese' headlines, using made-up words, e.g. 'dee jay' (disc jockey), or
'B.O.' (box office or boffo). Examples: Two infamous, jargon-filled
Variety headlines: (1) "Wall Street Lays an Egg", referring to the Stock Market
crash, and (2) "Hix Nix Stix Pix" - referring to inhabitants of the Heartland
criticizing films depicting rural life and rural themes.

Vaudeville

A stage variety entertainment show, featuring a series of short acts - songs,

dancing, acrobatics, comedy skits, and animal acts; it was highly popular in
America from the late 1880s to the 1920s, when it became overtaken by
sound films and radio; most of the early film, radio and TV comedians found
their start on the vaudeville circuit. Examples: vaudeville performers included
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W. C. Fields, Buster Keaton, the Marx Brothers, Edgar Bergen and The Three
Stooges. Abbott and Costello's vaudeville act 'Who's on First?' was adapted
from stage to screen

VCR

Literally, 'Video-Cassette Recorder'; aka VTR (video tape recorder); a

consumer-level machine for home entertainment that plays-back and records
images and sounds from TV on magnetized tape in a videotape
cassette; VHS stands for 'Video Home System' or the 1/2 inch video cassette
tape format; see also U-matic or beta

Verisimilitude

This happens when an actor is told to play his real-life true character. The 700
club series is a Christian Salvation programme which often feature people
acting themselves in a piece called ‘the story of my life’ which explains certain
ordeals they went through in their salvation experience.

Video

Literally, "to see," in other words, the visual or pictured image (either
projected, taped, etc.), as opposed to the audio aspect of film; also refers to
the visual component of television; digital video refers to a video signal
represented by a series of binary numbers that are readable by computer -
compare with analog video; aka vid (for short)

Video nasty

A British term from the 1980s that refers to a select group of ultra-violent
videos (low-budget films produced in Italy and the US) that were considered
highly objectionable and to be regulated Examples: 72 separate films
appeared on the classified list of "video nasties," 39 of which were successfully
prosecuted. Films included Blood Feast (1963), Cannibal Holocaust (1980), The
Evil Dead (1981), Faces of Death (1980), I Spit On Your Grave (1978), The Last
House on the Left (1972),and Tenebrae (1982).

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Vigilante film

Usually a type of action film in which the protagonist takes the law into
his/her own hands as a self-appointed doer of justice, revenge, and payback.
Example: Rolling Thunder (1977), The Road Warrior (1981), Falling Down
(1993), Kill Bill, Vol. 1-2 (2003-04).

Vignette

A scene in a film that can stand on its own; also refers to a masking device,
often with soft edges. Example: the "Tara" scene from Gone With the Wind
(1939) in which Scarlett O'Hara (Vivien Leigh) declares: "I'll never be hungry
again...", or Sally's 'orgasm' scene in a deli in When Harry Met Sally...(1989).

Visual effects

Considered a sub-category of special effects; refers to anything added to the

final picture that was not in the original shot; visual effects can be
accomplished in-camera (like stop motion, double exposures and rear/front
projection) or via a number of different optical or digital post-production
processes (CGI, for example), usually with a computer.

Voice-over (or v.o.)

It refers to recorded dialogue, usually narration, that comes from an

unseen, off-screen voice, character or narrator (abbreviated as o.s. meaning
beyond camera range), that can be heard by the audience but not by the film
characters themselves; narration is a type of voice-over; v.o. often conveys
the character's thoughts, either as a 'voice' heard within one's head, or as
other narrative information and commentary to explain the action or plot;
often a technique infilm noirs; the abbreviation is used as an annotation in a
script.

Vorkapich

This film term was named after Serbian-American film director/editor Slavko
Vorkapich; the term 'vorkapich' was popularized in screenplays of the 1930s
and 1940s - it meant a montage sequence, that Vorkapich himself called
"symphonies of visual movement" Examples: Vorkapich's own montage
sequences were seen in the Mexican Revolution outbreak in Viva Villa! (1934),
the earthquake montage in San Francisco (1936), the famine disaster in The
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Good Earth (1937), and in Capra's Mr. Smith Goes to Washington (1939) in the
ultra-patriotic montage of the whirlwind sightseeing bus tour of Washington
DC including the Lincoln Memorial, and Meet John Doe (1941)

Waka-Pass

Is a popular word in Nollywood, originated from the Nigerian traditional

Pidgin Laguage, meaning, to walk pass role i.e. a very minor role in a movie.

Walk-on

A minor role consisting of a single, brief appearance on the screen, usually not
appearing in the credits and without dialogue; contrast with extras, bit parts,
and non-speaking roles.

Walk-through

The first rehearsal on the set, to figure out lighting, sound, camera positioning,
etc.

Walla-walla

It refers to the atmospheric, background sound effect for the indistinct

murmurings and buzz of voices in a crowd; extras in crowd scenes, in older
films (or in radio), would be asked to murmur a phrase ('walla-walla,'
'rhubarb,' 'peas and carrots,' or 'watermelon,' etc.) to create the sound of the
crowd and to pretend that they were talking; see also foley artist, dubbing,
and non-synchronized sound

Wardrobe

The general name for the costume department, or the costumes (and their
accessories) themselves; see also costume

Weenie

It refers to the object that motivates the main action in a serial (e.g., a lost
city, buried treasure, or missing plans, etc.)

Whistle-man

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In early film production, an individual on a film set's sound stage who was
employed to make sure all noises were "shushed" before filming. The
whistleman would blow on a whistle just before the shooting of a take
commenced, to make sure that the set was quiet and that extraneous noises
near or outside the studio set were silenced.

White (or color) balance

It refers to electronically setting or 'color-correcting' a camera's white balance

- or the true color of white, since white doesn't appear 'white' with all lighting
conditions

Whodunit

It refers to a mystery/detective film. Example: Hollywood’s Jack Bauerin 24, a

serial movie

Whoop-whoops

In sound effects, this refers to the extra noises added to a sound, e.g., bells,
horns, or whistles to an explosion, to make it more interesting or exciting

Wide-angle shot

A shot (often abbreviated WS) taken with a lens that is able to take in a wider
field or range of view (to capture more of the scene's elements or objects)
than a regular or normal lens; a wide-angle shot exaggerates the distance,
depth or disparity between foreground and background planes, thereby
creating greater depth-of-field and keeping all objects in focus and in
perspective; an extreme or ultra-wide-angle lens giving a 180 degree view is
called a 'fish-eye' lens

Widescreen

It refers to projection systems in which the aspect ratio is wider than the
1.33:1 ratio that dominated sound film before the 1950s; in the 1950s, many
widescreen processes were introduced (to combat the growing popularity of
television), such as CinemaScope (an anamorphic system),VistaVision (a
non-anamorphic production technique in which the film is run horizontally
through the camera instead of vertically), and Todd-AO and Super
Panavision (that both used wider-gauge film); also known as letterboxing
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Wig-wag

A red warning light located above each entrance-exit door on a film set sound
stage, designed to flash (with a buzzer sound) to indicate when shooting
commences or ends; also known as "red-eye"

Wild Sound
Non-synchronised sound recording, used to fill in or replace synchronised

sound later.

Wipe

A transitional technique or optical effect/device in which one shot appears to

be "pushed off" or "wiped off" the screen by another shot replacing it and
moving across the existing image; also called a push-over; a flip-
over (or flip) wipe is when one scene rotates or flips-over to the new scene;
wipes were very commonly used in the 30s

Word of mouth

A term referring to the public discussion or buzz that. Examples: The Hulk
(2003) opened with $62 million but fell 69.7% by its second weekend, due in
part, to negative word of mouth, whereas Disney's Finding Nemo (2003) had
incredible word-of-mouth and staying power over many weeks; A Fish Called
Wanda (1988) also had a prolonged period of positive word-of-mouth during
its initial opening

Wrap

It refers to the completion of film shooting (either for the day or for the entire
production or project); in the early days of cinema, the cameraman would say
after filming: "Wind, Reel, And Print' - abbreviated as WRAP; a entirely
completed film is termed in the can

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Writer

This refers to the individual who authors the content of the piece from pre-
existing material or uses an entirely new idea; usually there are many writers
involved with re-writes, adaptations, character development, etc.;
aka screenwriter

Yawner

A slang term, meaning a boring film

Z-film or Z-movie

It refers to a very low-budgeted, independently-made, non-union, less than B-

film grade movie, usually with first-time director and actors; often quickly-
made for the teenaged youth market and amateurish-looking, but
with campy appeal; with exploitational subject matter that includes surfing
films, motorcycle flicks, cheap horror films, etc.; Z-films become prime
candidates for cult film status.

Zoom shot

A single shot taken with a lens that has a variable focal length, thereby
permitting the cinematographer to change the distance between the camera
and the object being filmed, and rapidly move from a wide-angle shot to a
telephoto shot in one continuous movement; this camera technique makes an
object in the frame appear larger; movement towards a subject to magnify it is
known as zoom in or forward zoom, or reversed to reduce its size is known
as zoom out/back or backward zoom

Zoptic special effects

A revolutionary special effects, 3-D process invented by cameraman Zorian

Perisic, incorporating a camera system and a projector with synchronized
zoom lenses, to create the illusion of movement in depth. Example: the unique
flying sequences of the Man of Steel in the first two Superman movies and in
Disney's Return to Oz (1985), in which a projected background scene remains
constant while the camera zooms in on the foreground subject.

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