Scribd Logo
Upload

Welcome to Scribd!

  • 18 views

    ATP

    Uploaded by

    shekinah656
    ATP is the most important energy molecule in cells. It consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP stores and transports chemical energy through its phosphate bonds, serving as the energy currency of the cell. ATP is constantly regenerated from ADP through the ATP-ADP cycle, which involves ATP being broken down to release energy for cellular work and then reformed from ADP. ATP can be synthesized through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria or substrate-level phosphorylation during substrate oxidation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    ATP

    Uploaded by

    shekinah656
    18 views3 pages
    ATP is the most important energy molecule in cells. It consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP stores and transports chemical energy through its phosphate bonds, serving as the energy currency of the cell. ATP is constantly regenerated from ADP through the ATP-ADP cycle, which involves ATP being broken down to release energy for cellular work and then reformed from ADP. ATP can be synthesized through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria or substrate-level phosphorylation during substrate oxidation.

    Copyright

    © © All Rights Reserved

    Available Formats

    PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd

    Did you find this document useful?

    Is this content inappropriate?

    ATP is the most important energy molecule in cells. It consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP stores and transports chemical energy through its phosphate bonds, serving as the energy currency of the cell. ATP is constantly regenerated from ADP through the ATP-ADP cycle, which involves ATP being broken down to release energy for cellular work and then reformed from ADP. ATP can be synthesized through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria or substrate-level phosphorylation during substrate oxidation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    18 views3 pages

    ATP

    Uploaded by

    shekinah656
    ATP is the most important energy molecule in cells. It consists of adenine, ribose, and three phosphate groups. ATP stores and transports chemical energy through its phosphate bonds, serving as the energy currency of the cell. ATP is constantly regenerated from ADP through the ATP-ADP cycle, which involves ATP being broken down to release energy for cellular work and then reformed from ADP. ATP can be synthesized through oxidative phosphorylation in the mitochondria or substrate-level phosphorylation during substrate oxidation.

    Copyright:

    © All Rights Reserved
    Download as PDF, TXT or read online from Scribd
    Download as pdf or txt
    of 3

    ATP

    Adenosine triphosphate (ATP) is a unique and the most important high-energy molecule
    in the living cells. It consists o f an adenine, a ribose and a triphosphate moiety. ATP is a high-
    energy compound due to the presence of two phospho anhydride bonds in the triphosphate unit.
    ATP serves as the energy currency of the cell as is evident from the ATP-ADP cycle.

    ATP- ADP Cycle


    The hydrolysis of ATP is associated with the release of large amount of energy.
    ATP + H2O ADP + Pi + 7.3 Cal
    The energy liberated is utilized for various processes like muscle contraction, active
    transport etc. ATP can also act as a donor of high-energy phosphate to low-energy compounds, to
    make them energy rich. On the other hand, ADP can accept high-energy phosphate from the
    compounds possessing higher free energy content to form ATP.
    ATP serves as an immediately available energy currency of the cell which is constantly
    being utilized and regenerated. This is represented by ATP-ADP cycle, the fundamental basis of
    energy exchange reactions in living system. The turnover of ATP is very high.
    ATP acts as an energy link between the catabolism (degradation of molecules) and
    anabolism (synthesis) in the biological system.
    Synthesis of ATP
    ATP can be synthesized in two ways:
    1. Oxidative phosphorylation: This is the major source of ATP in aerobic organisms. lt is linked
    with the mitochondrial electron transport chain.

    The transport of electrons through ETC is coupled with the translocation of protons (H+)
    across the inner mitochondrial membrane (coupling membrane) from the matrix to the
    intermembrane space. The pumping of protons results in an electrochemical or proton gradient.
    This is due to the accumulation of more H+ ions (low pH) on the outer side of the inner
    mitochondrial membrane than the inner side. The proton gradient developed due to the electron
    flow in the respiratory chain is sufficient to result in the synthesis of ATP from ADP and Pi. The
    enzyme ATPsynthase or ATPase, utilizes the proton gradient for the synthesis of ATP.
    2. Substrate level phosphorylation: ATP may be directly synthesized during substrate oxidation
    in the metabolism. The high energy compounds such as phosphor enol pyruvate and 1, 3-
    bisphosphoglycerate (intermediates of glycolysis) and succinyl CoA (of citric acid cycle) can
    transfer high-energy phosphate to ultimately produce ATP.
    Biological Significance
    1. Energy Source
    2. Active Transport
    ATP plays a critical role in the transport of macromolecules such as proteins and lipids
    into and out of the cell.
    3. Cell Signaling
    ATP has key functions both in intracellular and extracellular signaling.
    4. Structural Maintenance
    ATP plays a very important role in preserving the structure of the cell by helping the
    assembly of the cytoskeletal elements.
    5. Muscle contraction
    ATP is critical for the contraction of muscles; it binds to myosin to provide energy and
    facilitate its binding to actin to form a cross-bridge. ADP and phosphate are then released
    and a new ATP molecule binds to myosin. This breaks the cross-bridge between myosin
    and actin filaments, thereby releasing myosin for the next contraction.
    6. Synthesis of DNA and RNA
    7. Signal Transduction

    You might also like