2 3

1 Velocity is a vector quantity but speed is a scalar quantity. 2 A spacecraft of mass 300 kg is moving in a straight line in space, at a speed of 8000 m / s.

(a) State how a vector quantity differs from a scalar quantity. (a) Calculate the momentum of the spacecraft.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) Underline all the vector quantities in the list.

momentum = ............................................. kg m / s [2]
acceleration distance energy mass momentum temperature [1]
(b) The fuel on the spacecraft explodes and the spacecraft splits into two parts. The direction in
(c) Fig. 1.1 shows a passenger running across a large ship at right angles to the direction in
which the parts move does not change.
which the ship is moving.
(i) After the explosion, the speed of the front part increases to 9000 m / s. It has a mass of
2.4 m / s 150 kg.
due north
Calculate the speed of the rear part after the explosion.
90°
due east
6.8 m / s

passenger ship

Fig. 1.1 (not to scale)

The passenger runs across the ship at 2.4 m / s due north.

The large ship is travelling due east at 6.8 m / s. speed = ................................................. m / s [3]

Determine, either graphically or by calculation, the resultant velocity of the passenger. Give (ii) The total kinetic energy of the two parts after the explosion is greater than the original
the direction in which the passenger is moving relative to due north. kinetic energy of the spacecraft.

Show how the answer is obtained. State the energy transfer that occurs in the explosion.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(iii) The explosion lasts for 0.20 s.

Calculate the average force on the front part during this time.

velocity = ............................... m / s at .............. ° from due north [4] force = ..................................................... N [3]

[Total: 6] [Total: 9]
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 4 5

3 A plane, irregular lamina has a mass of 50 g. It hangs from a nail that passes through a small hole (b) The weight produces a moment about the pivot through H.
H near to the edge of the lamina.
(i) Using Fig. 3.1, calculate the moment of the weight about the pivot.
The nail acts as a pivot and the lamina can swing about it. The lamina is held in the position
shown in Fig. 3.1, a small distance above a horizontal bench.

8.0 cm

H moment = .................................................. N m [2]

6.0 cm
(ii) The lamina is now released from the position shown in Fig. 3.1.
10 cm G
lamina Describe what happens to the lamina from the time it is released until it stops moving.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
bench
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

[Total: 8]
Fig. 3.1 (not to scale)

The centre of gravity of the lamina is at G.

(a) The weight of the lamina is a force that acts downwards.

(i) Explain why the lamina experiences this downward force.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(ii) Calculate the weight of the lamina on Earth.

weight = ..................................................... N [2]

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 6 7

4 Fig. 4.1 shows a long vertical tube, sealed at the base and open at the other end. (b) A small sheet of glass is placed over the open end of the tube.

The tube is 1.0 m long. The tube is inverted in a container of the dense liquid.

The cross-sectional area of the tube is 4.0 × 10–4 m2. The open end of the tube and the sheet of glass are a short distance below the surface of the
liquid.
It is filled with a liquid of density 1.4 × 104 kg / m3.
Fig. 4.2 shows the arrangement.

tube inverted tube

1.0 m

dense liquid

base of cross-sectional area 4.0 × 10–4 m2

bench container
dense liquid

Fig. 4.1 (not to scale) sheet of glass

The atmospheric pressure is 1.0 × 105 Pa.

(a) Calculate: Fig. 4.2 (not to scale)

(i) the total pressure in the liquid at the bottom of the tube The sheet of glass seals the open end of the inverted tube.

(i) Describe what happens in the inverted tube when the sheet of glass is removed.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................
total pressure = .................................................... Pa [3]
...........................................................................................................................................
(ii) the force exerted on the inside surface of the bottom of the tube.
..................................................................................................................................... [3]

force = ..................................................... N [2]

Question 4 continues over the page.

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 8 9

(ii) This equipment is used to make a measurement that is used to calculate atmospheric 5 Fig. 5.1 shows a device that cools the air in a room by evaporation.
pressure.

Describe the measurement made and then used in the calculation of atmospheric water in container
pressure.

You may draw a diagram to help your description.

grille grille

fan
wet sponge block

Fig. 5.1

Water drips from the container into the sponge block and keeps it wet.

Air flows in through one grille and out through the other.

As the air flows through the wet sponge block, the water in the sponge block evaporates.

........................................................................................................................................... (a) When the water evaporates, the temperature of water remaining in the sponge block
decreases.
...........................................................................................................................................
(i) Explain, in terms of the movement of particles, why this decrease in temperature occurs.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
...........................................................................................................................................
[Total: 10]
...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [2]

(ii) Explain why energy is needed when the water evaporates.

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [1]

(b) State two ways in which evaporation differs from boiling.

1 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

2 ................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................
[2]

[Total: 5]

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 10 11

6 The loudspeaker shown in Fig. 6.1 produces a sound of frequency 800 Hz. 7 An electric circuit contains a battery, a fixed resistor R, a voltmeter and a thermistor.

loudspeaker Fig. 7.1 is an incomplete circuit diagram of the arrangement.

power supply
sound of frequency 800 Hz
R
cone

Fig. 6.1 T1 T2
V
(a) State what is meant by ‘frequency’.

...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
Fig. 7.1
(b) Explain whether the sound produced by the speaker is audible to a human with healthy
hearing. The thermistor is connected between terminals T1 and T2.

................................................................................................................................................... (a) Complete Fig. 7.1 by drawing the circuit symbol for a thermistor connected between T1 and
T 2. [1]
............................................................................................................................................. [1]
(b) The resistance of R is 2.5 Ω. The reading on the voltmeter is 0.40 V.
(c) Describe the motion of the cone in Fig. 6.1 and explain how this causes the production of
sound. Calculate:

................................................................................................................................................... (i) the current in R

...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

................................................................................................................................................... current = ...................................................... A [2]

............................................................................................................................................. [3] (ii) the power transferred in R.

(d) The Sun is a very large and extremely violent ball of gas. Electromagnetic radiation from
explosions on the surface of the Sun reaches the Earth.

Explain why sound from explosions on the surface of the Sun does not reach the Earth.

................................................................................................................................................... power = ..................................................... W [2]

................................................................................................................................................... (c) The temperature of the thermistor increases.

Explain what happens to the reading on the voltmeter.

............................................................................................................................................. [2]
...................................................................................................................................................
[Total: 8]
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [2]

[Total: 7]
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8 Fig. 8.1 shows a permanent magnet attached to one end of an unstretched spring and held at rest (ii) The current causes the top end of the solenoid to become the S pole of an electromagnet.
just above a solenoid.
The bottom end of the permanent magnet is an S pole.

Explain why the top end of the solenoid becomes an S pole as the magnet moves
downwards towards the solenoid.
spring
...........................................................................................................................................

N permanent ...........................................................................................................................................
magnet
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
S
(c) The magnet oscillates up and down.

Describe what happens to the current in the solenoid.

solenoid A
...................................................................................................................................................

...................................................................................................................................................

Fig. 8.1 ............................................................................................................................................. [2]

The solenoid is connected to a sensitive ammeter. [Total: 8]

(a) State the name of a substance from which permanent magnets are made.

............................................................................................................................................. [1]

(b) The magnet is released and moves downwards towards the solenoid.

The ammeter shows that there is a current in the solenoid when the magnet moves.

(i) Explain why there is a current in the solenoid.

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

...........................................................................................................................................

..................................................................................................................................... [3]

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 14 15

9 In space, an interstellar cloud of dust and gas collapses to form a protostar. The cloud contains 10 The isotope iodine-131 emits two types of nuclear radiation. Gamma radiation is one of the types
hydrogen. emitted.

(a) Describe the energy transfers that take place as the cloud collapses and forms the protostar. A sample of iodine-131 produces a narrow beam of radiation which passes into a magnetic field.

................................................................................................................................................... Fig. 10.1 shows some of the paths taken in the magnetic field by the radiation emitted from the
sample.
...................................................................................................................................................
magnetic field directed into page
............................................................................................................................................. [2]

(b) The collapse results in a nuclear reaction in the protostar that involves the isotope hydrogen-3
( 31 H).

The isotope hydrogen-3 ( 31 H) is radioactive. It decays by beta particle emission.

sample
(i) State how the nuclei of isotopes of the same element are different.

...........................................................................................................................................
Fig. 10.1
..................................................................................................................................... [1]
(a) The direction of the magnetic field is into the page.
(ii) Explain why hydrogen-3 cannot decay by alpha particle emission.
(i) On Fig. 10.1, mark with a gamma symbol (γ) any of the paths taken by the gamma
........................................................................................................................................... radiation. [1]

..................................................................................................................................... [1] (ii) Determine the other type of radiation emitted by iodine-131.

(iii) Complete the equation for the decay of hydrogen-3 to an isotope of helium (He). Explain how you obtain your answer.
3 ..... .....
1H ..... β + ..... He type of radiation .................................................................................................................
[2]
explanation ........................................................................................................................
(iv) Explain how the nuclear reaction in the protostar stops further collapse as the protostar
becomes a stable star. ...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................

........................................................................................................................................... ...........................................................................................................................................
[4]
...........................................................................................................................................
(iii) In another experiment, the beam of radiation from the sample is incident on a 5 mm thick
........................................................................................................................................... sheet of lead.

..................................................................................................................................... [3] State what happens to the two types of radiation in the beam.

(c) The cloud of dust and gas that collapses also contains atoms of the heaviest elements. ...........................................................................................................................................

State which part of the life cycle of a star is responsible for the production of the heaviest ...........................................................................................................................................
elements.
..................................................................................................................................... [2]
...................................................................................................................................................

............................................................................................................................................. [1] Question 10 continues over the page.

[Total: 10]
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 16

(b) The gamma radiation produced has a frequency of 8.8 × 1019 Hz.

The speed of electromagnetic radiation in a vacuum is 3.0 × 108 m / s.

Calculate the wavelength of this gamma radiation in a vacuum.

wavelength = ..................................................... m [2]

[Total: 9]

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